海水盐度、温度对文蛤稚贝生长及存活的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同盐度（19个梯度）、温度（17个梯度）对文蛤稚贝生长和存活的影响.结果表明：文蛤稚贝的适宜生存盐度在6.5～39.5,最适生存盐度在9.0～31.0,适宜生长盐度在7.3～38.7,最适生长盐度在15.0～23.0;其适宜生存温度在4.0 ℃～36.1 ℃,适宜生长温度在7.0 ℃～35.4 ℃,较适宜生长温度在17 ℃～33.5 ℃,最适生长温度在24 ℃～27 ℃.文蛤稚贝对高温度、低盐度有较强的适应性.     

温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼虫、稚贝存活与生长变态的影响

在9个温度梯度(10-34℃)和10个盐度梯度(盐度3‰-50‰)条件下,研究了温度和盐度对青蛤孵化及幼 虫、稚贝生存与生长变态的影响。结果表明,青蛤孵化和浮游幼虫生长的适温范围为24-32℃,最适温度均为26- 30℃,稚贝生长的适温范围为22-32℃,最适温度为24-30℃。在最适温度下,D形幼虫变态率达80．7％-88．2％, 浮游幼虫和稚贝的存活率分别为86．2％-88．7％和81．5％-84．0％;孵化及浮游幼虫的生长适宜盐度为15‰- 30‰,稚贝为10‰-35‰,最适盐度均为20‰-25‰。在最适盐度下,D形幼虫的成活率、变态率、生长速度皆最高, 分别达到86．9％、77．5％和9．38×11．0μm/d,匍匐幼虫经14-14．5d发育至双管期稚贝,至双管期稚贝的成活率 82．5％-85．0％,日平均生长达13．1μm以上。与大多数滩涂贝类一样,青蛤属于广温广盐性贝类,且稚贝对低盐的 适应能力强于对高盐的适应能力。     

盐度对宽壳全海笋稚贝存活与生长的影响

在20±1℃条件下,研究了盐度(15、20、25、30、35和40)对宽壳全海笋(Barnea dilatata)稚贝存活与生长的影响。结果表明:盐度对宽壳全海笋稚贝存活、贝壳生长与软体部有机物积累影响显著;盐度15~40是稚贝的适宜生存盐度,28 d平均存活率为78.7%~91.3%;稚贝的最适生存盐度为20~30,平均存活率高于90.0%;稚贝湿重增长的最适盐度为20~35,平均特定生长率为2.963~3.028%·d~(-1);不同盐度下稚贝壳长和壳高的特定生长率变化相近,壳长和壳高生长的适宜盐度为25~35;其中盐度30条件下稚贝有机物与无机物比值最高,达4.396,盐度25次之,为3.375,均显著高于其他各组。研究结果可以为宽壳全海笋的资源保护与增养殖提供参考。     

环境因子及规格对菲律宾蛤仔幼贝潜沙行为的影响

作为埋栖型滩涂贝类的典型代表种类,菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum具有很强的潜沙行为。为了进一步了解其生态行为学,在室内实验室条件下,模拟了常见环境因子温度、盐度、p H值以及流速和规格大小对蛤仔幼贝(6—12 mm)潜沙速度的影响。结果表明,温度10—30℃,盐度25—30,p H值在6.0—9.0范围内蛤仔幼贝均能100%潜沙;在试验观察的4—5 h内,盐度由30突变至10时没有蛤仔潜沙,突变至20时有20%—30%潜沙(20℃,庄河蛤仔)或100%潜沙(15℃,福建蛤仔);p H值由8.0突变至10.0时不能潜沙;以暂养海水的温度(15或20℃)、盐度(30)和p H值(8.0)为中心,随着各个指标向两侧突变潜沙时间延长;流速为3、4和5 cm/s时,随流速增大潜沙速度加快;在规格6、9 mm和12 mm的幼贝中,以12 mm潜沙速度最快。若以半数潜沙时间(ET_(50))为判定指标,则适宜潜沙温度为15—20℃,盐度为25—30,p H值为7—9(莆田蛤仔)和8.0(庄河蛤仔)。在适宜条件下,蛤仔幼贝1 min内开始潜沙,3 min内有半数潜沙,5 min便全部潜沙。研究发现环境突变对蛤仔潜沙有明显影响,在天然海区放养蛤仔时应该注意购买地和放养海区温度、盐度和p H值的差异,并且选取10 mm以上幼贝放养效果较好。所得结论对完善菲律宾蛤仔幼贝的行为学及其底播养殖技术提供了有意义的参考。     

盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹存活和摄饵的影响

盐度和温度,是影响蟹类分布、孵化、幼体发育、生长、性成熟、存活及摄饵的两个重要环境因子,设置0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50共11个盐度梯度(盐度差±0.5,每个盐度梯度8只蟹),0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40℃共9个温度梯度(温度差±0.5℃,每个温度梯度8只蟹),进行盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹(体重(125±11)g左右)摄饵和存活影响的研究,拟为进一步研究盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹分布、生长、幼体发育、低温保活等的影响提供基础资料。结果显示,盐度从30骤变时,15-40盐度蟹能存活5d以上,存活率达100%;15-45盐度蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1.32g以上。20-40盐度蟹摄饵明显,日平均摄饵量达3.22g以上。盐度从25以5/d渐变时,盐度10-45蟹均能存活5d以上,存活率达100%;盐度10-45蟹均有摄饵,但盐度15-40蟹摄饵较理想。温度从25℃骤变时,15-30℃蟹能100%存活5d以上。10℃以下及35℃以上,蟹在3d内全部死亡。15℃以上,蟹只要能存活,都有摄饵。25-30℃为蟹最适温度范围,蟹日平均摄饵量达3.55g以上。不超过30℃时,温度越高蟹摄饵量越大。从25℃以5℃/d渐变时,15-30℃蟹存活100%,10℃和35℃蟹存活75%;5℃以下及40℃以上蟹存活时间不超过30min。15-35℃蟹能摄饵。不超过30℃,温度渐变时也是温度越高,蟹日平均摄饵量越大。     

海洋酸化条件下Cd2+和Hg2+对斧文蛤幼贝急性毒性效应

为研究在海洋酸化条件下重金属污染物对滩涂贝类的影响,采用半静态急性毒性实验的研究方法,利用海洋酸化人工模拟系统,分析了不同酸化条件下(对照组pH 8.20、酸化组pH分别为7.80、7.60和7.40)Cd2+和Hg2+对斧文蛤(Meretrix lamarckii)幼贝急性毒性效应的影响。实验结果表明:在实验设定的海洋酸化范围内,单一的海洋酸化对斧文蛤幼贝的存活没有显著性影响,但海洋酸化显著增强了Cd2+和Hg2+的急性毒性。与对照组相比,酸化组Cd2+和Hg2+的毒性随着酸化程度的加剧而呈现出逐渐增强的趋势; Cd2+和Hg2+均在pH 7.40时对斧文蛤的毒性最强,其96h半致死(96h LC50)浓度分别为4.068 mg/L(Cd2+)和10.332 mg/L(Hg2+),明显低于pH 8.20、7.80和7.60时其对斧文蛤幼贝的96h LC50浓度(其值分别为Cd2+ 6.458、5.947、4.728 mg/L和Hg2+ 12.027、11.169、10.595 mg/L)。研究有助于丰富海洋酸化与重金属毒理作用在海洋贝类中的研究内容,为斧文蛤资源恢复和海洋环境保护提供科学依据。     

盐度对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎及其杂交稚贝生长和存活的影响

2011年8月以长牡蛎自繁组GG(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.gigas♂),近江牡蛎自繁组AA(C.ariakensis♀×C.ariakensis♂)、正交组GA(Crassostrea gigas♀×C.ariakensis♂)、反交组AG(C.ariakensis♀×C.gigas♂)为实验材料,开展了稚贝对盐度的适应性研究。结果发现长牡蛎的最适生存盐度为15—35,最适生长盐度为25—35;近江牡蛎的最适生存盐度为10—25,最适生长盐度为20—25;GA的最适生存盐度为15—30,最适生长盐度为15—30,AG的最适生存盐度为20—30,最适生长盐度为20—25。GG对低盐度敏感,AA对高盐度敏感,AG具有高盐度存活的杂种优势,在盐度30时,中亲杂种优势HG×A为13.32,单亲杂种优势HGA和HAG分别为1.89和27.88,在盐度40时,HAG上升到400,GA和AG都不具有生长优势。杂种稚贝对盐度适应介于双亲之间,且表现出一定程度的父系遗传特点。     

盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝生长与存活的影响

2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场研究了海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明：浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16．54—36．58,最适生长盐度为23．38—30．02;稚贝的适宜盐度为23．38—42．70,最适生长盐度为23．38—36．58。     

温度、盐度及底质对文蛤潜砂行为的影响

为了确定文蛤增殖苗种适宜的底质和温度等环境条件,为文蛤增殖放流生境的选择及适宜性评价提供数据依据,采用现场实验方法观察了文蛤潜砂行为变化规律,分析了底质、温度及盐度等对文蛤潜砂率及潜砂深度的影响。结果表明:文蛤的潜砂过程可分为潜砂准备期、潜砂期和潜砂结束期3个阶段,其中潜砂期包括伸出水管及斧足、竖壳、潜砂3个主要过程;壳长1和2 cm文蛤个体在砂质底质中的潜砂准备时间分别为46.1和18.6min,潜砂时间分别为7.6和4.0 min;砂质底质是文蛤的最适宜底播底质;文蛤潜砂的适宜温度范围为15~25℃,在此温度范围内文蛤的潜砂率均较高,超过80%,且潜砂深度随着温度的升高而呈下降的趋势;文蛤潜砂的最适盐度为26,盐度过高或过低都会对文蛤潜砂行为产生一定的阻碍作用。综合考虑各项因素,应选择在15~25℃及盐度为26条件下,在砂质底质的海区投放壳长2 cm左右的文蛤苗进行增殖放流,从而最大程度地提高文蛤增殖放流效果。     

盐度和温度对中华虎头蟹(Orithyia sinica) 存活和摄饵的影响

进行盐度和温度对中华虎头蟹存活和摄饵影响的试验,结果发现,盐度骤变时,盐度15—408d后蟹存活率100％。盐度10—45蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1．31g以上;盐度20—40是蟹适宜摄饵盐度,日平均摄饵量达3．65g以上;盐度30—35蟹摄饵最佳,日平均摄饵量达5．24g以上。盐度渐变时,盐度15—55蟹8d后存活100％;盐度5—50蟹能摄饵;盐度25—35为蟹摄饵适宜盐度,日平均摄饵量达4．13g以上;盐度30为最佳盐度,日平均摄饵量达4．53g。温度骤变时,10—30℃7d后蟹100％存活。10—35℃蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1．10g以上;20—30℃蟹摄饵最佳,日平均摄饵量逐渐增加,达8．76g以上。温度渐变时,0—30℃蟹7d后100％存活,35℃蟹存活率达80％。10—35℃蟹能摄饵;20—30℃蟹摄饵较佳,日平均摄饵量达12．61g以上;250C蟹摄饵最佳,13平均摄饵量达14．35g。     

中国近海文蛤属(双壳纲,帘蛤科)的系统分类学研究

长期以来,我国的文蛤分类存在着严重的问题和混乱现象,它已影响和制约了我国文蛤的水产养殖和遗传育种等相关研究。利用比较形态学和分子生物学技术,对我国沿海分布的文蛤属进行了系统的分类学研究,澄清了混淆种,修订了物种名称,确立了我国沿海文蛤的分类地位,对文蛤属的分类系统进行分子重建。结果表明短文蛤和丽文蛤为近缘种先聚到一起,然后与斧文蛤聚到一起,而琴文蛤、文蛤与该属其它 3 种文蛤的分歧时间较早。研究结果将为文蛤的分类研究、遗传育种、资源保护和利用提供科学依据。     

皱肋文蛤氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成分析

测定了皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)软体部分的氨基酸含量与脂肪酸组成.共检出17种氨基酸,总含量为软体部干重的52.26%;4种呈味氨基酸(天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量为22.07%,占氨基酸总量的42.23%;必需氨基酸(EAA)总含量为20.72%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/W...     

Linkage maps for Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata and Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea combining anonymous and Arabidopsis thaliana-derived markers.

