羊FSHR基因5′端转录启动调控区生物学特性

文章对小尾寒羊、滩羊和澳洲绵羊等繁殖性状不同的3种绵羊与排卵有关的FSHR基因5′端转录启动调控区进行了克隆和分析,通过对FSHR基因的15个转录调控元件序列进行比较,结果表明,羊不同品种FSHR基因的转录调控元件序列之间没有差异。这说明绵羊的品种与FSHR基因5′端转录启动调控区的相关性不强,排除了因转录调控元件突变而影响转录调节能力的可能性。      

三种小型猪线粒体DNA控制区的比较研究

目的分析五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪线粒体DNA控制区碱基序列,比较研究不同猪种的遗传标志。方法应用PCR技术分别对这三种小型猪的血液总DNA样品中线粒体DNA D-loop区进行扩增,测序比对。结果猪的线粒体DNA D-loop区分三个区域。I区（靠近5’端区域）704bp,五指山小型猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点中归纳出3个单倍体,而巴马小型猪在此区有9个变异位点,通过9个变异位点归纳出4个单倍体,贵州香猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点归纳出3个单倍体。Ⅱ区（串联重复序列区）,五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪序列相同。Ⅲ区（靠近3’端区域）三种小型猪的序列几乎相同。结论五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪三种小型猪之间线粒体DNA碱基序列变异位点较少,五指山小型猪和巴马小型猪亲缘关系较近。     

贵州黄牛mtDNA D-loop 遗传多样性研究

对贵州4个地方黄牛品种共计82个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列910 bp进行分析,检测到31种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,约占所测核苷酸总长的7.14%,其中有62个转换,2个颠换,1个转换/颠换共存。贵州4个黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样度（π值）为2.16%～2.61%,单倍型多样度（H）为0.695～0.909,表明贵州黄牛mtDNA遗传多样性比较丰富。根据单倍型构建了贵州4个黄牛品种的NJ分子系统树。聚类表明,贵州黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,其影响较为均一。并探讨了用核苷酸多样度π值的大小来衡量黄牛群体遗传分化程度的可行性。      

广西三黄鸡的遗传多样性及保种效果分析

广西三黄鸡肉嫩味美,是中国应用广泛、开发利用最好的著名地方品种。为了准确评价广西三黄鸡的遗传多样性和保种效果,以广西自治区内4个保种场314个样品为研究材料,用18个微卫星标记和线粒体DNA D-loop区(mtDNA)联合分析广西三黄鸡群体的遗传多样性。微卫星标记结果表明:共检测到144个等位基因,平均等位基因数为8个,期望杂合度(HE)为0.679 8,观察杂合度(HO)为0.560 5,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.639 3。线粒体DNA D-loop区结果表明:在检测序列中,共发现31个变异位点,17种单倍型,群体平均核苷酸多态性和单倍型多态性分别为0.0137 9,0.644;网络中介图表明广西三黄鸡具有5个血统来源,主要起源是东亚和云南或云南周边地区地方鸡血统,但在存在少量外来商业鸡种血统。本研究结果表明,广西三黄鸡具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,个别保种场需进一步提纯保种。     

三种小型猪线粒体DNA控制区的比较研究

目的分析五指山小型猪、巴马小型猪和贵州香猪线粒体DNA控制区碱基序列,比较研究不同猪种的遗传标志。方法应用PCR技术分别对这三种小型猪的血液总DNA样品中线粒体DNA D-loop区进行扩增,测序比对。结果猪的线粒体DNA D-loop区分3个区域。Ⅰ区（靠近5′端区域）704 bp,五指山小型猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点中归纳出3个单倍体,而巴马小型猪在此区有9个变异位点,通过9个变异位点归纳出4个单倍体,贵州香猪在此区共有6个变异位点,通过6个变异位点归纳出3个单倍体。     

