三种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残及其集团内捕食作用

捕食性瓢虫是农田生态系中一类重要的天敌昆虫,种内自残和集团内捕食现象在捕食性瓢虫中普遍存在。本研究在室内通过选择性和非选择性试验比较分析了异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫及龟纹瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残和集团内捕食作用以及卵表面的化学物质对集团内捕食作用的影响。结果表明:在非选择性试验中,3种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵表现出相似的取食现象,即对龟纹瓢虫卵取食最多,其次为七星瓢虫卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食相对较少;在选择性试验中,七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫较偏好取食同种卵,对异色瓢虫卵取食均较少;而异色瓢虫喜欢取食异种卵,对同种卵取食相对较少。3种瓢虫卵经正己烷漂洗后,异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫成虫却未对卵表现出取食偏好性。本研究可为捕食性瓢虫组合释放与协调利用、田间集团内捕食作用评定及其在生物防治中的应用提供理论依据。     

孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫自残幼虫的研究

在室内对孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫自残幼虫的行为以及雌虫取食幼虫后的生殖力进行了研究,结果表明,雌成虫在48h内残杀幼虫造成的死亡率为60%,显著高于雄成虫;与其他部位相比幼虫的腹部遭受更多地攻击,幼虫体表覆盖的蜡丝在一定程度上抵御了成虫的攻击。与取食粉蚧的雌虫相比,取食瓢虫幼虫的雌虫产卵率和平均产卵量均显著降低。     

异色瓢虫幼虫对卵的种内自残和种间捕食

自残现象的发生在异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis中很是常见,为明确自残行为对其存活和生长发育的影响,在非选择性条件下我们对异色瓢虫幼虫对非姊妹卵的种内自残和对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata卵的种间捕食进行了研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫取食同种卵和异种卵均可完成生长发育,与取食蚜虫相比：①其从卵到成虫及蛹期的发育历期明显缩短（P<0.05）,其中1龄幼虫发育历期缩短非常明显（P<0.01）;②自然条件下高死亡率的1龄幼虫的存活率明显提高（P<0.05）;③2-4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的体重变轻（P<0.05）,且体长在4龄幼虫间也表现出显著差异（P<0.05）。这表明异色瓢虫种内自残和种间捕食对其在食物恶劣条件下延续种群至关重要,但对种群的繁衍却不是最理想的途径。     

烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为

研究了日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫和幼虫捕食粉虱时的各种行为时间分配.结果表明,日本刀角瓢虫成虫的捕食行为可分为爬行、取食、清洁、静息、整翅和排泄6个部分.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,幼虫各龄期间的取食和爬行时间无显著差异,对烟粉虱卵的处置时间随瓢虫幼虫虫龄的增大而缩短.日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,饥饿后的雌成虫用于取食的时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫,而用于清洁、静息和爬行的时间显著短于非饥饿的雌成虫;饥饿后的瓢虫雌成虫对卵的处置时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时,瓢虫雌成虫的取食时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加,清洁和静息时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而缩短,对若虫的处置时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加.     

人工饲料对龟纹瓢虫生长和繁殖的影响

龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)能捕食多种农业害虫,并且具有食量大、产卵多、适应性强、年发生代数多等特点,是我国农业生产中一种重要的捕食性天敌昆虫。对龟纹瓢虫人工饲料的研究则是实现其规模化饲养的关键。作者研究不同饲料对龟纹瓢虫生长和繁殖的影响,结果表明:添加橄榄油后幼虫发育历期明显增长,添加0.3%的橄榄油能显著提高幼虫的成活率;在成虫体重增长上,雌雄虫均表现为在刚羽化后几天内体重增长显著,随后增长变缓;并且添加蔗糖能显著提高雌虫的体重增长率而对雄虫作用不显著;对雌虫繁殖性能的研究发现,蚜虫喂养组有明显的持续时间较长的产卵高峰期,而人工饲料的产卵高峰期持续时间较短,并且出现时间较晚或分为2个高峰期;添加0.3%的橄榄油能显著缩短龟纹瓢虫的产卵前期,几乎达到蚜虫喂养组的水平;而添加蔗糖在一定程度也能缩短产卵前期,同时还能显著提高龟纹瓢虫的产卵量。     

