人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫捕食功能的影响

研究不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)捕食功能的影响。结果表明:不同成分的人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应类型没有影响,与对照组瓢虫一样均符合HollingⅡ型模型;添加蔗糖的饲料2组的a’/Th(瞬间攻击率/处理时间)要高于其他人工饲料组,表明其对棉蚜的捕食效应较强;各人工饲料组喂养的龟纹瓢虫在捕食功能上要明显劣于野生型龟纹瓢虫。     

龟纹瓢虫的行为学观察

通过以洋槐蚜Aphis robiniae Macchiati为食物对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunberg)进行室内饲养和观察,记述了龟纹瓢虫幼虫的孵化、蜕皮行为,成虫的羽化、捕食、交配、产卵行为,并对幼虫成虫的自残行为进行了初步观察。结果表明幼虫孵化、蜕皮,成虫羽化后均有取食自己蜕皮时产生的残皮的行为;龟纹瓢虫成虫捕食行为分为搜寻、捕捉、清洁、静止排泄4个步骤;交配一般由雄虫发起,雌虫背负成虫进行交配。龟纹瓢虫每产一粒卵平均耗时3.75秒,两粒卵之间产卵时间间隔约31.75秒,每次产卵量平均12枚;龟纹瓢虫存在自残行为,成虫在食物不足时会取食幼虫和虫卵,高龄幼虫在饥饿的状态下也取食低龄幼虫和卵,且同龄幼虫之间也会出现相互咬食的现象。     

人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响

本文定量测定在人工饲料中加入埴物油和ZR512对七星瓢虫成虫(第一代)的生殖、摄食、生长、食物利用和转化的影响。结果表明:成虫取食加0.1%橄榄油和ZR512的人工饲料时产卵率能达到96.7%产卵前期为8天左右。如果在此基础上分别添加1%的玉米油或豆油时能促进雌虫产卵量的进一步增加,成虫的增重百分率随着生长天数增加持续上升,取食这种人工饲养的成虫除产卵量外,在体重、产卵前期、产卵率三方面都达到或接近取食蚜虫时的水平。 人工饲料中加入橄揽油能刺激成虫的取食,在此基础上加入玉米油或豆油能使食物转化效率显著地提高。人工饲料中加入ZR512时能阻止或打破雌虫的生殖滞育,促进生殖活动。     

异色瓢虫不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫产卵的影响

本文通过室内试验研究了异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫在猎物寄主上停留时间和产卵的影响。结果表明:受孕雌虫倾向于在猎物丰富的植株上停留。幼虫踪迹抑制了受孕异色瓢虫雌虫的停留时间,但2龄幼虫踪迹和4龄幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫停留时间的影响差异不显著。异色瓢虫雌虫将卵产于有蚜虫的植株上,幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫的产卵抑制作用显著,但2龄和4龄幼虫踪迹的抑制效果差异不明显。     

取食不同品种棉花的棉蚜对龟纹瓢虫功能反应的影响

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜却h／sgossypiiGlover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1—4龄幼虫功能反应的影响。结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大。在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量。龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingII型。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P．japonica2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫A．gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单伊棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量。     

Effect of cotton aphids feeding on transgenic cotton varieties on the behavior of Propylaea japonica

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1～4龄幼虫功能反应的影响.结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大.在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量.龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型.龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P.japonica 2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫A.gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单价棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量.     