我国部分黄牛品种线粒体D-loop区遗传多样性与起源分化

为了解我国地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA的遗传变异情况, 文章测定了16个地方黄牛品种206个个体线粒体D-loop区的全序列, 共检测到101个变异位点; 99种单倍型, 其中73种是普通牛单倍型, 26种是瘤牛单倍型; 平均核苷酸差异为22.6920, 单倍型多样度为0.9320, 核苷酸多样度为0.0227, 表明我国黄牛品种遗传多样性非常丰富。构建的NJ进化树显示16个品种来源于两大母系: 普通牛和瘤牛; 构建的Network图表明73种普通牛单倍型可以分为3大单倍型群; 26种瘤牛单倍型分为5种单倍型群, 推测我国瘤牛在迁移过程中, 至少经历了4次群体扩张事件。通过分析比较地方黄牛品种与内罗门牛共有的 H3单倍型, 发现其中只有16%的序列与内罗门牛的H3单倍型非常相似, 其余84%的序列均发生了鸟嘌呤变异, 推测这些变异很可能是我国瘤牛固有的变异。     

普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop区序列多态性研究

目的:了解中国新疆吉木萨尔野马繁殖中心的普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)遗传多样性及其遗传背景.方法:采用PCR产物直接测序法,对15匹普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop高变区进行测序分析.结果:测定15个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop高变区15464～15866片段序列402bp.检测到12种单倍型,包括37个多态位点,占全部序列的9.2%,其中转换位点24个、颠换位点20个、转换位点和颠换并存位点8个、缺失位点3个.A%+T%含量(56.1%)高于G%+C%含量(43.9%),平均A含量为28.4%,T含量为27.7%,C含量为29%,G含为14.9%.单倍型间平均遗传距离为0.030,单倍型多态性(h)为1±0.00116,核苷酸多态性(π)为2.90%.15匹普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop高变区之间平均核苷酸变异率为2.48%.结论:研究表明我国新疆吉木萨尔野马繁殖中心的普氏野马线粒体DNA D-loop区序列存在丰富的多态性.     

林氏果蝇线粒体DNA分析

本文对Tamura(1988)提纯mtDNA的方法进行改进,建立了林氏果蝇Drosophila lini 线粒体DNA大量制备的方法;对采自原产地台湾省的单雌晶系TAW3146.1的线粒体DNA用10种限制性内切酶进行了酶切,得出了林氏果蝇mtDNA的分子量大小为16.3kb;用双酶切法制作了林氏果蝇线粒体DNA酶切图谱,并与属于同一复合种组的D.Kikkawai的酶切图谱进行比较。所用的内切酶有XbaI、AvaI、EcoRV、ScaI、SacI、EcoR I、HindIII、PvuⅡ、BamHI、PstⅡ。     

华东地区地方鸡品种mtDNA控制区遗传多样性

为了探明我国华东地区地方鸡品种的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,追溯其母系起源和进化过程,利用PCR技术扩增了11个地方鸡品种的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)序列,并结合NCBI数据库中已发表的红色原鸡(Gallus gallus)D-loop区全序列,分析了它们的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,构建了11个品种与红色原鸡系统发生邻接树。结果表明:11个地方品种mtDNA D-loop区全长为1,231或1,232 bp,其中1,231 bp的序列有196条,1,232 bp的序列有123条,经过比对发现,两者在859 bp处存在单碱基缺失。11个地方品种319个个体共计检测到变异位点37个,总体单倍型多样度核苷酸多样度和平均核苷酸差异分别为0.901±0.009、0.00573±0.000001和6.833。按照鸡mtDNA单倍型分类通用标准,共包含35种单倍型,可以分为A、B、C和E共4个分支(单倍型群),分别包括11、10、9和5个单倍型。中介网络图中11个鸡品种也很明显地分成了4个支系,分别含有100、118、47和54条序列。系统发育树分为4个大枝,海南亚种(G.gallus jabouillei)自成一枝;C单倍型群与4个亚种的红色原鸡聚为一枝;E单倍型群与2个亚种红色原鸡聚为一枝;A和B单倍型群只与滇南亚种(G.gallus spadiceus)聚为一枝。11个品种中,除了狼山和丝羽乌骨鸡2个标准化品种外,都有很高的遗传多样性,可开发选择潜力很大。没有发现线粒体品种特异性DNA序列。华东地区地方品种至少有4个母系起源,部分品种可能受到了欧美高产品系的渗入。     

