林氏果蝇的生殖隔离研究

本文以果蝇科的林氏果蝇不同种群间交配后的生殖隔离机制进行了研究。这些种群包括源产于我国台湾省的ＴＡＷ３１４６．１,采自广东两地区的６个单雌系ＤＨＳ３１５,ＤＨＳ４０１,ＤＨＳ４１０,ＤＨＳ５０１,ＮＫＳ９２１２,ＮＫＳ９２３１,采自广东两地区的６个单雌系ＤＨＳ３１５,ＤＨＳ４０１,ＤＨＳ４１０,ＤＨＳ５０１,ＮＫＳ９２１２,ＮＫＳ９２３１,采自缅甸两个地区的４个单雌系ＭＭＹ３２６,ＭＭＹ３０７,Ｒ     

甘薯与近缘野生植物嫁接的研究初报

甘薯与近缘野生植物嫁接的研究初报郭小丁,马代夫,李秀英（江苏徐州甘薯研究中心,徐州２２１１２１）ＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＳＷＥＴＰＯＴＡＴＯＧＲＡＦＴＥＤＷＩＴＨＷＩＬＤＲＥＬＡＴＩＶＥＳ￥ＧｕｏＸｉａｏ－ｄｉｎｇ;ＭａＤａｉ－ｆｕ;Ｌｉ...     

A. 塔赫他间著《有花植物多样性与分类》读后记述

Ａ．塔赫他间著《有花植物多样性与分类》读后记述汤彦承路安民（中国科学院植物研究所系统与进化植物学开放研究实验北京１０００９３）ＮＯＴＥＳＦＲＯＭＡ．ＴＡＫＨＴＡＪＡＮ’Ｓ“ＤＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹＡＮＤＣＬＡＳＳＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＦＬＯＷＥＲＩＮＧＰ...     

孢粉药材及花类药材的孢粉形态研究

孢粉药材及花类药材的孢粉形态研究周日宝方石林１常劲罗友义（湖南中医学院中药系,长沙４１０００７）ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＳＰＯＲＯ┐ＰＯＬＬＥＮＭＯＲＰＨＯＬＯＧＹＯＦＴＨＥＭＥＤＩＣＩＮＡＬＳＰＯＲＥＳ,ＰＯＬＬＥＮＳＡＮＤＦＬＯＷＥＲＳＺｈｏｕＲｉ...     

IL-1β对正常和自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞iNOS基因转录调控因子的影响

用ＩＬ－１β处理体外培养的ＳＨＲ和ＷＫＹ大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）,比较两种大鼠ｉＮＯＳ基因表达活性的变化,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ结果表明,ＶＳＭＣ受ＩＬ－１β刺激后,两种细胞的ｉＮＯＳ基因均表现出极高的转录活性,并且ＳＨＲ的ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ水平高于ＷＫＹ大鼠．以大鼠ｉＮＯＳ基因转录调控区上游６００ｂｐ（－１０３７～－４３８）和下游５００ｂｐ（－４３７～４６）ＤＮＡ片段为探针,与ＶＳＭＣ核蛋白孵育后,进行凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析（ＥＭＳＡ）,结果显示,两种大鼠的ＶＳＭＣ被ＩＬ－１β处理后,其核蛋白可分别与转录调控区上游或下游序列结合形成一条电泳滞后带．但是,转录调控区上游序列和下游序列与核蛋白形成的复合物具有明显不同的电泳迁移率．与ＷＫＹ大鼠相比,ＳＨＲ的ＶＳＭＣ核蛋白与ＤＮＡ结合活性较高．提示ＳＨＲ的ＶＳＭＣｉＮＯＳ基因及其转录调控因子对ＩＬ－１β的反应与ＷＫＹ大鼠明显不同．     

小鼠孤雌胚胎干细胞集落的建立

ＥＳＴＡＢＬＩＳＨＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＴＥＭＣＥＬＬＣＯＬＯＮＩＥＳＦＲＯＭＰＡＲＴＨＥＮＯＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＡＬＬＹＤＥＲＩＶＥＤＢＬＡＳＴＯＣＹＳＴＳＯＦＭＯＵＳＥ小鼠孤雌胚胎干细胞集落的建立ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＭｏｕｓｅ,Ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｅｍ...     