异色瓢虫非同胞间食卵自相残杀对成虫生殖力的影响

【目的】食卵自相残杀现象常见于瓢虫中,业已明确取食同胞卵对于初孵瓢虫至关重要,但取食非同胞卵的营养价值是否高于蚜虫仍存争议。本研究旨在明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis在幼虫期除取食蚜虫外兼捕食非同胞卵是否影响其雌成虫的生殖表现。【方法】在异色瓢虫幼虫期设置3个饲喂处理,即仅饲喂禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(对照)、除饲喂蚜虫外还分别给各龄幼虫饲喂少量非同胞卵(分散食卵)以及除饲喂蚜虫外仅给高龄幼虫饲喂较多非同胞卵(集中食卵)等,观察雌成虫体型大小、产卵前期、连续10 d的逐日产卵量和卵孵化率等形态和生殖特性。【结果】饲喂处理对瓢虫雌成虫体型大小无显著影响,对照、分散食卵和集中食卵3种饲喂处理下的雌成虫身体体积分别为92.30,89.73和93.98 mm~3;饲喂处理对雌成虫产卵前期也无显著影响,3种饲喂处理下雌成虫产卵前期分别为7.50,7.74和7.70 d;但饲喂处理对雌虫生殖力具有显著影响,分散食卵处理与对照无显著差异,羽化后10 d分散食卵和对照下累计产卵量分别为185和205粒,但集中食卵(88粒)比对照或分散食卵的产卵量显著降低;饲喂处理对卵孵化率无显著影响,对照、分散食卵和集中食卵3种饲喂处理下的卵孵化率分别为63.10%,72.58%和66.61%。【结论】结果说明,异色瓢虫各龄幼虫偶尔取食非同胞卵不影响其成虫的生长发育和生殖,但高龄幼虫捕食较多非同胞卵可降低其雌成虫的生殖力。     

菱斑巧瓢虫替代饲料的研究

瓢虫成虫饥饿24h后,通过室内对菱斑巧瓢虫Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus)成虫饲喂24种人工饲料,研究菱斑巧瓢虫的取食行为;以桃蚜(MP)作对照,选择羊肝+蔗糖(SLS)、猪肝+蔗糖(PLS)、黄粉虫蛹+蔗糖(TMPS)3种饲料研究瓢虫产卵量;以白蛾周氏啮小蜂蛹(CCP)、SLS、PLS和MP对瓢虫成虫进行交叉饲喂试验,每周期7d,研究饥饿后恢复产卵时间和产卵量的差异;最后以CCP和MP饲喂瓢虫幼虫,观察其发育历期。结果表明:在羊肝、鸡心、菜蛾幼虫、鸡肝和黄粉虫蛹组中,无论是否添加蔗糖,瓢虫取食情况较好。瓢虫成虫饲喂SLS、TMPS、PLS及MP后,MP组的14d单雌产卵量为166.25粒、SLS组为18.15粒、PLS为9.65粒和TMPS组3.90粒,瓢虫恢复产卵的时间也有差异,MP组仅需要1d,而其它组需要3d至至5d。交叉饲喂试验发现,CCP组产卵量(40.67～46.87粒/雌)明显高于常用饲料-PLS组(4.53～7.13粒/雌),但与MP组(61.80～82.07粒/雌)仍有一定差距。利用CCP饲喂瓢虫幼虫,可以完成整个发育历期,但是存活率较低,1～4龄幼虫各龄期内存活率在63.64%～87.50%之间,并且发育历期(21.23d)明显长于饲喂MP组(15.71d)。     

长期冷藏对越冬代异色瓢虫繁殖及子代生长发育和捕食能力的影响

异色瓢虫被认为是一种重要的捕食性天敌,常被用来防治蚜虫、介壳虫、叶螨等害虫。为了更好地开发利用东北地区丰富的越冬代异色瓢虫自然资源,本研究调查了低温冷藏(3℃冷藏0,30,60,90,120,150 d)对吉林采集的越冬代异色瓢虫繁殖及其子代生长发育和捕食能力的影响。研究结果表明,经历90 d冷藏的瓢虫产卵量最大,明显高于冷藏60 d个体的产卵量,与冷藏120 d、150 d及未经冷藏个体的产卵量不存在明显差异;经历不同冷藏期的瓢虫与室内人工饲养种群子代具有相似发育历期(约16.0 d);而且长期冷藏也未对瓢虫子代幼期的捕食能力产生负面影响,冷藏150 d瓢虫的子代在整个幼虫阶段能捕食662.8头蚜虫,与未冷藏个体和人工饲养种群个体不存在明显差异。本研究为开发利用东北地区越冬代异色瓢虫自然资源的生物防治作用提供了理论依据。     

不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫成虫对烟蚜的捕食作用

试验研究了不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫对烟蚜的捕食作用。结果表明,不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫对烟蚜捕食的功能反应均为Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ Ⅱ型,雌成虫的瞬间攻击率ａ大于雄成虫;不同饥饿程度的龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫在２４ｈ内对烟蚜的捕食量差异不显著;雌成虫捕食量大于雄成虫;饥饿时间愈长,烟蚜密度愈大,雌雄成虫间捕食量差异愈显著;未饥饿的龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫在２４ｈ内对烟蚜的捕食行为集中在６：００～１８     

