小量播种条件下冬小麦的产量效应

2001～2003年在北京进行了2个年度的秋播,研究冬小麦在小量播种条件下的产量效应．结果表明,在22．5kg·hm^-2播量处理中,DS1号和临抗1号的平均最高产量分别达6836．25和7353．75kg·hm^-2,在一些重复小区中,产量超过7500kg·hm^-2,小量播种试验中,参试品种有正常的生育表现．麦苗的总糖、脯氨酸、赖氨酸含量较高,单株分蘖能力强．旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔阻力、CO2传导度和叶肉细胞CO2浓度表明植株的生理功能较旺盛．硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性较高,表明植株代谢活性较强．在产量结构中,单株穗数多．在小量播种生产中,品种选择是前提,播量确定是关键。     

水稻品种与氮肥施用水平对田间褐飞虱发生的影响

于2010年在田间条件下研究了水稻品种和氮肥施用水平(250 kg/hm2有效氮,125 kg/hm2有效氮及不施氮肥的处理)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata tugens(St(a)l)发生的影响.结果表明,8月10日-9月10日期间,南粳44、宁粳1号、丙123、淮稻9号4个水稻品种上褐飞虱虫量显著低于感虫对照TN1...     

化学诱变育成优质高产果叶兼用桑树新品种蜀椹1号

以果叶兼用、桑椹产量高、品质优及抗菌核病为育种目标,采用秋水仙碱化学诱变育种方法培育果叶兼用桑树新品种.对塔桑×激7681人工杂交桑种子F1代实生桑幼苗用0.2％秋水仙碱＋2ppm6-BA进行化学诱变处理,选择形态出现变异的单株进行单芽嫁接,从诱变群体中选择出挂果较多的优良单株进行系统培育,育成优质、高产果叶兼用桑树新品种蜀椹1号.经品种比较试验和四川省桑品种区域性试验鉴定表明,新品种蜀椹1号具有树形直立、枝条粗长而多、植株整齐一致、雌花较多、遗传性状稳定等特点.蜀椹1号平均单芽座果数6.38个,平均座果率为86.11％,平均单果质量为3.98 g,平均米条产果量为536.25 g;全年平均产果量18031.75 kg/hm2,比对照大10增产6.47％;可溶性固形物含量（糖度）11.3％;全年平均产叶量31 551.66 kg/hm2,比对照湖桑32号增产13.89％;田间自然感病鉴定蜀椹1号中抗桑椹小粒型菌核病.系中生中熟品种,适合鲜食和加工,是具有应用推广潜力的果叶兼用桑树新品种.     

硫氮配施对持绿型小麦氮素运转及叶片衰老的影响

以持绿型小麦品种‘豫麦66号’、‘潍麦8号’及非持绿型品种‘小偃6号’为材料,采用以氮肥为主区硫肥为副区的田间裂区试验,研究了2个施氮水平[纯氮120kg/hm2(N120)、220kg/hm2(N220)]和3个施硫水平[纯硫0kg/hm2(S0)、20kg/hm2(S20)、60kg/hm2(S60)]下植株各部位的含氮量、叶片干鲜重及叶片叶绿素含量的变化,探讨硫氮配施对不同类型小麦氮吸收及衰老的影响。结果表明:在相同处理下,持绿型小麦植株的总含氮量、氮素转运量、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量及穗粒数和千粒重均高于非持绿型小麦。N120处理条件下,不同硫肥处理时持绿型小麦与非持绿型小麦变化趋势相同,开花期茎和叶含氮量及叶绿素含量在S60处理下均低于其他2个硫肥处理,生育后期叶片含水量下降幅度也明显高于其他处理;在N220处理条件下,3个品种开花期叶含氮量、收获期总氮累积量、氮收获指数、叶绿素含量及叶片含水量在S60处理下均高于其他2个处理,其中非持绿型小麦在高硫处理条件下灌浆期的叶绿素含量的增长率明显高于持绿型小麦,而灌浆中后期叶片含水量的下降幅度则明显低于持绿型小麦。研究发现,施用硫肥在氮肥不足时会对小麦植株氮素的吸收利用及叶片衰老等方面产生负面影响,但在氮肥充足时却在氮素的吸收利用、延缓叶片衰老及最终籽粒产量和总生物量等方面表现出正面效应;本实验条件下,220kg/hm2左右施氮量和60kg/hm2左右施硫量有利于各品种小麦生长发育和产量提高;高N和高S水平对于延缓小麦的衰老而言,非持绿性小麦比持绿型小麦更明显。     

