基于线粒体Cytb 和COⅠ基因对珠江、海南和红河长臀鮠群体遗传结构分析

为了解3 个种群的野生资源状况, 并对3 个种群的物种有效性进行分析, 采用Cytb 和COⅠ基因序列测定技术, 分析了珠江水系、海南水系和越南红河水系长臀鮠种群的群体遗传结构及其变异, 结果发现, 三个群体平均遗传距离分别为0.003(cytb)和0.002(coⅠ); 94 尾个体分别存在35(Cytb)和13(COⅠ)个变异位点, 分别检测出24 (Cytb)和13 (COⅠ)个单倍型, 总群体单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.875 (Cytb)和0.787 (COⅠ), 平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为3.194(Cytb)和1.328(COⅠ), 核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.00295 (Cytb)和0.00213 (COⅠ)。珠江长臀鮠单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)最高, 海南最低; 对长臀鮠群体进行历史动态分析,三个种群各自无明显扩张趋于稳定, 但将三个种群作为一个群体时发现长臀鮠可能在某一个时期产生了扩张。研究结果表明, 三个种群遗传距离显著小于临界值2%,应为同一个种; 长臀鮠野生资源较为贫乏, 且海南群体最为严重。     

长臀鮠的AFLP分析

采用 AFLP分子标记技术对珠江长臀鮠和海南长臀鮠共60个个体(每个群体30个)进行了遗传多样性研究。选取的18对引物组合均能扩增出清晰、可重复的扩增产物,扩增带型差异明显。两个群体均表现出较高的多态位点比例和特异性条带数。群体内个体间的遗传相似度(平均值)珠江长臀鮠种群为0.9462±0.0237, 海南长臀鮠为0.9465±0.0226,海南长臀鮠比珠江长臀鮠略高。群体间的遗传相似度是0.9367±0.0231,小于两个群体内的遗传相似度,两群体的遗传距离是0.0634±0.0230。根据遗传相似度绘制了UPGMA 聚类图。研究结果表明：珠江长臀鮠和海南长臀鮠间的遗传差异属于种内差异,两者同属一个有效种。     

缅甸蟒线粒体Cytb基因遗传多样性分析

为了探讨海南文昌种蟒养殖基地的种蟒的遗传多样性和个体来源,本研究对27条种蟒的细胞色素b基因的全序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明:缅甸蟒cytb基因全长1 111 bp,序列中A+T含量为58.0%,G+C含量为42.0%,单倍型多样性(Hd)为(0.755±0.053),核苷酸多样性(Pi)为(0.003 29±0.000 43),表明该种群遗传多样性较高。共检测出6条单倍型,单倍型间遗传距离最大为0.007,最小为0.001;与已知地理来源的个体构建系统发育树显示,该养殖种群来源两个母系世系。本研究结果为制定缅甸蟒合理圈养计划和科学放归提供理论基础。     

长江中游鳊群体的遗传多样性

采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素b基因(cytb)和控制区序列,分析长江中游宜都、沙市、燕窝、团风等4个产卵场鳊种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:长江中游鳊群体cytb序列共检出82个多态位点,86种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.930和0.00244;控制区序列共检出变异位点46个,单倍型76种,Hd指数和Pi指数分别为0.972和0.00505;构建的单倍型网络结构和分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,4个群体的遗传变异绝大部分来自群体内部,群体间无显著遗传分化;群体间的分化指数(FST)、平均基因流(Nm)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明,4个鳊地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未发生明显群体遗传分化;中性检验表明,鳊历史上发生了群体扩张,扩张时间在第四纪冰期后期。     

海南长臂猿线粒体D-loop区序列分析及种群复壮

海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一, 但目前有关海南长臂猿的种群遗传学方面的信息以及种群复壮所面临的困难未见报道。为更好地保护该极危物种, 作者以粪便为研究材料, 首次在分子生物学水平上测定了海南长臂猿1个群体(B群)共6个个体的线粒体D-loop区基因序列。结果显示: 202 bp的D-loop区基因共检测到5个变异位点, 4个单倍型, 单倍型多样性(h)为0.6000, 核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00829, 表明海南长臂猿B群的遗传多样性较低; 与此同时, 海南长臂猿还面临着种群数量过小, 性比失衡, 以及栖息地质量低下等严峻的问题。     

