绿化山地的优良果树——金柚

金柚又名胡柚,原产浙江省常山县,是柚和甜橙的自然杂交种。金柚抗旱、抗冻、耐瘠、生长健壮,栽培容易,树冠形成快,树冠大,绿叶终年不凋,是丘陵山地理想的绿化果树。而且果实产量高,品质优良,营养丰富,很耐贮藏,先后于1985年和1989年两次被评为农业部优质产品,并已取得“绿色食品”称号。近年来,作为绿化、经济水果两用树种在衢州市发展迅速。     

金柚贮藏真菌病害及保鲜技术研究

1998年5月-2000年10月间调查了梅州柚果贮藏期的真菌病害,它们是:①柚果绿霉病(Penicilliumdigitatum),②柚果炭疽病(Collettrichumgloeosporioides),③柚果黑腐病(Alternariacitri),④柚果焦腐病(Diplodianatalensis)和⑤柚果酸腐病(Oosporacitri-aurantii)等5种.从几种安全性高的保鲜剂中筛选出1个混用配方,该配方对柚果贮藏防腐保鲜效果明显,贮藏5个月无病斑果达100%,6个月也只有20%的柚果出现少量病斑,且柚果几项质量指标较好.     

热杀菌剂处理对“紫花”和“留香”杧果贮藏品质影响?

52±1℃热杀菌剂苯来特或 TBZ等溶液浸果处理,对“留香”和“紫花”品种杧果采后炭疽病和蒂腐病有显著控制效果,改善果实外观,延长贮藏寿命,提高贮藏品质,减少病害的腐烂损失 60％,获得在常温下贮藏 18d的采后寿命和 100％的商品率。在热杀菌剂处理后,贮藏于低温13±1℃下的 杧果,显著减慢果皮转黄和后熟软化,降低呼吸速率,延长贮藏寿命2～3周以上,并且,显著减少病害和腐烂损失,有利于提高采后杧果的商品率和远途运输及销售。     

四川濒危肉果秤锤树rDNA-ITS分子鉴定、种子形态学及繁育分析

四川肉果秤锤树是安息香科秤锤树属国家二级保护植物,已处于濒危状态。本研究分析了肉果秤锤树与其它秤锤树属植物r DNA-ITS的序列同源性、并利用r DNA-ITS分子标记分析其进化地位、通过扫描电镜研究肉果秤锤树种子的显微结构、利用简便的枝条扦插育苗法探讨肉果秤锤树的快速繁殖技术。结果表明6种秤锤树属植物之间共存在18个序列变异位点,其中肉果秤锤树与秤锤树序列同源性最高,为99.84%。系统进化结果显示秤锤树属植物被聚为一大类,它们与安息香科银铃花具有较近的亲缘关系。在发育过程中朝2个方向进化,一支进化生成狭果秤锤树、细果秤锤树和黄梅秤锤树,一支进化生成肉果秤锤树、秤锤树和怀化秤锤树,肉果秤锤树与秤锤树进化关系表现最紧密,遗传距离最小,为0.002,与细果秤锤树进化遗传距离最大为0.014。果实解剖发现每个肉果秤锤树果实含有一个核果,电镜扫描显示核果外层为含有大量小孔和微孔的坚硬木质结构,对种仁造成机械束缚,同时也可提供一定的透性。繁殖保育研究结果显示在含稀释1 200倍生根粉溶液的土壤中进行枝条扦插,其侧枝发芽率可高达40%。本研究为肉果秤锤树的进化分类以及肉果秤锤树的保护繁育提供了更多的有用信息。     

热杀菌剂处理对“紫花”和“留香”杧果贮藏品质影响?

５２±１℃热杀菌剂苯来特或ＴＢＺ等溶液浸果处理,对“留香”和“紫花”品种Ｍａｎｇ果采后炭疽病和蒂腐病有显控制效果,改善果实外观,延长贮藏寿命,提高贮藏品质,减少病害的腐烂损失６０％,获得在常温下贮藏１８ｄ的采后寿命和１００％的商品率。在热杀菌剂处理后,贮藏于低温１３±１℃下的Ｍａｎｇ果,显减慢果皮转黄和后熟软化,降低呼吸速率,延长贮藏寿命２￣３周以上,并且,显减少病害和腐烂损失,有利于提高采     