硼肥对甜荞根际土壤养分、根系形态及产量形成的影响

为了明确硼肥对甜荞植株构型及产量的影响,本研究以甜荞品种'综甜2号'为试验材料,在花蕾期对其叶片喷施不同浓度的硼肥,于成熟期测定甜荞根际土壤养分的含量、根系形态、农艺性状及产量.结果表明:硼肥的施用能显著增加'综甜2号'根际土壤铵态氮、速效钾含量,以及pH、根系表面积和根系体积,而且显著降低根际土壤有机质的含量.当硼肥用量为24 mg/L时,甜荞的产量最高达到734.30 kg/hm2,比对照增产12.47％.相关性分析表明:'综甜2号'的株高与产量呈显著正相关关系.通过本次试验,探讨硼肥对甜荞植株构型和产量等的影响,研究结果对于指导甜荞的高产栽培等具有重要意义.     

不同施肥灌水处理对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

在小麦生育期间降水47.9 mm的条件下,以3个小麦品种为试验材料,采用四因素三水平正交设计,研究了不同灌水和施肥处理对不同小麦品种子粒产量、蛋白质含量和沉降值的影响。结果表明,全生育期施氮量300 kg/hm2和225 kg/hm2的处理子粒产量和蛋白质含量差异不显著,但均显著高于150kg/hm2的处理。在中产条件下氮肥底施和追施比例以7∶3时产量最高。春季灌4水产量显著高于灌2水的处理,但与灌3水差异不显著,子粒蛋白质含量以灌2水时最高。供试品种中以京冬8号的产量、千粒重、容重最高,CA0206和核优1的蛋白质含量差异不显著,但均显著高于京冬8号。CA0206的沉降值显著高于另两个品种。以产量、品质和经济效益综合考虑,在本试验条件下,以春季灌3水、施氮量225 kg/hm2、底施和追施比例为7∶3的处理为宜,与超高产条件下氮素底施和追施比例5∶5的结果有明显的差异。     

美国大豆资源利用与高油大豆合丰57的创新

利用美国高油大豆种质资源Hobbit与本单位自主创新的高油大豆品种合丰42号杂交,对其后代材料F2进行辐射诱变处理,经过多年连续定向选择和利用先进的品质分析与病害鉴定技术,创新出既高油又高产、抗病的大豆新品种合丰57。该品种油分含量22.87%,黑龙江省区域试验平均产量2431.4kg/hm2,较对照品种合丰47号平均增产13.8%;生产试验平均产量2119.7kg/hm2,较对照品种合丰50号平均增产11.6%。     

氮肥水平对甘蓝产量和品质及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

以京丰1号甘蓝品种为试验材料,通过田间小区试验研究了不同氮肥用量对甘蓝产量、品质以及土壤NO3--N含量的影响.结果表明,(1)随着施氮量的增加,甘蓝产量呈先升高后降低趋势,并于施氮量为185.14 kg/hm2时产量最高(25.86 kg/8.4 m2).(2)随着施氮量的增加,甘蓝的NO3--N含量明显增加,而Vc和可溶性糖含量则逐渐下降,并且残留在土壤中的NO3--N含量持续增加.因此,为达到优质高产并同时保持土壤的可持续利用和提高氮肥利用率,在生产实践中甘蓝适宜氮肥施用量为185.14 kg/hm2.     

1982-2012年江苏省审定油菜品种系谱及性状分析

分析了1982-2012年江苏省审定的62个油菜品种的亲本系谱、品种特性以及主要农艺性状和经济性状特点。结果表明,江苏省审定的甘蓝型油菜品种的原始亲本为胜利油菜,低芥酸性状主要源自Zephyr、Primor、Midas和荣山等,低硫苷性状主要源自Tower、Wesroona、Marnoo和Wesbrook等。江苏省审定的油菜品种的主要农艺性状中,生育期逐步缩短,并基本稳定在243 d左右;株高变化较大,因品种而异。4个产量(产油量)构成因素中,含油量年平均增幅最大,尤其是在2003-2012年间,年平均增幅达到0.65%;单株角果数和每角粒数有上升趋势,而千粒重则变化相对较小。受双低性状对产量性状的负效应影响,产量及产油量在1982-2012年间的年平均增幅均不大,但优质常规品种的产量与产油量的年平均增幅较大,分别为23.10 kg/hm2和13.20 kg/hm2。研究结果可为江苏省油菜新品种的选育与推广提供参考。     

