烟草几丁酶β-1.3-葡聚糖酶的抑菌作用*

从三个方面对激发子诱导烟草几丁质酶,β－１．３－葡聚糖酶的病理功能进行了测定,结果表明：①两种酶对赤星菌的菌落生长有抑制作用并可抑制孢子萌发,对其它被测病原物抑制作用非常微弱;②两种酶对赤星菌等有明显的攻击作用,直接攻击抱子的反应在３０ｍｉｎ内可见,到１６ｈ前后引起孢子破裂;③扫描电镜观察,酶对寄主生活叶面上的赤星菌有同样攻击作用。     

桂枝汤对胃H,K—ATP酶活力的影响及对消炎痛引起胃H,K—ATP酶抑…

中药桂枝汤在整体水平上能极其显著的激活胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的活力,而离体水平上对该酶呈现明显抑制效应,消炎痛在整体和离体水平上均对胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶呈现抑制作用,。桂枝汤在整体水平上对消炎痛引起胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶的抑制作用有保护效应,这些结果提示桂枝汤可能通过机体整体调节实现其提高胃Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶活力作用的,从而在Ｈ,Ｋ－ＡＴＰ酶水平上初步阐述了中药桂枝汤调整胃功能的可能作用机理,而且也为扩充桂枝     

β—D—呋喃果糖苷酶酶学特性

对来源于米曲霉（Aspergillus oyzae001)中的β－D－呋喃果糖苷酶的酶学特性进行研究,β－D－呋喃果糖苷酶具有如下特性,在温度≤40℃时,酶稳定,最适反应温度为35－45℃,在pH5-9范围内稳定,最适pH为7－9,在选择的金属离子范围内,Ag^ 对酶有较强的激活作用,K^ ,Zn^2 ,Mg^2 对酶也有激活作用,但程度不如Ag^ ,其他金属离子对酶的活性基本没有影响。     

不同真菌漆酶的性质研究

为了更好开发利用漆酶,用邻联甲苯胺法比较分析了彩绒革盖菌、毛栓菌和多孔菌在液体培养时的产酶曲线、酶作用的最适pH值、最适酶解温度及无机离子对酶活的影响。结果表明,不同漆酶产酶曲线不同,彩绒革盖菌和多孔菌,第9d达产酶高峰,峰值活力分别达395.6u/ml和412.2u/ml;毛栓菌,第11d达到产酶高峰,峰值本科活较不同真菌漆酶的性质研究高达554.6u/ml。漆酶性质有明显差别,最适酶解温度不同,彩绀革盖菌和多孔菌漆酶最适酶解温度为25℃;毛栓菌为30℃;最适酶解pH值有差异,彩绒革盖菌漆酶最适酶解,pH值为4.5,毛栓菌为4.0,多孔菌为4.2;不同离子对酶活的影响不同;K^、Zn^2 、对彩绒革盖菌所产漆酶有激活作用;K^ 、Zn^2 、Cu^2 对毛栓菌所产漆酶有激活作用;Mn^2 、Mg^2 对多孔菌所产漆酶有激活作用;Ag^ 、Fe^3 对三种菌所产漆本科均有明显抑制作用。     

β—葡聚糖酶的分离纯化和特性研究

对里木霉所产β－葡聚糖酶粗酶液通过饱和硫酸铵沉淀、Sephadex G-100柱层析和DEAE－Sephadex A-50柱层析进行纯化,比活提高14．60倍,活力回收6．62％。酶特性研究表明,最适温度和pH分别为60℃和5．0,在pH低于5．0时酶较稳定,酶的热稳定性在60℃以下。Cu^2 、Mn^2 、Mg^2 、Fe^3 和K^ 对酶有抑制作用,Zn^2 、Ca^2 、Co^2 和Fe^2 有激活作用。     

木霉GXC产β—葡聚糖条件和酶学性质

研究了木霉GXC产β－葡聚糖糖的条件,结果表明,最适产酶碳源的麸皮,氮源为硫酸铵,产酶的最适条件为,初始pH为4.0-5.0,30℃培养44h,粗酶液经硫酸铵沉淀,SephadexG-25,Sephadx G-100和DEAE－Sephadex A-50柱层析得到纯β－葡聚糖酶,SDS－PAGE凝胶电泳显示－条带,测得分子量为35kD,该酶最适反应pH5.0,最适反应温度为60℃,在40℃以下,pH4.0-5.0酶活力相对稳定,5.0mmol/L以下的Ca^2 ,Zn^2 和Fe2 ,以及10.0mmol/L以下的Co^2 对酶活力有激活作用,而Cu^2 和Fe^ 具有抑制作用。     