日本刀角瓢虫形态特征及生物学特性研究

日本刀角瓢虫是粉虱类害虫的重要捕食性天敌之一.本文详细地描述了日本刀角瓢虫的形态特征,并附有各虫态的特征图.且对日本刀角瓢虫的生活习性进行了观察,以烟粉虱卵为食料,日本刀角瓢虫世代发育历期平均为22.56天,成虫平均寿命为91.94天,平均每雌产卵量为564.8粒;以烟粉虱若虫为食料,日本刀角虫世代发育历期平均为21.70天,成虫平均寿命为81.62天,平均每雌产卵量为650.0粒;瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、"蛹"、成虫各虫态,是烟粉虱的有效天敌,具有很好的保护利用价值.     

异色瓢虫非同胞间食卵自相残杀对成虫生殖力的影响

【目的】食卵自相残杀现象常见于瓢虫中,业已明确取食同胞卵对于初孵瓢虫至关重要,但取食非同胞卵的营养价值是否高于蚜虫仍存争议。本研究旨在明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis在幼虫期除取食蚜虫外兼捕食非同胞卵是否影响其雌成虫的生殖表现。【方法】在异色瓢虫幼虫期设置3个饲喂处理,即仅饲喂禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(对照)、除饲喂蚜虫外还分别给各龄幼虫饲喂少量非同胞卵(分散食卵)以及除饲喂蚜虫外仅给高龄幼虫饲喂较多非同胞卵(集中食卵)等,观察雌成虫体型大小、产卵前期、连续10 d的逐日产卵量和卵孵化率等形态和生殖特性。【结果】饲喂处理对瓢虫雌成虫体型大小无显著影响,对照、分散食卵和集中食卵3种饲喂处理下的雌成虫身体体积分别为92.30,89.73和93.98 mm~3;饲喂处理对雌成虫产卵前期也无显著影响,3种饲喂处理下雌成虫产卵前期分别为7.50,7.74和7.70 d;但饲喂处理对雌虫生殖力具有显著影响,分散食卵处理与对照无显著差异,羽化后10 d分散食卵和对照下累计产卵量分别为185和205粒,但集中食卵(88粒)比对照或分散食卵的产卵量显著降低;饲喂处理对卵孵化率无显著影响,对照、分散食卵和集中食卵3种饲喂处理下的卵孵化率分别为63.10%,72.58%和66.61%。【结论】结果说明,异色瓢虫各龄幼虫偶尔取食非同胞卵不影响其成虫的生长发育和生殖,但高龄幼虫捕食较多非同胞卵可降低其雌成虫的生殖力。     

捕虱管蓟马的捕食、交配和产卵行为

观察了捕虱管蓟马的多种行为,认为该虫的日常行为为取食、行走、搜索、休息、交配和产卵;对所试验的5种害虫的喜好程度依次为椭圆蚧卵,柑桔木虱卵、褐圆蚧卵、柑桔粉虱卵、桔全爪螨若虫,褐圆蚧若虫、桔全爪螨卵、椭圆蚧若虫、柑桔木虱一龄 若虫,除柑桔木虱一龄若虫外,取食差异不显;捕虱管蓟马取食卵的量比若虫多,经T－检验分析,两无明显差异;室内饲养蓟马和田间采获蓟马的行为,及各行行为间差异,通过二因素方差分析显示不显;不同虫态蓟马取食时间长短依次为雌成虫、雄成虫、若虫、在食物充足的情况下,不同虫态之间几乎没有竞争,偶有成虫捕食幼虫现象发生。对该虫的交配行为及产卵行为作了详细的观察,发现雌蓟马成虫和雄蓟马成虫都多次交配;雄虫之间的性竞争十分激烈,而雌虫之间几乎没有竞争。     

