三疣梭子蟹幼体和幼蟹的温度适应性

本文研究了不同温度对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus Miers）幼体发育和幼蟹存活及摄食的影响，试验结果表明：21—27℃有可能出苗，但21℃幼体发育相当慢；24—27℃是适宜育苗温度，27％是最佳育苗温度。蟹幼体在30℃以上仅发育至Z4，18℃以下，仅发育至Z3。温度骤变5d后，幼蟹在10—30℃存活100％，35℃存活75％，5℃以下仅能存活4h。存活幼蟹，20—30℃摄饵正常，日平均摄饵量达4．64g以上。5℃／d的温度渐变时，幼蟹在10—35℃存活100％，5℃存活25％，40℃存活不超过6h。存活幼蟹，30℃摄饵最佳，日平均摄饵量达9．80g；20—35℃摄饵正常，日平均摄饵量达5．1g以上；15℃和10℃摄饵很少，日平均摄饵量分别为0．5g和0．1g；5℃以下及40℃不摄饵。     

远海梭子蟹胚胎发育观察

在水温25～26℃、盐度30和pH 7.8～8.4条件下,观察远海梭子蟹胚胎发育全过程,其结果发现,远海梭子蟹胚胎发育经历卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、无节幼体、后无节幼体和原溞状幼体等六个阶段.远海梭子蟹卵排出约28h开始表面卵裂,约40h,形成囊胚,约60h,预定内胚层细胞出现,并与集中在其周围的细胞一起内陷,形成原肠胚.约90h,3对附肢的无节幼体出现,约110h,5对附肢的后无节幼体出现,约140h,7对附肢的原溞状幼体出现.复眼、心跳、色素形成均在原潘状幼体阶段完成.原溞状幼体孵出时(约300h),颚足长出羽状刚毛,变为溞状幼体.整个胚胎发育过程约300h.     

全球中华鲎资源保护现状及对策建议

鲎是古老的海洋节肢动物。中华鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)是世界现存4种鲎中体型最大的一种, 是河口生态系统的标志物种, 同时其血液被用于生产医用检验试剂――鲎试剂。中华鲎的自然地理分布范围相当狭窄, 仅局限于日本濑户内海向南延伸至印度尼西亚爪哇岛北岸以北的太平洋西岸海域, 其中在中国东岸和日本南部海域的历史产量较高。自20世纪50年代以来中华鲎种群数量出现了显著减少, 2019年中华鲎在IUCN红色名录中的濒危等级正式更新为濒危(EN), 明确了中华鲎资源呈现全球性衰退的状态, 究其原因可归纳为鲎生境破坏和过度捕捞两个方面。在开展鲎资源保护的实践工作中, 作者深刻反思当前鲎资源保护在海洋保护区划定、增殖放流及科普和野生动物保护法宣传中存在的问题并提出相应建议, 包括加快完善种群基线数据, 制定标准化种群和生境基线监测指南, 构建科学放流体系等, 以期推进全球范围内的中华鲎资源保护与科学管理。     

中国南方海域鲎的种类和分布

The northern sea area of the South China Sea is situated between 107.5°～122.5°East longitude and 17°～25° North latitude with high temperature and a large quantity of rainfall which belongs to the oceanic climate of the torrid zone and subtropical zone. From September, 1994 to June, 1998,during the research on the species of Horseshoe crab within the scope between the south from North gulf and the north to Xiamen, choosing Xiamen, Shantou, Wuchuan, Donghaidao and Qishui as fixed positions and irregularly going to Xuwen and Suixi in Guangdong province and Fangcheng in Guangxi province, we found that there was only Tachypleus tridentatus in the northern sea area of the South China Sea and the sea area from Wuchuan to Xiamen, and found that there were two species of horseshoe crab which were Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in the southern area to East Sea Island, referring to East Sea Island, Qishui, Xuwen, Suixi and Fangcheng, most of which were Tachypleus tridentatus, and found a great number of larvae of Tachypleus tridentatus including zooids with different sizes from 7cm bodily length to mature. In Minan we found not only big colonies of adult Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda , but also a great number of larvae of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda with different body size from 7cm body length to maturity. All these show that the northern sea area of the South China Sea is the area where both Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda distribute and reproduce. On January 1st, 1998 at the town of Qishui in Leizhou, we found an adult male Horseshoe crab and majority of its eggs was immature, while the eggs with above 4mm diameters were only 0.87 percent but the eggs with below 1.0mm diameter was 58 percent(1 160 pills). It shows that Qishui is a place where Tachyplers tridentatus survive in the winter.     

中国鲎幼体阶段(黄皮鲎)的形态特点

经研究发现,中国鲎幼体阶段（黄皮鲎）生殖盖板中叶不长于侧叶,尾呈三角形,上有一列小刺,腹甲后端尾上有三个棘突,尾两个侧边无小刺,腹甲背面无小刺分布,但其头胸甲和腹甲背面棘突较长,明显呈幼体状,中国鲎的胚后幼体发育从小到大,身体背部颜色处于黑色→土黄色→褐色的一种渐变过程,当中国鲎幼体头胸甲宽度处于10-25cm时,也就是胚后发育的第12至第16次蜕皮期间时,其体色呈土黄色,在粤西、海南、北部湾一带俗称“黄皮鲎”。所以,黄皮鲎为中国鲎一定阶段未成熟的幼体,而不是一个新种或亚种。标本采自广东省湛江市,保存于湛江海洋大学水生生物博物馆。     