幽门螺杆菌尿素酶的纯化及其特性

本文利用Ｓｅｐｈａｃｒｙ１ Ｓ－２００和Ｑ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ两步层析,从ＨＰ蒸馏水浸液中提取纯化尿素酶,并对其特性进行了测定,证明ＨＰ尿素酶各含一个６６ｋＤ和２９．５ｋＤ的亚单位,并以６个分子聚合成６２５ｋＤ大分子蛋白,有很好的抗原性,并显示特异的血清学反应。用ＨＰ超声浸液抗原和尿素酶,加入２μｇ霍乱毒素粘膜佐剂,给ＳＰＦ ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠口服免疫,可使８０％小鼠抵抗ＨＰ活菌的攻击,证明尿素酶是一种抗ＨＰ的保护性抗原。     

毛栓菌漆酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

对毛栓菌产漆酶的分离、纯化及酶学性质进行研究。粗酶液经硫酸铵盐析、透析、DEAE-Sepharose柱层析,得到2种漆酶同工酶LacA和LacB。LacA和LacB回收率分别为17.1%和2.74%。SDS-PAGE电泳测得2漆酶的分子量分别为54.6 ku和7.7 ku;LacA和LacB最适作用温度分别为50℃和60℃;最适反应pH值分别为4.5和4.0;Cu2＋、Mg2＋对LacA有激活作用,对LacB影响不大;Ag＋对LacA和LacB表现为完全抑制;Fe3＋对LacA和LacB有一定的抑制作用;Ca2＋、Mn2＋、K＋、Na＋、Zn2＋对LacA和LacB影响不大。DTT、EDTA、DMSO、SDS对酶均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随其浓度的升高抑制作用增强。     

GL—7—ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

利用来自假单胞菌的ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的信号肽和表达元件基因片段构建了ＧＬ－０７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的分泌型高表达质粒ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ,其中ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ为ＩＰＴＧ诱导型质粒,ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ为组成型质粒。ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ转入受体菌ＴＧ１中都可高表达ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶基因并将表达产物转运到周质空间,完整细胞酰楷酶比活力分别为２３．９单位每克菌体和１８．３单位每克菌体     

有机溶剂对蜡蚧菌几丁质酶的影响

以蜡蚧菌(Ll)发酵液为材料,经硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换和凝胶过滤,获得部分纯化的Ll几丁质酶(EC3. 2. 1. 14)制剂.研究了不同有机溶剂对Ll几丁质酶的影响.结果表明,丙三醇、甲醛和戊二醛对几丁质酶有抑制作用;丙酮对酶有激活作用;甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇和乙二醇在低浓度时对酶有激活作用,随着浓度的升高表现出抑制作用;二氧六环的浓度低于6 %时对酶的影响不明显,而高于6 %时对酶则有激活作用.     

Glu327 is part of a catalytic triad in rat liver fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase.

The fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase domain of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase has been shown to be structurally and functionally homologous to phosphoglycerate mutase. Both enzymes catalyze their reactions via phosphoenzyme intermediates which utilize an active site histidine as a nucleophilic phosphoacceptor and another histidine as a proton donor to the leaving group. Glu327 in the bisphosphatase domain of the rat liver bifunctional enzyme is conserved in all phosphoglycerate mutase structures and is postulated, by modelling studies, to be located in the active site. Glu327 was mutated to Ala, Gln, or Asp. The mutant and wild-type enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli with a T-7 RNA polymerase-based expression system and purified to homogeneity by substrate elution from phosphocellulose. The Glu327 mutants had apparent molecular weights of 110,000 by gel filtration and had unaltered 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity. Circular dichroism showed that the secondary structure of the Glu327 mutant enzyme forms was the same as the wild-type enzyme. The maximal velocity of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase of the Glu327----Ala, Glu327----Gln, and Glu327----Asp mutants was 4, 2, and 20%, respectively, that of the wild-type enzyme, but the rate of phosphoenzyme formation of the mutants was reduced by at least a factor of 1000. In addition, the rate constants of phosphoenzyme hydrolysis for the Glu372----Ala and Glu327----Gln mutants were 2.7 and 1.3%, respectively, of the wild type, whereas the rate constant for the Glu327----Asp mutant was 60% of the wild-type value. Glu327 was not a substrate or product binding site determinant since the Km for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and Ki for fructose-6-phosphate of the mutants were not appreciably changed. The results implicate Glu327 as part of a catalytic triad in fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and suggest that it influences the protonation state of the active site histidine residues during phosphoenzyme formation and/or acts as a base catalyst to enhance the nucleophilic attack of water on the phosphoenzyme intermediate.     