Beneficial effect of supplementing an artificial diet for Amblyseius swirskii with Hermetia illucens haemolymph

Artificial diets have been developed to sustain the mass rearing of a wide range of arthropod natural enemies, with varying success. In some cases, such diets can be optimized using insect‐derived materials, such as haemolymph. In this study, we examined the effect of supplementing haemolymph of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, to a basic artificial diet for the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii. The survival, development and reproduction of the predatory mite were assessed when fed on artificial diets composed of honey, sucrose, tryptone, yeast extract and egg yolk, supplemented with 5%, 10%, or 20% of H. illucens pre‐pupal haemolymph. Developmental time from larva to adult was shorter for males and females offered artificial diets supplemented with 20% haemolymph vs. the basic diet. The oviposition rate and total fecundity of females reared on the basic diet were substantially lower than those of females supplied with the enriched diets. The intrinsic rate of increase was highest on the diet containing 20% haemolymph, followed by those containing 10% and 5% haemolymph. In a subsequent diet‐switching experiment, mites fed on the basic diet in their juvenile stages were switched upon adulthood to diet enriched with different concentrations of H. illucens haemolymph. The females that were fed with the enriched diets from the adult stage on had higher oviposition rates and fecundities than those maintained on the basic diet, but their reproductive parameters were not significantly affected by the concentration of the haemolymph in the artificial diet. In conclusion, supplementing artificial diets with black soldier fly haemolymph significantly improved their nutritional value for A. swirskii. Our findings indicate the potential of using H. illucens as a cheap source for haemolymph in artificial diets, as the fly can be cost‐effectively produced at a large scale on organic waste materials.     

Rearing of the colydiid beetle predator, Dastarcus helophoroides, on artificial diet

Artificial diets for the colydiid beetle, Dastarcus helophoroides, a predator of cerambycid beetles and xylocopid bees, were evaluated. Hatched larvae were reared on artificial diets composed of silkworm pupa-powder, dry yeasts, yeast extract, sucrose, peptone, squid liver oil, preservatives and distilled water, but their emergence rate was very low. If larvae were fed paralyzed cerambycid larvae till they became approximately 8 mm in body length and then reared on artificial diet, emergence rates were high. Using the latter method, mass-production of this colydiid beetle is feasible.     

Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development and oviposition in the polyphagous predator Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The mirid bug Macrolophus caliginosus is commercially reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, constituting an effective but expensive factitious food. Artificial diets can decrease the rearing costs of this natural enemy, but developing and evaluating an artificial diet is a very time-consuming activity. In the current study, development and reproduction of M. caliginosus on two artificial diets based on egg yolk were investigated. The artificial diets resulted in longer development and lower adult weights, but survival was comparable with that of control insects fed E. kuehniella eggs. Reproductive potential of the predator reared on factitious and artificial foods was assessed using a dissection method. The influence of nymphal food on fecundity was less important than that of adult food. Adults fed E. kuehniella eggs had a preoviposition period of about 4 days, whereas adults offered only plant material started laying eggs about 7 days after emergence. Ovarian scores at day 7 were higher for females fed E. kuehniella eggs than for those given access only to a tobacco leaf. Ovarian scores were not significantly affected by mating status. In a final test, a parallel comparison of two methods for assessing reproductive response to diet was made. Here, adult couples were offered one of four diets: E. kuehniella eggs, one of two artificial diets or no food. Half of the females were dissected and the other half was held for determining lifetime oviposition. Females fed E. kuehniella eggs had superior ovarian scores and laid more eggs than those fed either artificial diet or those given no extra food. A good correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained between ovarian scores and oviposition data, indicating that dissecting females after 1 week provides a reliable estimate of fecundity as affected by diet quality. Rapid reproductive assessments as used in the current study will help to increase the rate of development of artificial diets and may contribute to more cost effective production methods for augmentative biological control agents.     

Rearing of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Artificial Diet

Orius strigicollis (Poppius) was reared on the modification of rearing media for Tetrastichus sp. at 28°C, 18L: 6D, and 50‐60% RH, in which meat diets were used for partial replacements of insect source of the artificial diets. Life history traits of the predacious bug fed on the diet were measured. Nymphal development period and mortality rate of O. strigicollis were about 14 days and 31.5% (survival rate: 68.5%), respectively. The female bug produced average of 82.5 eggs during its oviposition period of 18 days when artificial oviposition substrate was provided. The fecundity was shown to be superior compared with previous researches on the species fed natural preys as a food.     