饲养瓢虫的替代食物:利用地中海粉螟卵与油菜花粉连续多代饲喂稻红瓢虫

稻红瓢虫Micraspis discolor(Fabricius)是稻田害虫捕食性天敌优势种之一,捕食包括蓟马、稻蚜、叶蝉、飞虱Delphacidae、鳞翅目幼虫和卵等多种水稻害虫,对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens有控制作用.为了筛选出稻红瓢虫系统化饲养适宜的替代食物,本研究利用地中海粉螟Ephestia kuehniella Zeller卵和油菜花粉分别连续4代饲养稻红瓢虫,分析各代不同食物处理后幼虫各龄的历期、死亡率、雌性比、雌雄体重间的差异,同时也对比了两种处理F2代间雌虫的繁殖力及雌雄成虫的寿命.实验发现,食用地中海粉螟卵的稻红瓢虫比食用油菜花粉的表现力更佳,具体表现为稻红瓢虫取食地中海粉螟卵的幼虫各代历期显著短于取食油菜花粉的处理(P<0.05),F1～F3代取食地中海粉螟卵的稻红瓢虫比取食油菜花粉的稻红瓢虫具有较高的雌性比例(38.46％ ～41.07％vs 50.75％ ～55.56％),取食地中海粉螟卵的各代初羽化稻红瓢虫体重始终大于取食油菜花粉的各代稻红瓢虫.油菜花粉饲喂的F2代雌性稻红瓢虫产卵前期大约是同期地中海粉螟卵处理的2倍多(P<0.05),且稻红瓢虫取食地中海粉螟卵后的最初30天产卵量大于油菜花粉处理,喂饲地中海粉螟卵的F2代稻红瓢虫雌雄成虫寿命比喂饲油菜花粉的F2代稻红瓢虫长.综合分析幼虫发育和繁殖力结果,地中海粉螟卵比油菜花粉更适合稻红瓢虫的生长发育,稻红瓢虫在连续多代饲喂地中海粉螟卵后比饲喂油菜花粉有着更稳定的幼虫发育指标,表明地中海粉螟卵比油菜花粉更适合作为稻红瓢虫系统化扩繁的替代食物.     

室内饲养油棕象甲的行为观察

本文研究了油棕最有效的授粉昆虫油棕象甲Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust的成虫交配、产卵行为,并对交配和产卵过程中发生的多种行为进行了描述。结果表明：油棕象甲一次完整的交配过程可以划分为交配前、交配、交配后三个阶段,在交配过程中雄虫会发生多次插入授精。油棕象甲一次完整的交配过程平均需要43733 s,其中授精前的抱对时间平均为2233 s,交配过程中每次授精插入时间平均为533 s,配后保护时间平均为8567 s。油棕象甲的卵为单产,在一朵油棕雄花内一般只产1粒卵,产卵前雌虫用喙在雄花上制造产卵孔,同时用触角辅助完成。观察油棕象甲幼虫取食和蜕皮等行为。     

Effect of emigration on cannibalism and intraguild predation in aphidophagous ladybirds

Abstract.  1. The incidence and timing of emigration, cannibalism, and intraguild predation of larvae of three aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant, and Propylea japonica Mulsant, relative to the presence of prey was determined in the laboratory in single- and mixed-species populations.
2. In single-species populations, 80% of the larvae of C. s. brucki emigrated prior to the extinction of the aphid population and no larvae were lost due to cannibalism; however > 80% of the larvae of the other two species were still present when the aphid became extinct and the losses due to cannibalism for H. axyridis and P. japonica were 25% and 14% respectively. Finally, 28% of the P. japonica larvae completed their development, whereas no larvae of the other two species became adult.
3. In mixed-species populations, mortality of P. japonica attributable to cannibalism or intraguild predation increased greatly to 60%, whereas that of the other two species remained about the same. Consequently, survival of H. axyridis larvae improved and survival of P. japonica worsened; however the survival of C. s. brucki larvae was not affected by the other two species. Early emigration by C. s. brucki larvae may have enabled them to escape intraguild predation by H. axyridis in this system.     