钙离子对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）肠系膜血管床活动的影响

本文以ＳＨＲ为实验组,ＷＫＹ为对照组,以灌流压为血管舒缩的指标,对其离体肠系膜血管床,初步研究了钙离子的稳定作用,实验结果如下：（１）ＳＨＲ与ＷＫＹ相比,对血管活性物质去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）和氯化钾（ＫＣＩ）均表现出较高反应性。（２）在ＮＡ（１．７×１０Ｍ）使血管床收缩的基础上,Ｃａ￣（＋＋）（２０ｍＭ）使之明显舒张,ＳＨＲ的舒张程度小干ＷＫＹ约１８．１７％（Ｐ＜０．０５,ｎ＝６）．（３）在ＫＣＩ（８０ｍＭ）使血管床收缩的基础上,Ｃａ＋＋（４０ｍＭ）使之明显舒张,ＳＨＲ的舒张程度小于ＷＫＹ约１５．０７％（Ｆ＜０．０５,ｎ＝６）。     

STUDIES ON THE PATTERN OF MEGASPOROGENESIS AND MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON CHANGES IN CYMBIDIUM SINENSE

ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＯＦＭＥＧＡＳＰＯＲＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳＡＮＤＭＩＣＲＯＴＵＢＵＬＡＲＣＹＴＯＳＫＥＬＥＴＯＮＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＩＮＣＹＭＢＩＤＩＵＭＳＩＮＥＮＳＥ￥Ｓ．Ｙ．ＺｅｅＸ．Ｌ．Ｙｅ（１ＢｏｔａｎｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ,Ｕｎｉ...     

自发性高血压大鼠原癌基因表达和限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析

观察自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣｓ）的生长曲线、ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因表达和ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因酶切图谱的情况,与对照组京都维斯特大鼠（ＷＫＹ）进行对比．结果显示,在小牛血清作用下ＳＨＲ的ＶＳＭＣｓ生长速率和ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因表达明显大于ＷＫＹ;ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因限制性内切酶片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析表明,经ＢａｍＨⅠ或ＥｃｏＲⅠ酶切后的ＳＨＲ和ＷＫＹ的酶切图谱一致,同时也未发现ＳＨＲ的ｆｏｓ基因扩增现象．提示,ＶＳＭＣｓ的异常增殖和ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因的表达异常与高血压的形成有关,而ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因的过度表达可能是由于某些与基因转录调控有关的因素异常所致．     

植物油对虫霉菌液体培养与保存的作用*

在萨氏营养液（ＳＤＢ）中加入用 ０．１％蔗糖脂肪酸酯－１５（ＳＥ１５）乳化的０．５０％芝麻油,可使在ＳＤＢ中生长慢而结块的新蚜虫疠霉、安徽虫瘟霉、飞虱虫疠毒和根虫瘟霉等四种虫霉的五个菌株形成均匀分散的菌丝体和能稳定转接的菌液。在ＳＤＢ中加入乳化芝麻油 （ ０．２５％～１．５％）、菜籽油（ ０．５０％～１．５％）和色拉油（ ８０％花生油和 ２０％菜籽油,０．７５％～１．５％）,能明显提高新蚜虫疠霉Ｆ９８０１８的生物量;而在ＳＤＢ中加入０．５０％乳化芝麻油,可使液培菌丝产孢量增加近一倍;在ＳＤＢ中加入的三种植物油（０．７５％）,在Ｆ９８０１８生长４ｄ后,含量分别下降了８５％～９４％,但其中脂肪酸相对组成基本不变,表明该菌生长能充分利用植物油中各脂肪酸。用萨氏培养基（ ＳＤＡＹ）、加入 ０．５０％乳化芝麻油的 ＳＤＡＹ（ ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ）和牛奶蛋黄培养基（ＳＥＭＡ）培养安徽虫瘟霉Ｆ９７０２８和新蚜虫疠霉Ｆ９８０２８,两菌株在ＳＥＭＡ上生长最快;在ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ以较慢速度正常生长;而在ＳＤＡＹ上,两菌株或不能生长,或在第二次培养时出现明显退化。用ＳＥＭＡ和ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ在３℃下来保存上述四种虫霉的七个菌株,在ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ上?     

林氏果蝇线粒体DNA分析

本文对Tamura(1988)提纯mtDNA的方法进行改进,建立了林氏果蝇Drosophila lini 线粒体DNA大量制备的方法;对采自原产地台湾省的单雌晶系TAW3146.1的线粒体DNA用10种限制性内切酶进行了酶切,得出了林氏果蝇mtDNA的分子量大小为16.3kb;用双酶切法制作了林氏果蝇线粒体DNA酶切图谱,并与属于同一复合种组的D.Kikkawai的酶切图谱进行比较。所用的内切酶有XbaI、AvaI、EcoRV、ScaI、SacI、EcoR I、HindIII、PvuⅡ、BamHI、PstⅡ。     