铜鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异和遗传多样性

采用PCR和DNA测序技术研究长江中上游野生铜鱼的遗传多样性和群体遗传学特征,从9个采样点共获得100尾铜鱼,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区的片段序列为946bp。在100个序列中,共检测出变异位点47个(其中增添/缺失位点8个),单倍型41种。9个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.9257±0.0162和0.004178±0.002337,表现出较贫乏的遗传多样性。群体间的分化指数(FST值)、平均基因流(Nm)、分子方差分析(AMOVA)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明9个铜鱼地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未明显发生群体遗传分化。另外,共享单倍型比例较高,约为34%(14/41)。单倍型的UPGMA分子系统树和简约网络图显示单倍型的聚类与地理分群没有相关性。上述结果表明9个铜鱼地理群体属于同一种群。       

怒江三种裂腹鱼属鱼类种群遗传结构

2007年4月到2008年8月,在怒江收集116尾光唇裂腹鱼,76尾保山裂腹鱼,35尾贡山裂腹鱼,测定其线粒体cytb基因序列以评估其遗传多样性。结果显示,光唇裂腹鱼116个cytb序列中定义了9个单倍型,14个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.8399±0.0124,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0025±0.0015。保山裂腹鱼76个cytb序列中定义3个单倍型,23个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.5544±0.0449,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0080±0.0041。35尾贡山裂腹鱼样本的cytb序列中定义8个单倍型,13个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.7664±0.0556,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0017±0.0011。由于近期的环境污染、水工建设、捕捞压力等使3种鱼各自在怒江下游形成隔离的、遗传结构简单的小种群。光唇裂腹鱼和贡山裂腹鱼历史上都经历过种群扩张,近期种群萎缩。约在(1.11±0.22)MaBP,保山裂腹鱼的烂渣河和保山东河2个种群分离,因此应当做2个进化显著单元进行管理。     

褐马鸡圈养种群的mtDNA控制区多态性

褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)是我国特有的濒危鸟类,国家一级保护动物。为了保护褐马鸡的种质资源,从分子水平上评价褐马鸡的遗传多样性,对山西省庞泉沟自然保护区、太原市动物园的褐马鸡种群20个个体,线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列进行了克隆和测定,使用Clustal X、DnaSP4.0、Mega3.1等生物信息学软件,对全部20条序列开展了比对分析,确定了多态位点与单倍型数目,计算了核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性;比较了两个种群的遗传变异,初步探讨了褐马鸡种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:20条褐马鸡线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列长度在1236 1237bp之间,其中A、T、G和C 4种核苷酸的平均含量分别为31.0%、26.8%、27.5%和14.8%,A+T含量(57.8%)高于G+C含量(42.3%)。排除1处核苷酸的插入或缺失后,共检测出26个突变位点,占分析序列总长度的2.1%,其中包括25处单一多态位点和1处简约信息位点。20个个体检测出13个单倍型,其中11个个体具有独特的单倍型,2个共享单倍型。褐马鸡两个种群的单倍型多样性(h)为0.911 0.933,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.002 0.003,单倍型间的遗传距离为0.003 0.002。根据单倍型构建了褐马鸡两个种群的NJ分子系统树。聚类表明,2个种群的个体并没有按相应的地理位置进行聚类。揭示褐马鸡具有较高的单倍型多样性和较低的核苷酸多样性,种群的遗传变异较低;两个种群单倍型间的遗传距离较近,遗传多样性参数接近,统计分析无显著差异,两个种群尚未表现出明显的遗传分化,且两个种群间有基因流存在。     

谷蠹线粒体COⅠ基因序列及种群遗传变异分析

【目的】对谷蠢的不同种群的线粒体COⅠ基因扩增片段进行比较,对谷蠹种群遗传结构进行深入分析。【方法】对15个谷蠢种群的100个个体进行细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因部分序列进行分析。【结果】得到691 bp长度的片段,3个位点的密码子中,A+T的含量平均值为63.2%,在3个密码子中的含量分别是85.2%,53.3%和57.0%。这种A+T含量的偏向在第1位点较第2和第3位点强。序列中A,T,C,G的含量分别为33.2%,32%,18.7%,16.2%。691 bp长度的碱基中,共发现26个多态位点,定义了25种单倍型,其中种群间共享单倍型有7个。【结论】15个谷蠹种群之间存在一定的基因流(N_m=1.35),使用AMOVA分析种群的遗传结构表明,谷蠹种群的变异主要发生在种群内部的个体间。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的东南沿海可口革囊星虫遗传多样性分析