一株白僵菌对红火蚁的毒力及对免疫酶活性与基因表达的影响

白僵菌是最具防治害虫潜力的一类昆虫病原真菌。本研究测定了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana 237菌株对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的感染毒力,并探究了白僵菌侵染对红火蚁免疫相关酶活性及相关基因表达的影响。结果显示,该白僵菌菌株对红火蚁的毒力较强,在孢子悬浮液108孢子/mL浓度下,对红火蚁的致死中时间LT50为5.288±0.2014 d;在10^4~10^8孢子/mL的不同浓度处理下,红火蚁死亡率随孢子浓度的增加而显著增加。经计算,第4~10天致死中浓度LC50值由8.82×10^6孢子/mL降低到8.95×10^5孢子/mL。红火蚁被球孢白僵菌感染后,体内保护酶和解毒酶发生了不同程度的改变。其中保护酶类酚氧化酶（PO）的活性在白僵菌处理后的第12 h已出现抑制,而在第24 h、48 h、72 h时均显著高于对照;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在12 h时与对照无显著差异,但在24~48 h阶段酶活显著上升,之后下降;过氧化物酶（POD）在较早时段保持与对照无显著差异水平,至中后期48~72 h出现持续升高。解毒酶类混合功能氧化酶系（MFO）的活性在整个检测时间段内表现为抑制-上升-抑制-上升的波动状态;谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）活性的变化与SOD相似,只在24~48 h阶段出现上升。白僵菌还导致红火蚁免疫信号通路Toll途径相关基因表达量变化。在处理后12 h,识别因子GNBP1、Spaetzle即被激活,维持上调-回调波动趋势;而信号传递因子Myd88、pelle在检测的12~72 h内基本处于被抑制状态,只有Myd88在48 h时表达量上升;转录因子Dorsal以及抗菌肽Defensin在12~24 h都已被显著激活,而在后续48~72 h被抑制。综上所述,球孢白僵菌237菌株通过调节红火蚁酶活以及免疫相关基因的表达量实现成功侵染和致病作用,具有很高的生防应用价值。     

Directed mutagenesis of apecific active site residues on Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta -D-glucanase significantly affects catalysis and enzyme structural stability

The functional and structural significance of amino acid residues Met(39), Glu(56), Asp(58), Glu(60), and Gly(63) of Fibrobacter succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase was explored by the approach of site-directed mutagenesis, initial rate kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD spectrometry. Glu(56), Asp(58), Glu(60), and Gly(63) residues are conserved among known primary sequences of the bacterial and fungal enzymes. Kinetic analyses revealed that 240-, 540-, 570-, and 880-fold decreases in k(cat) were observed for the E56D, E60D, D58N, and D58E mutant enzymes, respectively, with a similar substrate affinity relative to the wild type enzyme. In contrast, no detectable enzymatic activity was observed for the E56A, E56Q, D58A, E60A, and E60Q mutants. These results indicated that the carboxyl side chain at positions 56 and 60 is mandatory for enzyme catalysis. M39F, unlike the other mutants, exhibited a 5-fold increase in K(m) value. Lower thermostability was found with the G63A mutant when compared with wild type or other mutant forms of F. succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase. Denatured wild type and mutant enzymes were, however, recoverable as active enzymes when 8 m urea was employed as the denaturant. Structural modeling and kinetic studies suggest that Glu(56), Asp(58), and Glu(60) residues apparently play important role(s) in the catalysis of F. succinogenes 1,3-1,4-beta-d-glucanase.     

Candida albicans CHT3 encodes the functional homolog of the Cts1 chitinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chitin synthesis and chitin degradation play an important role in cellular morphogenesis and influence the cell shape of fungal organisms. The Candida albicans genome contains four chitinase genes, CHT1, CHT2, and CHT3, which are homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CTS1 gene and C. albicans CHT4, which is homologous to S. cerevisiae CTS2. To determine which of the C. albicans CHT genes represents the functional homolog of the S. cerevisiae CTS1 gene we constructed mutants of these genes and characterized the resulting phenotypes using morphological assays such as in vivo time lapse microscopy and enzymatic assays to determine the chitinase activity. Deletion of CaCHT1 and CaCHT2 provided no phenotypic alterations in liquid culture but resulted in increased hyphal growth on solid media. Deletion of CaCHT3 generated chains of unseparated cells in the yeast growth phase strongly resembling the cts1 deletion phenotype of S. cerevisiae cells. Expression of CHT3 under control of the regulatable MAL2-promoter in C. albicans resulted in the reversion of the cell separation defect when cells were grown in maltose. Cht3, but not Cht2 when expressed in S. cerevisiae was also able to reverse the cell separation defect of the S. cerevisiae c ts1 deletion strain. Measurements of chitinase activity from yeast cells of C. albicans showed that Cht2 is bound to cells, consistent with it being GPI-anchored while Cht3 is secreted into growth medium; Cht3 is also the principal, observed activity.     