Arabidopsis lyrata, a close relative of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, is 1 of a few plant species for which the genome is to be entirely sequenced, which promises to yield important insights into genome evolution. Only 2 sparse linkage maps have been published, and these were based solely on markers derived from the A. thaliana genome. Because the genome of A. lyrata is practically twice as large as that of A. thaliana, the extent of map coverage of the A. lyrata genome remains uncertain. In this study, a 2-way pseudo-testcross strategy was used to construct genetic linkage maps of A. lyrata subsp. petraea and A. lyrata subsp. lyrata, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers from the A. thaliana genome, and anonymous amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers that could potentially uncover regions unique to the A. lyrata genome. The SSR and CAPS markers largely confirmed the relationships between linkage groups in A. lyrata and A. thaliana. AFLP markers slightly increased the coverage of the A. lyrata maps, but mostly increased marker density on the linkage groups. We noted a much lower level of polymorphism and a greater segregation distortion in A. lyrata subsp. lyrata markers. The implications of these findings for the sequencing of the A. lyrata genome are discussed.     

Contrasting patterns of nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in the outcrossing Arabidopsis lyrata and the selfing Arabidopsis thaliana

Nucleotide variation at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus (Adh) was studied in the outcrossing Arabidopsis lyrata, a close relative of the selfing Arabidopsis thaliana. Overall, estimated nucleotide diversity in the North American ssp. lyrata and two European ssp. petraea populations was 0.0038, lower than the corresponding specieswide estimate for A. thaliana at the same set of nucleotide sites. The distribution of segregating sites across the gene differed between the two species. Estimated sequence diversity within an A. lyrata population with a large sample size (0.0023) was much higher than has previously been observed for A. thaliana. This North American population has an excess of sites at intermediate frequencies compared with neutral expectation (Tajima's D = 2.3, P < 0.005), suggestive of linked balancing selection or a recent population bottleneck. In contrast, an excess of rare polymorphisms has been found in A. thaliana. Polymorphism within A. lyrata and divergence from A. thaliana appear to be correlated across the Adh gene sequence. The geographic distribution of polymorphism was quite different from that of A. thaliana, for which earlier studies of several genes found low within-population nucleotide site polymorphism and no overall continental differentiation of variation despite large differences in site frequencies between local populations. Differences between the outcrossing A. lyrata and the selfing A. thaliana reflect the impact of differences in mating system and the influence of bottlenecks in A. thaliana during rapid colonization on DNA sequence polymorphism. The influence of additional variability-reducing mechanisms, such as background selection or hitchhiking, may not be discernible.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的文蛤属（软体动物门：帘蛤科）系统发育关系

测定了4种文蛤属贝类的15个个体的COI基因序列,并从GenBank下载了短文蛤(M petechialis)的相应序列.比对后的序列长度为574bp,包括93个简约信息位点,A、T、C和G的平均含量分别为21.15%、44.71%、14.05%和20.09%.通过对序列的分析,共定义了12个单倍型:文蛤(M.meretrix)4个,斧文蛤(M.lamarckii)2个,丽文蛤(M.lusoria)3个,琴文蛤(M.lyrata)1个,短文蛤2个.以青蛤(cylina sinensis)为外群,用MP法和贝叶斯法构建系统树.结果显示,短文蛤、丽文蛤和文蛤为亲缘关系较近的物种,支持短文蛤和丽文蛤为文蛤的同物异名的观点.     

Self-incompatibility in the genus Arabidopsis: characterization of the S locus in the outcrossing A. lyrata and its autogamous relative A. thaliana

As a starting point for a phylogenetic study of self-incompatibility (SI) in crucifers and to elucidate the genetic basis of transitions between outcrossing and self-fertilizing mating systems in this family, we investigated the SI system of Arabidopsis lyrata. A. lyrata is an outcrossing close relative of the self-fertile A. thaliana and is thought to have diverged from A. thaliana approximately 5 million years ago and from Brassica spp 15 to 20 million years ago. Analysis of two S (sterility) locus haplotypes demonstrates that the A. lyrata S locus contains tightly linked orthologs of the S locus receptor kinase (SRK) gene and the S locus cysteine-rich protein (SCR) gene, which are the determinants of SI specificity in stigma and pollen, respectively, but lacks an S locus glycoprotein gene. As described previously in Brassica, the S haplotypes of A. lyrata differ by the rearranged order of their genes and by their variable physical sizes. Comparative mapping of the A. lyrata and Brassica S loci indicates that the S locus of crucifers is a dynamic locus that has undergone several duplication events since the Arabidopsis--Brassica split and was translocated as a unit between two distant chromosomal locations during diversification of the two taxa. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the S locus region of A. lyrata and its homeolog in self-fertile A. thaliana identified orthologs of the SRK and SCR genes and demonstrated that self-compatibility in this species is associated with inactivation of SI specificity genes.     