西藏小型猪的线粒体DNA控制区分析

目的研究西藏小型猪的遗传标记以及与其他国内地方猪的亲缘关系。方法扩增102头西藏小型猪以及16头巴马小型猪、17头贵州香猪的线粒体DNA控制区,测序并与国内其他猪进行比较。结果西藏小型猪线粒体DNAD-loop区分三个区域。串联重复序列区处于中间位置,包含有15～29个10 bp的重复片段,分为A、B两种类型。D-loop 3′端340 bp,与国内其他猪的序列相同比较保守;5′端704 bp,共有22个变异位点。由22个变异位点中归纳出25个单倍型,其中有两种主要的单倍型,分别占34.4%和36.6%。根据三个转换位点：305、500、691,将西藏小型猪分成了两组,几乎与串联重复序列所分的A、B两组类型相对应。与西藏小型猪相比,巴马小型猪和贵州香猪D-loop 5′端变异位点较少,分别只有4种和2种单倍型,串联重复区也只有一个类型。结论西藏小型猪可能有两个母系祖先并且与我国西南地区的品种猪有较近的亲缘关系;不同的串联重复片段类型和5′端的变异位点可以联合组建西藏小型猪的遗传标记。     

中国17个黄牛品种mtDNA变异特征与多态性分析

中国黄牛品种资源丰富,尚有28个地方固有品种.为了进一步深入了解这些宝贵遗传资源,本研究通过mtDNA变异特征与多态性分析揭示这些来自中国不同地域地方黄牛的母系起源与分子系统学特征.在17个品种84个体的mtDNA D-loop全序列中,一共检测到了102个核苷酸替代突变位.由此定义的53个单倍型被类聚为2个明显的单倍群：普通牛和瘤牛.mtDNA D-loop全序列变异的第一个特征是转换发生的频率远高于颠换;第二个特征是缺失与替代突变共存;第三个特征是缺失突变率比较高.所有D-loop全序列的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为0.026 78±0.000 50和0.919±0.027.普通牛D-loop单倍型在北方牛种群中占有优势(80%～100%),而瘤牛单倍型在南方牛种群中占有优势(42.9%～100%),2种不同单倍型在中原牛种群中的分布也存在差异.2种不同单倍型在中国不同地域17个黄牛品种中的差异性分布揭示出了瘤牛mtDNA基因在中国黄牛中自南而北、由高到低的流动模式,这种基因流动模式的形成可能是由历史事件、地理隔离以及气候环境差异等造成的.     

绵羊线粒体DNA D-loop区串联重复序列变异研究

对来自69个我国地方绵羊品种和8个国外引入品种共计77个个体线粒体DNA控制区长度为75bp的串联重复序列进行了测序分析。在309个重复序列中检测到28个变异位点,其中7个为具有2个变异体的单现突变,1个为具有3个变异体的单现突变,20个为具有2个变异体的简约位点。由28个变异位点中归纳出63个单倍型,其中单倍型Ⅰ和单倍型Ⅲ具有较高的比例,分别为12．94％和30.42％。研究结果揭示我国地方绵羊可能起源于两个母系祖先。哈萨克羊和阿勒泰羊间以及蒙古羊和乌珠穆沁羊间分别具有较近的亲缘关系且没有明显的遗传分化。藏绵羊、蒙古羊和乌珠穆沁羊相对哈萨克羊和阿勒泰羊而言具有较低的遗传多样性。     

Study on Tandem Repeat Sequence Variation in Sheep mtDNA D-loop Region

The 75-nt-long tandem repeat sequence in the control region of mtDNA of 77 individuals, of which 69 were from different indigenous sheep breeds in China and 8 were from imported breeds, was sequenced and analyzed to investigate the origin and differentiation of Chinese indigenous sheep breeds and also the genetic diversities and relationships among them. A total of 28 variable sites were detected within 309 repeated sequences, among which 7 sites were singleton variable sites with two variants, 1 site was a singleton variable site with three variants, and 20 sites were parsimony informative sites with two variants. A total of 63 haplotypes were sorted from 28 polymorphic sites, among which two main and basic haplotypes, namely, Hap 1 and Hap 3 were present at a much higher proportion, at 12.94% and 30.42%, respectively. It could be inferred that Chinese indigenous sheep breeds originated from two maternal ancestors because of the maternal inheritance characteristics of the mtDNA. Altay sheep and Kazakstan sheep are closely related and do not differentiate significantly. Mongolian sheep and Ujumuqin sheep also share a close relationship. Tibetan sheep, Mongolian sheep, and Ujumuqin sheep have lower genetic diversity than Altay sheep and Kazakstan sheep.     