甜高粱填充甘蔗榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性

为了探讨在甘蔗产区种植甜高粱填充甘蔗压榨期,利用现有压榨设备生产燃料乙醇的可行性,2008年选用15个早、中、晚熟甜高粱品种在广西柳州进行了分期播种试验,从3月到9月,共播种7次,研究不同播期对茎秆产量、籽粒产量、茎秆糖锤度、叶片产量等的影响。研究表明,3～8月播种,所有参试品种均能正常生长,9月底播种,所有品种均不能正常成熟。茎秆鲜产最高的品种是Sart和PT3-S,平均单季茎秆产量分别为79.28 t/hm2和78.58 t/hm2,双季茎秆鲜产分别为157.95 t/hm2和155.25 t/hm2。从6月底开始,早熟品种开始成熟,之后,不同品种陆续成熟,一直到12月底,均有品种可以收获。年度双季乙醇产量最高产量可达9.14 t/hm2。此外,还估算了木质纤维素产量,讨论了甘蔗区发展甜高粱填充甘蔗空榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性以及甜高粱综合利用的潜力。     

氮磷高效优质小麦小偃54在京郊的适宜播量与施肥量研究

对小偃54小麦的品质,抗逆性与各年产量变化等特点已进行过大量试验,并已在河南、陕西等省大面积推广。为了在京郊及华北地区能合理栽培这一优质稳产小麦,针对其分蘖力强与耐低营养的特性,1999扑秋在京郊布设了每公顷45kg、75kg、105kg和135kg4个播量等级与每公顷296kgN,31kgP,35kgK和192kgN,62kgP,70kgK2个肥力水平的大田试验。结果表明,该优质小麦在京郊的适宜播量为105kg／hm^2,施肥量为中等肥力即可达6000kg／hm^2的产量,从而可获得投入少,产出高,节约化肥和保护环境的目的。     

大豆田银纹夜蛾系统控制研究

１９９３￣１９９６年以系统控制为基本技术原理,研究了豆田１１种可控因素对大豆银纹夜蛾,天敌和产量的综合效应,结果表明,对银纹夜蛾影响大的因素是种植方式,微肥,播期和钾素;对天敌影响最大的是种植方式;对大豆产量影响大的是种植方式;播期,品种和微肥。     

夏大豆病虫害系统最优控制研究

１９９３－１９９６年作者研究了豆田１６种可控因素对夏大豆病虫害、天敌和产量的综合效应。根据既控病虫增产又保护生态的原则,综合评价了可控因素,提出了夏大豆病早了优控制策略：同穴（４：１式）或间作（９：２式）,鲁豆４,６月１０日前后播种、１８００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２微肥拦种,Ｎ４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｋ２０１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,有机肥２２５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,甲拦磷０．３６％拌种,多菌     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤硝态氮的适宜含量

采用冬小麦季不同施氮处理(夏玉米季不施氮)研究了华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系夏玉米季土壤硝态氮的适宜含量.结果表明:在播前土壤无机氮含量较高的条件下,冬小麦季施用150kgN.hm-2即可满足冬小麦/夏玉米两季作物的氮素需求;各氮肥处理在冬小麦季的氮肥施用当季的利用率仅为11%～23%,在夏玉米季氮肥残效利用率则高达30%～52%.当夏玉米播前0～90cm土层硝态氮含量达到82kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证夏玉米十叶期的生长,达到151kg.hm-2时,无需施氮即可保证整个生育期的生长.夏玉米十叶期和收获后0～90cm土层硝态氮含量低于46和65kg.hm-2时,则影响作物正常生长.综合考虑产量和环境效应,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中0～90cm土层硝态氮含量应控制在65～151kg.hm-2之间.     

Significance of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Herbaspirillum seropedicae</Emphasis> inoculation and/or straw amendment on growth and dinitrogen fixation of wheat using<Superscript>15</Superscript>N-dilution method

The effect of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation and/or maize straw (0, 5 and 10 Mg/hm2) amendment on the growth and N2 fixation of wheat was determined in pot experiments using 15N-dilution method. Inoculation resulted in accumulation of fixed nitrogen, and % N from atmosphere being 24.6 and 26.5% in wheat shoot and grain, respectively. Straw amendment reduced % Natm to 16.1 and 20.2% at high straw level (10 Mg/hm2). Rational nitrogen fertilization (180 kg N/hm2) completely inhibited N2 fixation by H. seropedicae inoculation. Bacterial inoculation increased dry shoot and grain yield up to 23 and 31%, respectively. The highest levels of shoot and grain dry mass (46.5 and 42.4%) were obtained by N-fertilization in both inoculated and uninoculated plants. Total shoot and grain N-yield increased irrespective of organic matter amendment by inoculation up to 9 and 25%, respectively. N-fertilized plants recorded a maximum increase in N-yield (57 and 51%). H. seropedicae was reisolated from inoculated wheat histosphere after harvesting (90 d from sowing). Neither organic matter nor mineral nitrogen applications had any marked effect on bacterial total counts colonizing wheat histosphere. Moreover, no symptoms of mottled stripe disease were observed on leaves and stems of inoculated plants.     