高温诱导黄瓜抗霜霉病机理

研究了高温对黄瓜霜霉病菌致病力的影响以及高温控制霜霉病发生的效果.结果表明,40 ℃高温处理2 h和45 ℃处理1 h对黄瓜霜霉病的诱导抗病性作用最明显,其在接种后4 d时的防效分别为58.40%和45.81%,到接种后6 d时,防效分别下降为39.35%和37.65%.经高温诱导后,过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶（Cht）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）活性均显著高于对照,与未诱导植株相比,高温诱导后叶片组织的细胞壁表面有大量木质素沉积,表明高温处理后黄瓜表现出对霜霉病的抗病性.     

Engineering of a manganese-binding site in lignin peroxidase isozyme H8 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A Mn(2+)-binding site was created in the recombinant lignin peroxidase isozyme H8 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. In fungal Mn peroxidase, the Mn-binding site is composed of Glu35, Glu39, and Asp179. We generated a similar site in lignin peroxidase by generating an anionic binding site. We generated three mutations: Asn182Asp, Asp183Lys, and Ala36Glu. Its activity, veratryl alcohol, and Mn(2+) oxidation were compared to those of native recombinant enzyme and to fungal Mn peroxidase isozyme H4, respectively. The mutated enzyme was able to oxidize Mn(2+) and still retain its ability to oxidize veratryl alcohol. Steady-state results indicate that the enzyme's ability to oxidize veratryl alcohol was lowered slightly. The K(m) for Mn(2+) was determined to be 1.57 mM and the k(cat) = 5.45 s(-1). These results indicate that the mutated lignin peroxidase is less effective in Mn(2+) oxidation that the wild type fungal enzyme. The pH optima of veratryl alcohol and Mn oxidation were altered by the mutation. They are one unit of pH value higher than those of recombinant H8 and wild type fungal Mn peroxidase isozyme H4.     

The first crystal structures of a family 19 class IV chitinase: the enzyme from Norway spruce

Chitinases help plants defend themselves against fungal attack, and play roles in other processes, including development. The catalytic modules of most plant chitinases belong to glycoside hydrolase family 19. We report here x-ray structures of such a module from a Norway spruce enzyme, the first for any family 19 class IV chitinase. The bi-lobed structure has a wide cleft lined by conserved residues; the most interesting for catalysis are Glu113, the proton donor, and Glu122, believed to be a general base that activate a catalytic water molecule. Comparisons to class I and II enzymes show that loop deletions in the class IV proteins make the catalytic cleft shorter and wider; from modeling studies, it is predicted that only three N-acetylglucosamine-binding subsites exist in class IV. Further, the structural comparisons suggest that the family 19 enzymes become more closed on substrate binding. Attempts to solve the structure of the complete protein including the associated chitin-binding module failed, however, modeling studies based on close relatives indicate that the binding module recognizes at most three N-acetylglucosamine units. The combined results suggest that the class IV enzymes are optimized for shorter substrates than the class I and II enzymes, or alternatively, that they are better suited for action on substrates where only small regions of chitin chain are accessible. Intact spruce chitinase is shown to possess antifungal activity, which requires the binding module; removing this module had no effect on measured chitinase activity.     

Cloning,expression and biocharacterization of OfCht5, the chitinase from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis

Abstract Chitinase catalyzes β‐1,4‐glycosidic linkages in chitin and has attracted research interest due to it being a potential pesticide target and an enzymatic tool for preparation of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosamine. An individual insect contains multiple genes encoding chitinases, which vary in domain architectures, expression patterns, physiological roles and biochemical properties. Herein, OfCht5, the glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinase from the widespread lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis, was cloned, expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized in an attempt to facilitate both pest control and biomaterial preparation. Complementary DNA sequence analysis indicated that OfCHT5 consisted of an open reading frame of 1 665‐bp nucleotides. Phylogenic analysis suggested OfCht5 belongs to the Group I insect chitinases. Expression of OfCht5 in Pichia pastoris resulted in highest specific activity after 120 h of induction with methanol. Through two steps of purification, consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation and metal chelating chromatography, about 7 mg of the recombinant OfCht5 was purified to homogeneity from 1 L culture supernatant. OfCht5 effectively converted colloidal chitin into chitobiose, but had relatively low activity toward α‐chitin. When chitooligosaccharides [(GlcNAc)_n, n= 3–6] were used as substrates, OfCht5 was observed to possess the highest catalytic efficiency parameter toward (GlcNAc)₄ and predominantely hydrolyzed the second glycosidic bond from the non‐reducing end. Together with β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐hexosaminidase OfHex1, OfCht5 achieved its highest efficiency in chitin degradation that yielded N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosamine, a valuable pharmacological reagent and food supplement, within a molar concentration ratio of OfCht5 versus OfHex1 in the range of 9 : 1–15 : 1. This work provides an alternative to existing preparation of chitinase for pesticides and other applications.