小麦－玉米蚜－龟纹瓢虫载体植物系统的构建初探

载体植物系统（Banker plant system, BPS）通过建立自然天敌的自我维持机制以持续控制田间及保护地害虫。本研究分别以玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)和小麦Triticum aestivum L.作为替代猎物和载体植物,构建龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica (Thunberg)载体植物系统防控桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer),通过正交试验设计优化该载体植物系统中各因子的组合,并对该系统繁殖的龟纹瓢虫对玉米蚜和目标害虫桃蚜的取食选择性进行研究。结果显示,龟纹瓢虫成虫获得量最大的组合是小麦播种后第四天接蚜720头,待蚜虫扩繁5天后,投入龟纹瓢虫初孵幼虫30头。取食选择性试验结果表明小麦载体植物扩繁的龟纹瓢虫对靶标害虫桃蚜具有良好的捕食作用。     

扁蚊蝎蛉的行为学观察

通过室内饲养和观察,记述了扁蚊蝎蛉Bittacus planusCheng成虫捕食过程、雌雄交配和产卵行为。捕食过程分准备、捕捉、取食和清洁等4个步骤。观察到了雄虫的献礼行为,雌虫边取食边交配。存在有自相残杀行为。     

Differential Kin Discrimination by Red-spotted Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) and Smooth Newts (Triturus vulgaris)

In organisms lacking parental care or when eggs of more than one female are layed together, parents preferentially tend to avoid eating their own offspring. In some species of newts (Caudata: Salamandridae), there is no parental care and cannibalism of eggs and larvae occurs when philopatric adults remain in the pond throughout the breeding season where eggs and larvae develop. Kin discrimination by both adult newts and larvae would be expected to occur during the breeding season as it would enable individuals to benefit from the nutrients obtained from eating eggs and larvae while they avoid eating close relatives. The effects of kinship on cannibalism of eggs and larvae were examined in two species of newts. In separate, but similar, paired behavioral trials adult female red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, and smooth newts, Triturus vulgaris, were allowed to consume their own egg or an egg from another female. Female red-spotted newts, but not smooth newts, preferred to eat eggs of other females rather than their own, and overall smooth newts were ‘reluctant’ to eat conspecific eggs. To test for ontogenetic shifts in discrimination abilities, additional experiments were performed with adult female red-spotted newts paired with their own larvae and a larva from another female. In addition, the effects of kinship on the attraction or repulsion of larvae was also studied in red-spotted newts. Females showed no significant discrimination abilities during acts of cannibalism on larvae. Larvae spent similar amounts of time with siblings and non-siblings. These results suggest that the ability of adult newts to discriminate among eggs varies between species and that the elicitation of a kin-discrimination response may be context-dependent. For red-spotted newts, there was no evidence of discrimination abilities within and between other life-history stages.     

龟纹瓢虫幼虫的食物搜索行为

本试验采用Nakamuta(1982)装置研究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunberg)幼虫的食饵搜索行为,结果表明:1.五种刺激均能激发搜索行为由广域型转换为地域集中型;2.摄食时间与GUT呈正相关;3.摄食的最后一个食饵大小决定GUT的长短;4.摄食后0—15秒的搜索速度小、弯曲角度大.     

OBITUARIES

ABSTRACT

Prey often exhibit avoidance behaviors when predators are present. We observed diminished loudness of mating choruses of male silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura in spawning areas when vocalizing bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, which hunt fish acoustically, were present. Experimental playback of bottlenose dolphin sounds revealed that male silver perch mating calls were reduced by an average of 9 dB. This “acoustical avoidance” behavior, demonstrated previously for interactions involving bats hunting insects and frogs, may also be a common phenomenon in acoustically mediated predator-prey interactions in the sea.     