Evidence of three maternal lineages in Near Eastern sheep supporting multiple domestication events

The variability of mtDNA was analysed in local sheep breeds reared throughout Turkey, for which a fragment of the D-loop region and the complete cytochrome b were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses performed independently for the D-loop and the Cyt b gene revealed three clearly separated clusters indicating three major maternal lineages, two of which had been previously described as types B and A. The new type, C, was present in all the breeds analysed and showed considerable mtDNA variability. Divergence time was obtained on the basis of Cyt b gene and was estimated to be around 160,000-170,000 years ago for lineages B and A, whereas the divergence of lineage C proved to have occurred earlier (between 450,000 and 750,000 years ago). These times greatly predate domestication and suggest that the origin of modern sheep breeds was more complex than previously thought and that at least three independent sheep domestication events occurred. Our results, together with archaeological information and the current wild sheep populations in the Near East region support the high importance of this area in the sheep domestication process. Finally, the evidence of a third maternal lineage has important implications regarding the history of modern sheep.     

Genetic and phylogenetic studies of Chinese native sheep breeds (Ovis aries) based on mtDNA D-loop sequences

To determine the genetic diversity and the origin of Chinese sheep, we analyzed 83 complete sequences of mtDNA D-loop from nine Chinese sheep breeds and a foreign breed, together with nine sheep and cattle available sequences from GenBank. The length of the sequences was considerably variable between 1103 and 1225 bp. The hapolotype diversity was 92.7%. The nucleotide diversity was 3.058%. And the mean nucleotide composition of the 83 sequences was 32.9% A, 29.8% T, 22.9% C and 14.4% G, respectively. The NJ phylogenetic tree (the number of replications of bootstrap test is 1000) revealed that there were three distinct major domestic sheep lineages (termed as lineages A–C) in the 10 breeds. The result indicated that Chinese native sheep breeds derive from three different maternal sources. The mismatch distribution analysis showed that the Fs values were −25.15, −12.28, −8.60 for the lineages A–C, respectively (P < 0.01), which suggested that atleast one population expansion events occur in the demographic history of Chinese sheep breeds.     

中国三种实验用小型猪线粒体DNAD-loop多态性分析

分析中国三种实验用小型猪线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop的多态性,建立各品种品系猪的遗传标记,为各品种、品系猪的鉴别提供依据。应用PCR技术分别对西双版纳近交系小耳猪、广西巴马小型猪、贵州小型香猪和长白猪的血液总DNA样品中mtDNAD-loop进行扩增,用23种限制性内切酶消化,观察其酶切多态。PCR扩增其mtDNAD-loop5′端227bp高变区域,应用PCR?SSCP和PCR直接测序分析,观察其单链构象多态和序列多态。结果显示：三种小型猪之间未见酶切长度多态、单链构象多态和序列多态。与长白猪之间表现出单链构象多态和序列多态。本研究认为：三种实验用小型猪之间mtDNA多态性贫乏,证明其亲源关系很近,在母系起源和进化上有一致性,应用PCR RFLP、PCR SSCP和PCR直接测序分析,尚不能作为三种实验用小型猪品种、品系鉴定的依据,但与长白猪等欧系猪比较有一定差异。 Abstract：the present study is to analyze the polymorphism of the mtDNA D-loop in three breeds of laboratory miniature pigs in China , and to establish its cytoplasmic DNA markers to distinguish among them . The polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop and its 5′-end high variable regions were detected by PCR-RFLP , PCR-SSCP and PCR-direct sequencing on Xishuangbanna Small-ear inbred pig, Guizhou miniature Xiang pig , Guangxi Bama miniature pig and Landrace.There was no polymorphism obtained among or within three breeds of Chinese laboratory miniature pigs besides Landrace. It is concluded that the polymorphism of mtDNA D-loop within the three breeds of Chinese laboratory miniature pigs is poor , These methods cannot be used to distinguish among them , but it can be used to distinguish them from Landrace.     