二种改进人工饲料对红脉穗螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在温度(29±1)℃和相对湿度75%±5%条件下,研究了2种改进人工饲料和天然饲料椰子幼果对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker生长发育、繁殖力和营养的影响。结果表明:与天然饲料相比,用改进人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫生长发育速度、幼虫存活率、蛹重及产卵量均提高;幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)及食物转化率(ECD)均显著提高,而相对取食量(RCR)则显著降低。表明红脉穗螟幼虫对2种人工饲料有很好的适应性,可用于大量饲养。     

Effect of diet and mating status on ovarian development and oviposition in the polyphagous predator Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The mirid bug Macrolophus caliginosus is commercially reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, constituting an effective but expensive factitious food. Artificial diets can decrease the rearing costs of this natural enemy, but developing and evaluating an artificial diet is a very time-consuming activity. In the current study, development and reproduction of M. caliginosus on two artificial diets based on egg yolk were investigated. The artificial diets resulted in longer development and lower adult weights, but survival was comparable with that of control insects fed E. kuehniella eggs. Reproductive potential of the predator reared on factitious and artificial foods was assessed using a dissection method. The influence of nymphal food on fecundity was less important than that of adult food. Adults fed E. kuehniella eggs had a preoviposition period of about 4 days, whereas adults offered only plant material started laying eggs about 7 days after emergence. Ovarian scores at day 7 were higher for females fed E. kuehniella eggs than for those given access only to a tobacco leaf. Ovarian scores were not significantly affected by mating status. In a final test, a parallel comparison of two methods for assessing reproductive response to diet was made. Here, adult couples were offered one of four diets: E. kuehniella eggs, one of two artificial diets or no food. Half of the females were dissected and the other half was held for determining lifetime oviposition. Females fed E. kuehniella eggs had superior ovarian scores and laid more eggs than those fed either artificial diet or those given no extra food. A good correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained between ovarian scores and oviposition data, indicating that dissecting females after 1 week provides a reliable estimate of fecundity as affected by diet quality. Rapid reproductive assessments as used in the current study will help to increase the rate of development of artificial diets and may contribute to more cost effective production methods for augmentative biological control agents.     

The influence of some honeybee products as a diet substitute on the different stages of Coccinella undecimpunctata L. in Egypt

Several natural diets of honeybee products were tested for rearing Coccinella undecimpunctata L. under laboratory conditions. Two groups of tested adult and larval insect have been fed on the tested diets, the first group were fed on the tested honey bee products diets without adding aphids, while the second group fed on the same honeybee products with aphids added. The oviposition period in the first group was significantly shorter than control. The tested diets supplied with royal jelly + aphid and/or pollen grains + aphid caused the longest oviposition period. Diets of aphid alone and bee honey with aphid recorded the shortest oviposition period. Fecundity of ladybird was the highest in the tested diets with aphids than diets without aphid and/or aphid diet alone. The durations of larval and pupal stages were significantly different when compared with the diets with or without aphid and/or aphid diet alone. Further results indicated that the diets of royal jelly caused the shortest duration in larval and pupal stages.     

Temperature-dependent life attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta

Reproductive attributes, age-specific fecundity and natality based life-tables of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) were investigated at five temperatures, using aphid, Aphis gossypii as prey. Pre-oviposition period decreased significantly with increase in temperature up to 27°C and thereafter increased at a slower rate. Egg viability dropped significantly at temperature extremes. Females lived longer than males; however, longevity decreased significantly with increase in temperature. The predicted total fecundity and oviposition rate were 952.54 eggs and 35.15 eggs per day at 27°C predicted by a mathematical model compared to empirical estimates of 856.00±30.00 eggs and 39.7±2.26 eggs per day. Age-specific fecundity was triangular and temperature dependent. The peak in oviposition rate occurred earlier at higher temperatures. The highest values of net reproductive rate (R_o=431.1), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m=0.2134 day^-1) and finite rate of increase (λ=1.2379 day^-1) were recorded at 27°C, which suggests it is the optimum temperature for the mass rearing of P. dissecta.