Coevolution of Drosophila melanogaster mtDNA and Wolbachia Genotypes

Maternally inherited microorganisms can influence the mtDNA pattern of variation in hosts. This influence is driven by selection among symbionts and can cause the frequency of mitochondrial variants in the population to eventually increase or decrease. Wolbachia infection is common and widespread in Drosophila melanogaster populations. We compared genetic variability of D. melanogaster mitotypes with Wolbachia genotypes among isofemale lines associated with different geographic locations and time intervals to study coevolution of the mtDNA and Wolbachia. Phylogenetic analysis of D. melanogaster mtDNA revealed two clades diverged in Africa, each associated with one of the two Wolbachia genotype groups. No evidence of horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between maternal lineages has been found. All the mtDNA variants that occur in infected isofemale lines are found in uninfected isofemale lines and vice versa, which is indicative of a recent loss of infection from some maternal fly lineages and confirms a significant role of Wolbachia in the D. melanogaster mtDNA pattern of variation. Finally, we present a comparative analysis of biogeographic distribution of D. melanogaster mitotypes all over the world.     

The utility of AFLPs for supporting mitochondrial DNA phylogeographical analyses in the Taiwanese bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri

An amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) assay was performed on individuals representing discrete haplotypes from two genetically distinct mtDNA lineages of the bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Schmidt), within Taiwan. AFLP (525 polymorphic markers from five primer pairs) and mtDNA genetic distances were highly correlated and an analysis of molecular variance, and a Bayesian approach similarly partitioned estimates of genetic similarity according to the mtDNA phylogeographical pattern. These results are discussed in relation to biogeographical hypotheses, comparative rates of mtDNA molecular evolution, and in the identification of evolutionary significant units of Taiwanese T. stejnegeri. In spite of the high degree of congruence between the genetic datasets, the AFLP phylogenetic analysis did not support the mtDNA tree, suggesting that no contemporary barriers to gene flow exist between individuals from the two mtDNA lineages.     

Mitochondrial DNA variability in viviparous and ovoviviparous populations of the urodele Salamandra salamandra

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of 13 populations of S. salamandra along a transect across the North of the Iberian Peninsula showed values of divergence between haplotypes ranging from d = 0.41% to 5.91%. Phenetic and cladistic analysis grouped the isofemale lineages into two main clusters with contrasting phylogeographic patterns. The first group encompasses populations located at each extreme of the Iberian Peninsula. Despite the large geographic distance separating these populations, they exhibit only a minor degree of divergence among haplotypes. In contrast, much higher diversification, in both number of distinct haplotypes, and overall genetic divergence, was observed in the second group of phylogenetically related populations. Surprisingly, this process of radiation and divergence in mtDNA haplotypes occurred in populations in close geographic proximity. All populations sampled in this group are located within a 300 km range, in the central part of our transect across the Northern edge of the Peninsula. Most populations in the central range of our transect exhibit viviparous reproduction — which is derived and highly unusual among urodeles. The genetic distances measured among Asturian (central portion of our transect), viviparous populations are higher than the distances measured between the two main taxonomic clusters. A viviparous population showing an unusual level of mtDNA heterogenetiy is reported and the potential implications of this focus of localized variability are discussed. The dynamics of isofemale lineages among the two reproductive modes was further explored in combination with the previous allozyme data. Several nuclear markers suggest that major mtDNA divergences could be explained by long-term extrinsic barriers to gene flow. Isofemale lineages indicate a narrow secondary contact zone among populations with different reproductive patterns. The existence of viviparous and ovovivparous populations sharing a common haplotype suggests that reproductive transition in S. salamandra could have arisen in absence of genetic mtDNA differentiation. We finally outline a genetic model system where the acquisition of water independence from a primitively aquatic dependent amphibian life cycle can be analyzed from a microevolutionary perspective.     

Heritabilities and additive genetic variances of the activities of some enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster populations living in different habitats

Drosophila melanogaster samples were collected from a large population in two habitats: farmyards and distilleries. Samples were taken from two villages in each habitat. Three isofemale lines were established from all four samples and full-sib crosses were set in each isofemale line. Activities of four enzymes (ADH, alpha GPDH, IDH and 6PGDH) were measured in the offspring of each cross on starch gel after electrophoresis. Broad sense heritabilities and additive genetic variances were estimated in all four samples. Most of the activity variation was observed within the isofemale lines. The isofemale lines tended to be more different in the distilleries than in the farmyards. There was no significant difference in the average activities between the two habitats for any of the enzymes investigated. The additive genetic variance of the enzyme activities did not exhibit a consistent habitat pattern. In the farmyard habitat, we detected a higher activity variation in Tiszafüred than in the other village. Strong correlation was observed among the activities of the enzymes investigated. Correlation coefficients indicated higher level of correlation in the samples collected in Tiszafüred than in those originating from Tiszaszolos. The heritability values were rather high and they had a considerable variation both between the habitats and across the enzymes.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation and genetic structure in Old-World populations of Drosophila subobscura