Comparative gene mapping in Arabidopsis lyrata chromosomes 1 and 2 and the corresponding A. thaliana chromosome 1: recombination rates, rearrangements and centromere location

To add detail to the genetic map of Arabidopsis lyrata, and compare it with that of A. thaliana, we have developed many additional markers in the A. lyrata linkage groups, LG1 and LG2, corresponding to A. thaliana chromosome 1. We used a newly developed method for marker development for single nucleotide polymorphisms present in gene sequences, plus length differences, to map genes in an A. lyrata family, including variants in several genes close to the A. thaliana centromere 1, providing the first data on the location of an A. lyrata centromere; we discuss the implications for the evolution of chromosome 1 of A. thaliana. With our larger marker density, large rearrangements between the two Arabidopsis species are excluded, except for a large inversion on LG2. This was previously known in Capsella; its presence in A. lyrata suggests that, like most other rearrangements, it probably arose in the A. thaliana lineage. Knowing that marker orders are similar, we can now compare homologous, non-rearranged map distances to test the prediction of more frequent crossing-over in the more inbreeding species. Our results support the previous conclusion of similar distances in the two species for A. lyrata LG1 markers. For LG2 markers, the distances were consistently, but non-significantly, larger in A. lyrata. Given the two species' large DNA content difference, the similarity of map lengths, particularly for LG1, suggests that crossing-over is more frequent across comparable physical distances in the inbreeder, A. thaliana, as predicted.     

Natural variation in MAM within and between populations of Arabidopsis lyrata determines glucosinolate phenotype

The genetic variation that underlies the glucosinolate phenotype of Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea was investigated between and within populations. A candidate glucosinolate biosynthetic locus (MAM, containing methylthioalkylmalate synthase genes) was mapped in A. lyrata to a location on linkage group 6 corresponding to the homologous location for MAM in A. thaliana. In A. thaliana MAM is responsible for side chain elongation in aliphatic glucosinolates, and the MAM phenotype can be characterized by the ratios of long- to short-chain glucosinolates. A quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of glucosinolate ratios in an A. lyrata interpopulation cross found one QTL at MAM. Additional QTL were identified for total indolic glucosinolates and for the ratio of aliphatic to indolic glucosinolates. MAM was then used as the candidate gene for a within-population cosegregation analysis in a natural A. lyrata population from Germany. Extensive variation in microsatellite markers at MAM was found and this variation cosegregated with the same glucosinolate ratios as in the QTL study. The combined results indicate that both between- and within-population genetic variation in the MAM region determines phenotypic variation in glucosinolate side chains in A. lyrata.     

Duplication of centromeric histone H3 (HTR12) gene in Arabidopsis halleri and A. lyrata, plant species with multiple centromeric satellite sequences

Arabidopsis halleri and lyrata have three different major centromeric satellite sequences, a unique finding for a diploid Arabidopsis species. Since centromeric histones coevolve with centromeric satellites, these proteins would be predicted to show signs of selection when new centromere satellites have recently arisen. We isolated centromeric protein genes from A. halleri and lyrata and found that one of them, HTR12 (CENP-A), is duplicated, while CENP-C is not. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HTR12 duplication occurred after these species diverged from A. thaliana. Genetic mapping shows that HTR12 copy B has the same genomic location as the A. thaliana gene; the other copy (A, at the other end of the same chromosome) is probably the new copy. To test for selection since the duplication, we surveyed diversity at both HTR12 loci within A. lyrata. Overall, there is no strong evidence for an "evolutionary arms race" causing multiple replacement substitutions. The A. lyrata HTR12B sequences fall into three classes of haplotypes, apparently maintained for a long time, but they all encode the same amino acid sequence. In contrast, HTR12A has low diversity, but many variants are amino acid replacements, possibly due to independent selective sweeps within populations of the species.