为了解我国东南沿海可口革囊星虫自然群体的遗传多样性及遗传结构, 以线粒体COⅠ基因为分子标记, 对浙江象山(XS)与温岭(WL)、福建宁德(ND)、广东湛江(ZJ)4个可口革囊星虫自然群体的80个样本的COⅠ基因片段进行PCR扩增、序列测定和分析。结果表明, 在815 bp长度的核苷酸片段中, A、T、C、G碱基的平均含量分别为29.8%、31.0%、22.6%和16.6%, A+T含量(60.8%)高于C+G含量(49.2%), 表现出较强的AT偏好性。共检测到29个核苷酸变异位点, 定义了29种单倍型, 总群体单倍型多样性指数(H_d)、核甘酸多样性指数(P_i)及平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为0.932、0.0036及2.8902, 表现出高的H_d和低的P_i。单倍型邻接关系树的拓扑结构简单, 未呈现明显的地理谱系结构。群体内的遗传距离为0.0027—0.0040, 群体间的遗传距离为0.0032—0.0040。两两群体间的遗传分化系数(F_st)和分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明, 可口革囊星虫的遗传变异主要来自于群体内, 而群体间无显著分化。中性检验和核苷酸不配对分布结果揭示, 可口革囊星虫经历了群体历史扩张事件, 大致发生在4.6万年前的更新世晚期。     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Coilia mystus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) in three Chinese estuaries

We used sequences of mitochondrial cytb and 16SrRNA gene segments in order to clarify the genetic diversity and population structure in three Chinese estuary populations of Coilia mystus: 21 individuals from ChangJiang River (Yangtze River) estuary, 22 from MinJiang River estuary, and 22 from ZhuJiang River (Pearl River) estuary (65 individuals total). We obtained 607 base pairs of consensus cytb sequence. Thirty four distinct haplotypes were detected among the 65 cytb sequences. The indexes of nucleotide diversity (π) in these three populations were ChangJiang 0.533%, MinJiang 1.135%, and ZhuJiang 0.268%. MinJiang is the largest of the three populations. Genetic distances within the populations were between 0.3 and 1.2%, and 0.8 to 10.8% among populations. The largest genetic distance was 10.8% between the ChangJiang and ZhuJiang populations, and the smallest was 0.8% between MinJiang and ZhuJiang populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis revealed that variation among populations accounts for 90.25% of total variation, suggesting that this is the main source of total variance. We obtained 470 base pairs of consensus sequence of 16SrRNA. We detected 19 distinct haplotypes among the 65 sequences. The indexes of nucleotide diversity (π) in these three populations were ChangJiang 0.108%, MinJiang 0.843%, and ZhuJiang 0.097%. MinJiang is also the largest among these three populations. Genetic distances were between 0.1 and 0.9% within populations and 0.5 to 1.9% between populations. The largest genetic distance was the 1.9% between the ChangJiang and MinJiang populations, and the smallest was 0.5% between the MinJiang and the ZhuJiang populations. AMOVA analysis disclosed that variation among populations accounts for 74.61% of total variation, suggesting that this is the main source of total variation. The results of this study suggest that the three Coilia mystus populations, especially the most isolated Changjiang population, have developed significant genetic structure.     

基于线粒体COI基因的海蜇不同地理群体遗传特征

对采自辽东湾和韩国江华岛的2个海蜇群体56个个体的线粒体COI基因序列进行扩增,并结合GenBank上其他15个海蜇样品的同源序列对其进行序列变异分析,研究海蜇群体的遗传特征和群体遗传结构状况.在所分析的71个个体中共检测到28个多态位点,定义了32种单倍型.海蜇群体呈现出高的单倍型多样性(0.91±0.06～0.94±0.01)和中等或较低的核苷酸多样性[(0.60±0.34)%～(0.68±0.40)%].与其他几种大型水母相比,海蜇群体的遗传多样性水平较高.系统分析结果显示,海蜇群体间具有2个明显的单倍型谱系分支.比较海蜇不同群体间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)和分子变异分析(AMOVA)发现,在本研究取样范围内不同海蜇群体间存在明显的遗传结构.不同海蜇群体存在复杂的遗传模式,海蜇独特的生活史特征、其分布海域的海流状况及人为因素如增殖放流等可能是造成海蜇这种复杂遗传模式的原因.     