To discover the relation between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism and the geographic population structure of Drosophila subobscura previously established for other genetic traits, a wide Paleartic survey was carried out. A total of 24 nucleomorphs was observed among 261 isofemale lines assayed by 11 restriction endonucleases with 38 different sites in the mtDNA cleavage map. The differentiation of the Canary Islands populations (delta = 0.0119) compared with the mean among all the other continental and insular populations (delta = 0.0002) is striking. Both the great divergence among Canary Islands nucleomorphs (delta = 0.021) compared with the maximum nucleomorph distance in all other populations (delta = 0.017) and the abundance of endemic nucleomorphs (11) on the Canary Islands (50% of the total number of different nucleomorphs found in the entire distribution area) suggest that this molecular differentiation most probably results from the very old age of the Canary Islands populations rather than from drift and founder effects.     

上海及邻近地区果蝇（Drosophila albomicans）的迁入及其线粒体DNA多态性研究

本文报道１９９１年秋果蝇（Ｄ．ａｌｂｏｍｉｃａｎｓ）突然迁入上海的事实。我们用９种限制性核酸内切酶对上海、嘉定、青浦和南汇４个群体的２９个单雌系的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行了酶切片段长度多态性研究,发现每个单雌系各有其特征的酶切图谱。在与广东、昆明、台湾珊瑚潭、日本洲本及马来西亚吉隆坡群体比较后,我们认为上海及邻近地区突然发现的Ｄ．ａｌｂｏｍｉｃａｎｓ来自中国大陆南部的多个群体。这一结论支持该种目前正处于向北迁移的分化阶段的观点。我们还对线粒体ＤＮＡ的种内多态性进行了讨论     

中国大陆部分地区Drosophila immigrans果蝇种群中mtDNA的遗传多态性研究

选用14种限制性内切酶对分布在中国大陆部分地区的Drosophilaimmigrans果蝇种群的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）进行了分析。在6个地理种群的46个单雌系中仅检测到11种限制性类型。表征种群内均一程度的I值平均为0．833。衡量种群间等同程度的J值平均为0．797。在整个种群中只有16．8％（Gst）的变异是由种群间变异所引起的。说明分布在中国大陆部分地区的D．immigrans果蝇的遗传组成均一程度高,遗传多态程度低,遗传变异贫乏。由UPG法分析6个种群的净遗传距离,显示了分布在秦岭华阳种群（HY）的特殊性。推测D．immigrans果蝇扩散到云南的高海拔地区可能是较晚发生的事件。并推测中国大陆的D．immigrans种群比分布在中国台湾,日本的种群原始。     

Ancestral population reconstitution from isofemale lines as a tool for experimental evolution

Experimental evolution is a powerful tool to study adaptation under controlled conditions. Laboratory natural selection experiments mimic adaptation in the wild with better‐adapted genotypes having more offspring. Because the selected traits are frequently not known, adaptation is typically measured as fitness increase by comparing evolved populations against an unselected reference population maintained in a laboratory environment. With adaptation to the laboratory conditions and genetic drift, however, it is not clear to what extent such comparisons provide unbiased estimates of adaptation. Alternatively, ancestral variation could be preserved in isofemale lines that can be combined to reconstitute the ancestral population. Here, we assess the impact of selection on alleles segregating in newly established Drosophila isofemale lines. We reconstituted two populations from isofemale lines and compared them to two original ancestral populations (AP) founded from the same lines shortly after collection. No significant allele frequency changes could be detected between both AP and simulations showed that drift had a low impact compared to Pool‐Seq‐associated sampling effects. We conclude that laboratory selection on segregating variation in isofemale lines is too weak to have detectable effects, which validates ancestral population reconstitution from isofemale lines as an unbiased approach for measuring adaptation in evolved populations.     

Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy maintained in natural populations of Drosophila simulans in Réunion

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Drosophila simulans was studied to determine whether the cytoplasmic state of mtDNA heteroplasmy persists in natural populations in Réunion. For this purpose, 172 isofemale lines, newly collected from two local populations, were examined, among which three types of mtDNA (siII, siIII and siIII') were found, based on the Hpa II restriction pattern. Ten of the lines were heteroplasmic for a combination of siII and siIII, as determined by autoradiography. The same type of heteroplasmy had been noted in one of the two local populations 8 years before (Satta et al. 1988). The present results suggest that the heteroplasmic state occurs recurrently in natural populations of D. simulans in Réunion.