不同空间尺度下的肉果植物扩散过程和机理

肉果植物扩散的生态学过程在最近得到生态学者们的广泛关注,其扩散过程包括果实搬运、果实消耗、种子雨、种子取食、种子库动态、萌发和幼苗定居等。许多过程涉及到果食性动物和肉果植物之间的互惠的协同进化关系。对最近15a关于肉果植物扩散的研究论文进行了综述,探讨在生境、微生境、景观和区域等常用的空间尺度上,肉果植物扩散和定居过程的格局与机理。     

早熟金柚果皮挥发油的提取及GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取早熟金柚果皮挥发油,通过正交实验优选获得早熟金柚果皮挥发油提取的工艺参数,结果表明：早熟金柚果皮挥发油的最佳提取工艺是将柚皮粉碎60 s,加水5倍,提取6 h。采用GC-MS联用技术对早熟金柚果皮挥发油的化学成分进行分离鉴定,共分离出44个峰,鉴定出了其中的25种化合物,占峰面积的98.43%。用面积归一化法测定了各个组分的相对百分含量,其主要成分有柠檬烯（65.82%）、β-月桂烯（25.52%）、4-侧柏烯（1.78%）、紫苏烯（0.44%）、氧化芳樟醇（0.42%）。     

响应面结合主成分分析方法优化黄瓜种子GA3包衣浓度和贮藏时间组合

采用响应面结合主成分分析方法优化黄瓜种子GA_3包衣浓度和贮藏时间的组合.采用响应面试验设计的二因素14个组合对黄瓜种子GA_3浓度和贮藏时间进行处理,然后进行发芽试验.对得到的苗高、叶绿素含量和根系活力指数进行主成分分析,对得到的主成分向量进行响应面分析,找到了提高黄瓜幼苗苗高、叶绿素含量和根系活力的最佳处理组合.     

北京地区野生植物果实类型谱及沿海拔分布格局

陆地生态系统的果实类型谱是植物对环境长期适应演化的结果。本文分析了北京地区的所有被子植物1371种以及4种生活型(乔木、灌木、草本、藤本)的果实类型谱,并调查了北京西部东灵山的植物果实类型谱的海拔梯度变化格局。结果表明:北京果实类型中蒴果的比例最高,其次为瘦果、坚果、颖果、浆果、荚果等;北京果实类型中肉果比例占13.57%,干果比例占86.43%;干果中裂果比例占35.6%,闭果比例占50.83%。4种生活型中果实类型的构成式样相差较大,乔木中坚果比例最高,其肉果比例为32.7%,干果比例为67.3%;灌木中浆果比例最高,其肉果比例为49.2%,干果比例为50.8%;草本中瘦果比例最高,其肉果比例为6.4%,干果比例为93.6%;藤本中浆果占绝对优势,其肉果比例为52.2%,干果比例为47.8%,这些特征与北京地区所在的温带气候和地理位置(较高纬度和较低海拔)相适应。在东灵山地区,随着海拔的升高,肉果的比例逐渐降低,从海拔为1083m的18.52%至海拔2100m处消失,而干果的比例则逐渐升高,从80.95%以致达到100%。随着海拔的升高,肉果、核果、浆果的比例显著下降,而干果的比例明显上升,原因为随着海拔的升高,水热条件变得较为严酷,不利于核果、浆果等植物的生存,更适合瘦果、蒴果等植物的生长。本研究对理解北京山地果实类型分布格局与当地气候的关系以及陆地生态系统对自然环境的长期适应演化具有一定的意义。     

极危树种——肉果秤锤树的生态特性

肉果秤锤树属安息香科秤锤树属 ,为作者近年发现的新种。这一新种性状独特 ,果实外形与秤锤树相似 ,但前者果实肉质、较大、较重 (约为后者的 6倍 ) ,较红 ,皮孔不明显 ,特别是以肉质果实与该属其它种明显区别。对研究秤锤树属和安息香科的系统演化有重要意义。它的花、果都很美丽 ,具很好的观赏价值。但该树种自发现之日即处于极危状态。肉果秤锤树分布于四川乐山市 ,为亚热带偏湿性低山常绿阔叶林的伴生树种 ,该群落以栲树、青冈栎、润楠为建群种 ,是当地的地带性植被。对肉果秤锤树分布范围的 35 0 m2面积的树林设置样地进行研究。林木高达 30 m,以润楠为主要树种 ,样地中树林由于人为破坏 ,已有一些阳生性植物的渗入。肉果秤锤树为落叶阔叶树种 ,幼时能耐适度荫蔽 ,成长后对光照强度要求较高。种群年龄结构呈金字塔型 ,但由于种群个体数量太少 (14株 ,其中仅 2株成年大树 ) ,分布面积太小 (2 0 0 m2 ) ,以及位于人口稠密区 ,灭绝的概率极大。对肉果秤锤树各种情况下果实的活仁率、极危原因等进行了分析和讨论。发现果实活仁率与树或树枝的生活力有关 ,生活力强的树或枝果实活仁率高 ,反之则低。认为极危原因来自两方面 :(1)环境的破坏 :随低山常绿阔叶林的破坏殆尽 ,该种植被的伴生树种——肉果秤锤     