Sibling cannibalism in aphidophagous ladybirds: its impact on sex-dependent development and body weight

Abstract:  The effects of sibling egg cannibalism on sex-dependent development and adult body weight were determined by rearing simultaneously two groups of sibling larvae of ladybirds, viz. Propylea dissecta and Coccinella transversalis individually. The first group included cannibals (i.e. neonates, which took a sibling egg as the first meal and later fed on aphids, Aphis craccivora ) and the other included non-cannibals (reared exclusively on aphids). The cannibal larvae developed faster with heavier adults than non-cannibals. This expedited development and nutritional advantage (increased body weight) was greater in first instars indicating maximum benefit of sibling cannibalism to them. Sibling cannibalism was relatively more advantageous to male than to female ladybirds. Laboratory data predict that the larger size of adults in the field could possibly be the result of sibling egg cannibalism at the neonate level.     

锈翅蚁蛉(脉翅目:蚁蛉科)的发育生物学研究

锈翅蚁蛉为全变态类昆虫,在贵州省一年发生1代,11月下旬开始越冬,各龄幼虫均可越冬,次年3月苏醒.在室内饲养条件下,卵期13 d±0.56 d,幼虫期63.58 d±1.81d,蛹期26.35 d±1.14 d,成虫期20 d± 1.06 d.结合野外调查和室内饲养,详细描述了锈翅蚁蛉各虫态的形态特征,幼虫的筑穴、捕食、蜕皮、化蛹、羽化以及成虫的捕食、交配等行为习性.     

Egg cannibalism by larvae and adults of the milkweed leaf beetle (Labidomera clivicollis, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract.

• 1 Egg cannibalism is a form of infanticide that has been implicated in the evolution of guarding of eggs and immatures in some species of insects. The milkweed leaf beetle, Labidomera clivicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), exhibits three types of egg cannibalism in the field: siblicide, cannibalism of eggs by older larvae from earlier hatching egg clutches, and cannibalism of eggs by adult females. Unlike their close relative, L.suterella (Choe, 1989), female L.clivicollis do not guard their eggs or immatures. They move slowly about a patch of milkweeds laying multiple egg clutches.
• 2 First instar and older larvae cannibalized eggs in two geographically separated study populations (subspecies) in Austin, Texas, and Bridgeport, New York, U.S.A. Although adult females of both populations cannibalized eggs in the laboratory, only the Texas subspecies, L.c.rogersii, exhibited such cannibalism in the field.
• 3 In the field, correlates of siblicide varied both temporally (within subspecies) and spatially (between subspecies) in terms of whether they were statistically significant, but trends were all in the same direction. Group size was positively correlated with hatching success and siblicide, but negatively correlated with other types of predation. Siblicide was also positively correlated with egg density in a laboratory study of the Texas subspecies, L.c.rogersii.
• 4 In the laboratory, an average of 15–17% of L.c.clivicollis eggs never developed embryos. Although these were almost always cannibalized, some viable eggs were also eaten and there is no evidence that females increased the proportion of infertile eggs they laid to increase siblicide.
• 5 Field data and laboratory experiments showed that adult female L. c.rogersii cannibalized eggs while males rarely did. Females preferentially ate the eggs of other females over their own eggs in an experiment that removed spatial cues.
• 6 Although the selective context of cannibalism is not demonstrated here, I suggest that females may increase siblicide by increasing egg density and may cannibalize eggs to protect their own eggs from being eaten by second and third instar larvae produced by other females.

     

Cannibalism inEpisyrphus balteatus (Ditp: Syrphidae)

Cannibalism occurred frequently in a laboratory population ofEpisyrphus balteatus. The third instar larva was the most voracious cannibal and are mainly eggs. Pupae were never eaten. Egg cannibalism was inversely dependent on aphid density, but even occurred when prey was present in excess. Syrphid larvae can complete their development on conspecific eggs.