乔氏新银鱼基于细胞色素b序列的种群遗传结构和种群历史

为促进乔氏新银鱼(Neosalanx jordani)种质资源的保护, 采集了长江流域和淮河流域5个乔氏新银鱼地理种群计129个样本, 利用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列作为分子标记, 初步分析了乔氏新银鱼种群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群历史动态。研究结果共检测到18个Cyt b单倍型, 发现和其他鱼类相比, 乔氏新银鱼具有较高的单倍型多样性(h, 0.590±0.047), 但核苷酸多样性较低(π, 0.00088±0.00011)。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明, 乔氏新银鱼5个地理种群内个体间和流域内种群间均存在显著的遗传差异, 而长江流域与淮河流域之间遗传分化不明显, 显示乔氏新银鱼遗传分化与当前水系的分布格局不吻合。结果表明乔氏新银鱼目前的遗传格局主要是由于长距离独立的建群事件、基因流限制以及种群的持续扩张的共同作用而形成的。种群历史动态分析结果显示乔氏新银鱼种群为近期扩张种群, 其大部分变异发生在1.897万年之内, 与最后一次冰期全面消退、海平面上升、长江流域及淮河流域中下游大量湖泊(适宜生境)形成的时间相吻合。建议对现存的乔氏新银鱼种群, 特别是遗传多样性较高的那些种群(如鄱阳湖、太湖及洪泽湖种群)分别保护。     

Wide intra-genomic G+C heterogeneity in human and chicken is mainly due to strand-symmetric directional mutation pressures: dGTP-oxidation and symmetric cytosine-deamination hypotheses

The intra-strand Parity Rule 2 of DNA (PR2) states that A=T and G=C within each strands. Useful corollaries of PR2 are G/(G+C)=A/(A+T)=0.5, G/(G+A)=C/(C+T)=G+C, G/(G+T)=C/(C+A)=G+C. Here. A, T, G, and C represent relative contents of the four nucleotide residues in a specific strand of DNA, so that A+T+G+C=1. Thus, deviations from the PR2 is a sign of strand-specific (or asymmetric) mutation and/or selection pressures. The present study delineates the symmetric and asymmetric effects of mutations on the intra-genomic heterogeneity of the G+C content in the human genome. The results of this study on the human genome are: (1) When both two- and four-codon amino acids were combined, only slight departures from the PR2 were observed in the total ranges of G+C content of the third-codon position. Thus, the G+C heterogeneity is likely to be caused by symmetric mutagenesis between the two strands. (2) The above result makes the deamination of cytosine due to double-strand breathing of DNA [Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (2000) 1371] and/or incorporation of the oxidized guanine (8-oxo-guanine) opposite adenine during DNA replication (dGTP-oxidation hypothesis) as the most likely candidates for the major cause of the diversities of the G+C content. (3) Patterns of amino acid-specific PR2-biases detected by plotting PR2 corollaries against the G+C content of third codon position revealed that eight four-codon amino acids can be divided into three types by the second codon letter: (a) C₂-type (Ala, Pro, Ser4, and Thr), (b) G₂-type (Arg4 and Gly), and (c) T₂-type (Leu4 and Val). (4) Most of the asymmetric plot patterns of the above three classes in PR2 biases can be explained by C₂→T₂ deamination of C₂pG₃ of C₂-type to T₂pG₃ (T₂-type) in both human and chicken. This explains the existence of some preferred codons in human and chicken. However, these biases (asymmetric) hardly contribute to the overall G+C content diversity of the third codon position.     

Genetic diversity of Potamogeton maackianus in the Yangtze River

The genetic diversity and genetic structure of Potamogeton maackianus A. Benn. in seven lakes of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The gene flow and genetic relationships between populations were analyzed in combination with the geographic distribution and the river system of the lakes. A total of 112 bands were amplified and 59 bands (52.7%) were polymorphic. Each of the 86 individuals investigated exhibited a unique genotype. The Shannon index was used to measure genetic diversity, and the total genetic diversity was 0.414 and the mean genetic diversity of populations was 0.148. P. maackianus showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 63.8% of the total genetic diversity existed among populations and 36.2% within them, which was consistent with the genetic structure computed by the Shannon index: among-population variation and within population variation accounted for 64.4 and 35.7%, respectively. The gene flow among populations was very limited, and genetic isolation among populations occurred even though they were connected through the Yangtze River. Cluster analysis divided the seven populations into two groups, and the genetic relationships among the populations had no obvious association with their geographic distribution, or the historical relations with the river system of the lakes where they occurred. Mantel tests revealed that distance was an important factor affecting the genetic structure in populations. The development history of P. maackianus populations in Honghu Lake had an obvious effect on its genetic structure.     