冷藏条件下白沙枇杷与红沙枇杷果皮活性氧代谢研究

为探讨红沙枇杷与白沙枇杷冷藏耐储性差异的原因,为枇杷采后生理和保鲜技术研究提供参考,以白沙枇杷"白玉"和红沙枇杷"鸡蛋红"为材料,在6℃的冷藏条件下,测定了果皮中氧自由基产生速率(oxygenfree radical production rate, SPR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性,以及膜脂过氧化伤害产物(MDA)的含量等活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)代谢相关指标的变化规律。表明,随着冷藏的进程,冷藏的前10 d,红沙枇杷果皮SPR高于白沙枇杷,10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR有所下降而白沙枇杷果皮则大幅上升,导致10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR低于白沙枇杷;冷藏后红沙枇杷果皮ROS相关酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性高于白沙枇杷果皮,即其ROS清除能力高于白沙枇杷果皮;在冷藏5 d后白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化伤害产物MDA含量持续上升,而红沙枇杷果皮则维持在较低水平并低于白沙枇杷果皮,说明白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化程度较高。分析认为冷藏初期红沙枇杷果皮较高的氧自由基产生速率激活了ROS清除系统,导致红沙枇杷果皮具有更高的ROS清除能力;冷藏后期白沙枇杷果皮则出现了氧自由基和MDA的积累,暗示其膜脂过氧化的发生和果实内外环境的恶化。红沙枇杷和白沙枇杷果皮ROS代谢的差异与冷藏耐储性相关。     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

Experimental studies on the migration of Anisakis sp. larvae (Nematoda: ascaridida) into the flesh of herring, Clupea harengus L.

In two experiments, a batch of 38 herring from Shetland was gutted immediately on capture (0 h) and further batches were gutted 14 and 37 h after capture and storage on ice. The numbers of Anisakis larvae in the body-cavity and in the flesh (detected by pepsin-HCl digest) were then counted. The proportion of fish with worms in the flesh was higher at 14 and 37 h than at 0 h. The percentage of the total worm burden in the flesh increased between cash each time interval, which suggests that a large-scale migration of larvae into the flesh occurs in ungutted fish. There was a positive association between the numbers of larvae in the viscera and the numbers in the flesh. Most larvae occurred in the hypaxial muscles. The results are discussed in relation to the observations of earlier workers.     

Metabolism of geraniol by apples in relation to the development of storage breakdown

Geraniol was injected into the core of Jonathan apples susceptible to storage breakdown. It was rapidly metabolized to geranyl β-d-glucoside which was transported to the flesh and metabolized into other compounds. When geraniol was injected into the flesh and prevented from diffusing into the core area, metabolism of geraniol was completely inhibited. The results suggest that some factor associated with the apple seeds is involved in the formation of the glucoside and hence with the induction of breakdown.     

The response of apples cv. Cox's Orange Pippin to different concentrations of oxygen in the storage atmosphere

The response of apples cv. Cox's Orange Pippin to storage in flowing streams of air and nitrogen mixed to generate atmospheres ranging from 0.5% to 2% oxygen was examined in two seasons. The benefits of reducing store oxygen concentrations below 1.25% were small but storage in 0.75% may be advantageous for Cox's Orange Pippin apples in seasons when flesh firmness is low at harvest. Ethanol-induced flesh breakdown was recorded in samples stored in 0.5% O₂ in one season and the risk of low temperature breakdown was increased in oxygen levels below 1.25%. Ethylene production was reduced by lowering the oxygen concentration.     