Origin, genetic diversity, and population structure of Chinese domestic sheep

To characterize the origin, genetic diversity, and phylogeographic structure of Chinese domestic sheep, we here analyzed a 531-bp fragment of mtDNA control region of 449 Chinese autochthonous sheep from 19 breeds/populations from 13 geographic regions, together with previously reported 44 sequences from Chinese indigenous sheep. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all three previously defined lineages A, B, and C were found in all sampled Chinese sheep populations, except for the absence of lineage C in four populations. Network profiles revealed that the lineages B and C displayed a star-like phylogeny with the founder haplotype in the centre, and that two star-like subclades with two founder haplotypes were identified in lineage A. The pattern of genetic variation in lineage A, together with the divergence time between the two central founder haplotypes suggested that two independent domestication events have occurred in sheep lineage A. Considerable mitochondrial diversity was observed in Chinese sheep. Weak structuring was observed either among Chinese indigenous sheep populations or between Asian and European sheep and this can be attributable to long-term strong gene flow induced by historical human movements. The high levels of intra-population diversity in Chinese sheep and the weak phylogeographic structuring indicated three geographically independent domestication events have occurred and the domestication place was not only confined to the Near East, but also occurred in other regions.     

我国6个地方绵羊品种微卫星DNA多态性研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究了我国蒙古羊、乌珠穆沁羊、哈萨克羊、阿勒泰羊、滩羊和藏绵羊 6个地方绵羊品种 17个微卫星标记的多态性 ,以探讨其遗传多样性、起源分化及群体间的遗传亲缘关系。结果表明微卫星标记不同位点间遗传多样性差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,群体间多态信息含量 (PIC)、近交程度 (Fis)和观察杂合度 (Obs .Het)差异不显著 ,但基因多样性 (genediversity)和期望杂合度 (Exp .Het)差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。所研究的我国 6个地方绵羊品种与欧洲品种具有相似的遗传多样性 ,但具有较高的近交系数。个体和群体的聚类分析结果提示我国地方绵羊品种可能起源于两类祖先。群体间的聚类分析结果还表明 ,蒙古羊与乌珠穆沁羊分化不明显且具有较近的遗传亲缘关系 ,蒙古羊与藏绵羊间分化明显且具有较远的遗传亲缘关系。滩羊、阿勒泰羊以及藏绵羊间也具有较近的遗传亲缘关系。所研究的我国 6个地方绵羊品种的遗传分化 (Fst)与西班牙绵羊品种接近 ,但明显小于欧洲其他绵羊品种     

中国山羊mtDNA D-loop遗传多样性及其起源研究

采用DNA测序技术分析了中国9个山羊品种（板角山羊、成都麻羊、贵州黑山羊、贵州白山羊、黔北麻羊、马头山羊、陕南白山羊、黄淮山羊和雷州山羊）共计128个个体的mtDNA D-loop全序列。结果表明：山羊mtDNA D-loop全序列长度为1212-1213bp,检测到102个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的8．42％,可变位点中转换占99个,颠换2个,1个转换/颠换共存;界定了92种单倍型,有78种为各品种独享单倍型,另外14种为群体内或群体间共享单倍型。9个山羊品种单倍型多样度为0．9333-1．0000,核苷酸多样度为0．7062％-1．8265％,表明中国山羊品种遗传多样性丰富。根据92种mtDNA单倍型构建了中国山羊的NJ分子系统树,聚类表明,中国山羊mtDNA D-loop序列单倍型分为支系A和支系B两大类。支系A包括75种单倍型,代表95个样本,占总数的74．22％;支系B包括17种单倍型,代表33个样本,占总数的25．78％,说明中国山羊存在支系A和支系B两大母系起源。对中国山羊mtDNA D-loop的支系A和支系B进行核苷酸不配对分布曲线分析和Fu的Fs中性检验,分析表明,支系A的分布曲线呈单峰形,Fs值为-24．6491,P值为0．0000,显著偏离中性,表明山羊支系A曾经历群体扩张;支系B呈近似双峰分布,Fs值为-3．3947,P值为0．0980,中性检验差异不显著,表明山羊支系B没有经历群体扩张,群体大小保持相对稳定。山羊支系B可能起源于中国。