圆红冬孢酵母的密码子用法分析

运用CodonW等软件,分析了圆红冬孢酵母Rhodosporidium toruloides基因组中191个蛋白质编码基因的密码子使用模式,包括密码子3个位置上的GC含量、有效密码子数和密码子使用频率。圆红冬孢酵母有效密码子数ENc值为38.9,密码子GC含量为63%,密码子第三位GC含量为78.3%,且偏好使用G或C结尾的密码子,确定了圆红冬孢酵母R. toruloides的21个高表达优越密码子。研究发现,圆红冬孢酵母与毕赤酵母、酿酒酵母、大肠杆菌和拟南芥在密码子使用频率上有较大差异,而与解脂耶氏酵母和果蝇差异相对较小。研究结果对提高外源基因在圆红冬孢酵母中表达效率及相关代谢工程和合成生物学研究有一定意义。     

红松查尔酮合成酶基因CHS密码子偏好性分析

查尔酮合成酶(Chalcone synthase,CHS)广泛存在于植物体内,是花色素形成过程中一种重要的酶,可以进一步催化生成黄酮类化合物。本研究采用Codon W和EMBOSS在线软件对红松查尔酮合成酶基因CHS的密码子使用偏好性进行分析,并与北美乔松等其他24种植物的CHS基因以及模式植物基因组进行比较,对认识红松CHS基因的密码子使用偏好性,为选择适宜的表达系统奠定了一定的基础。研究结果表明:红松CHS基因编码区的有效密码子数(ENC)和GC含量分别为48.92和0.548,C+G含量高于A+T含量,密码子偏好以A/T结尾;多数植物CHS基因的G+C含量高于A+T含量,且密码子更偏好C/G结尾;聚类分析表明,红松与马尾松和赤松的密码子使用偏好性的相似性较高;密码子使用频率研究发现,红松CHS遗传转化与异源表达较优的受体可能是大肠杆菌和拟南芥。     

Comprehensive sequence analysis of translation termination sites in various eukaryotes

Recent investigations into the translation termination sites of various organisms have revealed that not only stop codons but also sequences around stop codons have an effect on translation termination. To investigate the relationship between these sequence patterns and translation as well as its termination efficiency, we analysed the correlation between strength of consensus and translation efficiency, as predicted according to Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) value. We used RIKEN full-length mouse cDNA sequences and ten other eukaryotic UniGene datasets from NCBI for the analyses. First, we conducted sequence profile analyses following translation termination sites. We found base G and A at position +1 as a strong consensus for mouse cDNA. A similar consensus was found for other mammals, such as Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus and Bos taurus. However, some plants had different consensus sequences. We then analysed the correlation between the strength of consensus at each position and the codon biases of whole coding regions, using information content and CAI value. The results showed that in mouse cDNA, CAI value had a positive correlation with information content at positions +1. We also found that, for positions with strong consensus, the strength of the consensus is likely to have a positive correlation with CAI value in some other eukaryotes. Along with these observations, biological insights into the relationship between gene expression level, codon biases and consensus sequence around stop codons will be discussed.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of endangered Isoetes coreana in South Korea based on RAPD analysis

Isoetes coreana Chung and Choi is on the list of critically endangered species in South Korea. Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, we investigated the genetic diversity within and between seven local populations of I. coreana. Ten RAPD primers produced a total of 94 bands, of which 59 (62.8%) were polymorphic. A low level of genetic diversity was recognized within the populations of I. coreana: polymorphic loci (P), with values ranging from 3.4% to 33.9%, and a mean value of 15.5% being observed. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic diversity was greater among populations (81.6%) than within populations (19.7%) or among the three regions included in this study (Han River, Youngsan River, and Nakdong River). In addition, a high degree of genetic differentiation (θ^B = 0.742) was detected among the populations. These results indicate that genetic differentiation has occurred very rapidly. However, the rate of gene flow between populations was found to be as low as 0.059, irrespective of the genetic and geographical distances between the populations, which indicates that genetic drift must have played an important role in forming the present populations of I. coreana. Because a reduction of genetic diversity as a result of genetic drift is undesirable, increasing the gene flow between populations of Korean quillwort I. coreana should be considered as a conservation strategy.