Seed yield,head characteristics and oil content in sunflower varieties as influenced by seeds from single and multiple headed plants under humid tropical conditions

Field trials were conducted during 2004 and 2005 to determine the effect of sowing seeds from plants with multiple heads and seeds from single headed plants of sunflower on seed yield, head characteristics and oil content of three widely grown open pollinated varieties (Funtua, Record and Isaanka) in the humid forest—savanna transition zone which is outside the current growing areas with a view to improving stability and sunflower productivity in this region. Seeds from multiple headed plants produced plants that flowered and matured 2–3 days later than plants from single headed plants. Apart from days to flowering in 2004, number of days to maturity and plant height were affected independently by variety and seed source factors. However, the seeds from single headed plants produced plants that recorded significantly (P < 0.01) higher head weight, head diameter, achene weight and number per head than plants from seeds of plants with multiple heads. Seed source had little effect on sunflower seed yield and oil content. However, Funtua produced significantly (P < 0.05) high seed yield (1956.0 kg ha^?1 ± 76.06) when seeds from plants with multiple heads were sown, while Isaanka recorded comparatively high seed yield from seeds of plants from either multiple (1221.0 kg ha^?1 ± 165.90) or single heads (1388.0 kg ha^?1 ± 135.84) and Record (1201.0 kg ha^?1 ± 96.97) when seeds from single headed plants were sown. Therefore, it is recommended that prospective sunflower growers who wish to cultivate Isaanka, can sow seeds from either the multiple or single head and preferably the multiple head for Funtua, and single head for Record.     

Response of barley to grasshopper defoliation in interior Alaska: dry matter and grain yield

Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., is well adapted to subarctic Alaska growing conditions, but little is known about its response to grasshopper defoliation. A field experiment was conducted to study dry matter and grain yield in response to a combination of grasshopper defoliation and weeds in 2002 and 2003 near Delta Junction, AK (63 degrees 55' N, 145 degrees 20' W). Barley plants at third to fourth leaf stage were exposed to a combination of two levels of weeds (present or absent) and four densities of grasshoppers (equivalent to 0, 25, 50, and 75 grasshoppers per m2) of third to fourth instars of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F). Dry matter accumulation by the barley plants was determined at three times during the growing seasons: approximately 10 d after introduction of the grasshoppers, shortly after anthesis, and at maturity. Dry matter accumulation and grain yield were much lower in 2003 than in 2002, probably due to very low levels of soil moisture early in the growing season of 2003. Head clipping accounted for a greater portion of yield loss in 2003 than in 2002. The percentage of reduction in harvestable yield due to grasshoppers remained fairly constant between years (1.9 and 1.4 g per grasshopper per m2 in 2002 and 2003, respectively) despite a large difference in overall yield. Examination of the yield components suggest that yields were reduced by the early season drought in 2003 primarily through fewer seeds per head, whereas grasshoppers in both years reduced average seed weight, but not numbers of seeds.     

机插水稻高产栽培关键技术的适宜值

在大田栽培条件下,以武香粳14为材料,对机插水稻的育秧、移栽、肥料运筹等高产栽培技术适宜值进行研究.结果表明,芽谷播量以每盘（1624 cm²）150～180g为最佳;壮秧剂处理的秧苗质量与机插质量均好于其它复合肥处理,复合肥处理苗床的用量以N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=10∶10∶5及150 g·m^-2复合肥较好;双膜育秧的秧苗须在播后21 d内机插大田;小棵密植（取秧面积1.26 cm²、株距11.7 cm、行距30 cm）有利于提高机插水稻的个体质量及群体水平;大田施N量为315 kg·hm^-2、基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4的处理产量最高.单位面积总颖花量的显著提高是机插水稻产量增加的主要原因.     

密度、种植方式和品种对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响

在豫北高产灌区的生产条件下,以郑单958和浚单20为试验材料,研究了不同密度和种植方式对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响。结果表明:密度和种植方式对两个品种的株高、茎粗、穗位、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、干物质积累量、穗部性状、籽粒产量和经济系数的影响达到极显著水平。郑单958在宽窄行种植方式和90000株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到14236.97kg/hm2,浚单20在宽窄行种植方式和82500株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到13333.51kg/hm2。