Changes in the Volatile Flavor Constituents of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck During Storage

The methods of GC with fused silica capillary column, its Kovats retention index of GC and GC-MS-DS etc. We were used to study the aromatic compounds of the peel essential oil of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and aromatic concentrates of fruit flesh. 29 chemical constituents from the peels and 40 chemical constituents from the fruit flesh were identified. The trace constituents α-sinensal 0.01% and β-sinensal 0.01% are the special aroma ones for Citrus sinensis. At the same time, the changes flavor components in Citrus sinensis peels and fruit flesh during storage were also explored.     

Low-ethylene storage of apples cv. 'Cox's Orange Pippin': effects of 'Rapid CA' and ultra-low oxygen

Three methods of reducing ethylene accumulation in the flesh of apple fruits cv. ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ during controlled atmosphere storage were compared with one another and with a control. They were: (a) rapid establishment of storage conditions, (b) treatment with 5% CO₂ for 15 days prior to long-term storage, and (c) lowering storage O₂ from 1.25% to 0.75%. In all cases ethylene was either allowed to accumulate or maintained below 1 μl litre^-1. When ethylene was removed from the storage atmosphere all three methods reduced internal ethylene concentrations. Although the firmness of fruits from two orchards was affected differently by ethylene removal, the effects on the retention of flesh firmness by ethylene removal and storage in 0.75% O₂ were generally additive. No adverse effects of storage in 0.75% O₂ were observed.     

Evaluation of extraction methods for the identification of proteins from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed and flesh

Date fruits are well known to be very nutritious. Nevertheless, the protein contents of the fruit, particularly the seed and flesh, are still understudied, largely due to their difficult physical characteristics. This study was conducted to compare three different protein extraction methods which were the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone (TCA-A), phenol (Phe), and TCA-acetone-phenol (TCA-A-Phe), and to perform proteomic analysis on date palm seed and flesh. Phe extraction method showed the highest protein yields for both seed (8.26?mg/g) and flesh (1.57?mg/g). Through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Phe, and TCA-A-Phe extraction methods were shown to be efficient in removing interfering compounds and gave well-resolved bands over a wide range of molecular weights. Following liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis, about 50–64% of extracted proteins were identified with known functions including those involved in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, defense, and storage. Phe protein extraction method was proven to be the optimal method for date flesh and seed.     

The relationship between fruit retention force at harvest and quality of feijoa after storage

Feijoa (Feijoa sellowiana, cvs Apollo and Gemini) fruits were removed from the tree and grouped into treatments according to retention force (RF) at harvest. Fruits with greater RF at harvest had higher titratable acidity and flesh firmness, lower soluble solids content and less locule clarity at harvest than fruits with lower RF. After 4 wk storage at 4 °C and 5 days shelflife at 20 °C titratable acidity, soluble solids and firmness in these fruits were similar across RF grades except that after shelflife the incidence of flesh and locule browning was greater in fruits harvested with low RF when compared with fruits picked with greater force. At harvest the total sugar and organic acids, and the sugar: acid ratio were similar irrespective of RF, whereas after storage and shelflife no consistent effect of RF existed. Taste panellists could not detect differences in the eating appeal of fruit harvested with high or with low retention force after storage and shelflife. Soluble solids, acidity and flesh firmness declined markedly over storage and shelflife irrespective of retention force at harvest and although these fruits were still acceptable for eating, they no longer had the characteristic flavour and texture of unstored feijoas.     

壳聚糖涂膜对机械伤苹果抗性生理特征的影响

为了提高苹果采后抗机械损伤能力,减少贮藏损失,以红富士苹果为材料,通过人工模拟机械伤试验,研究壳聚糖涂膜对损伤红富士苹果常温贮藏条件下果肉褐变、相关酶活性及抗性相关物质的影响,探索壳聚糖涂膜在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用。结果显示:壳聚糖涂膜处理科显著减少红富士苹果果实机械伤口的扩张,提高机械伤果实的总酚含量,降低PPO活性,从而有效抑制机械伤苹果贮藏期间的果肉褐变的发生。同时,壳聚糖涂膜处理可提高机械伤苹果的POD和PAL活性,延缓酚类物质含量的下降,促进体内木质素的合成。研究表明,壳聚糖涂膜处理能够有效防止机械伤苹果贮藏期间的酶促褐变,减少果肉组织中有害物质的积累,促进愈伤组织的形成,从而增强了机械伤苹果的抗性,有效延缓了果实衰老。