卵形鲳鲹组织蛋白酶B基因的克隆及表达分析

为研究卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)组织蛋白酶B(Cathepsin B, CatB)基因的表达特征和功能, 应用RT-PCR和RACE技术获得卵形鲳鲹CatB(TroCatB)基因的全长cDNA。TroCatB cDNA全长为2181 bp。其中5′UTR和3′UTR分别为391和797 bp, ORF为993 bp, 推定编码330个氨基酸残基, 推定分子质量和理论等电点分别为36.37 kD和5.73。蛋白结构预测TroCatB蛋白具有信号肽(1Met-18Ala)、前体肽(25Leu-64Gly)和一个典型木瓜蛋白酶家族半胱氨酸结构域, 含107Cys、277His、297Asn 3个蛋白酶催化活性位点。同源性分析显示TroCatB蛋白与其他脊椎动物的同源性为67.0%—90.9%, 成熟肽区与其他脊椎动物的同源性为73.7%—92.4%。NJ系统发育树显示卵形鲳鲹和其他鱼类聚为一支, 与髙体鰤距离最近。实时荧光定量PCR检测TroCatB基因mRNA在健康卵形鲳鲹各组织中均有表达, 在脾脏中表达最高; 在溶藻弧菌感染后, TroCatB基因在脾脏、头肾组织中的mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.05), 脾脏在感染6h后, 其表达量达到峰值, 头肾则是在12h达到峰值。以上结果表明, TroCatB蛋白的结构域和催化活性位点在遗传进化过程中保守, TroCatB基因参与了机体对细菌免疫的相关生理活动, 在卵形鲳鲹先天性免疫防御中发挥重要作用, 为进一步阐明TroCatB在免疫过程中的功能以及其对病原的抗病机理提供参考。     

盐度和温度对中华虎头蟹(Orithyia sinica) 存活和摄饵的影响

进行盐度和温度对中华虎头蟹存活和摄饵影响的试验,结果发现,盐度骤变时,盐度15—408d后蟹存活率100％。盐度10—45蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1．31g以上;盐度20—40是蟹适宜摄饵盐度,日平均摄饵量达3．65g以上;盐度30—35蟹摄饵最佳,日平均摄饵量达5．24g以上。盐度渐变时,盐度15—55蟹8d后存活100％;盐度5—50蟹能摄饵;盐度25—35为蟹摄饵适宜盐度,日平均摄饵量达4．13g以上;盐度30为最佳盐度,日平均摄饵量达4．53g。温度骤变时,10—30℃7d后蟹100％存活。10—35℃蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1．10g以上;20—30℃蟹摄饵最佳,日平均摄饵量逐渐增加,达8．76g以上。温度渐变时,0—30℃蟹7d后100％存活,35℃蟹存活率达80％。10—35℃蟹能摄饵;20—30℃蟹摄饵较佳,日平均摄饵量达12．61g以上;250C蟹摄饵最佳,13平均摄饵量达14．35g。     

盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹存活和摄饵的影响

盐度和温度,是影响蟹类分布、孵化、幼体发育、生长、性成熟、存活及摄饵的两个重要环境因子,设置0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50共11个盐度梯度(盐度差±0.5,每个盐度梯度8只蟹),0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40℃共9个温度梯度(温度差±0.5℃,每个温度梯度8只蟹),进行盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹(体重(125±11)g左右)摄饵和存活影响的研究,拟为进一步研究盐度和温度对红星梭子蟹分布、生长、幼体发育、低温保活等的影响提供基础资料。结果显示,盐度从30骤变时,15-40盐度蟹能存活5d以上,存活率达100%;15-45盐度蟹能摄饵,日平均摄饵量达1.32g以上。20-40盐度蟹摄饵明显,日平均摄饵量达3.22g以上。盐度从25以5/d渐变时,盐度10-45蟹均能存活5d以上,存活率达100%;盐度10-45蟹均有摄饵,但盐度15-40蟹摄饵较理想。温度从25℃骤变时,15-30℃蟹能100%存活5d以上。10℃以下及35℃以上,蟹在3d内全部死亡。15℃以上,蟹只要能存活,都有摄饵。25-30℃为蟹最适温度范围,蟹日平均摄饵量达3.55g以上。不超过30℃时,温度越高蟹摄饵量越大。从25℃以5℃/d渐变时,15-30℃蟹存活100%,10℃和35℃蟹存活75%;5℃以下及40℃以上蟹存活时间不超过30min。15-35℃蟹能摄饵。不超过30℃,温度渐变时也是温度越高,蟹日平均摄饵量越大。     

中国南方海域鲎的种类和分布

The northern sea area of the South China Sea is situated between 107.5°～122.5°East longitude and 17°～25° North latitude with high temperature and a large quantity of rainfall which belongs to the oceanic climate of the torrid zone and subtropical zone. From September, 1994 to June, 1998,during the research on the species of Horseshoe crab within the scope between the south from North gulf and the north to Xiamen, choosing Xiamen, Shantou, Wuchuan, Donghaidao and Qishui as fixed positions and irregularly going to Xuwen and Suixi in Guangdong province and Fangcheng in Guangxi province, we found that there was only Tachypleus tridentatus in the northern sea area of the South China Sea and the sea area from Wuchuan to Xiamen, and found that there were two species of horseshoe crab which were Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in the southern area to East Sea Island, referring to East Sea Island, Qishui, Xuwen, Suixi and Fangcheng, most of which were Tachypleus tridentatus, and found a great number of larvae of Tachypleus tridentatus including zooids with different sizes from 7cm bodily length to mature. In Minan we found not only big colonies of adult Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, but also a great number of larvae of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda with different body size from 7cm body length to maturity. All these show that the northern sea area of the South China Sea is the area where both Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda distribute and reproduce. On January 1st, 1998 at the town of Qishui in Leizhou, we found an adult male Horseshoe crab and majority of its eggs was immature, while the eggs with above 4mm diameters were only 0.87 percent but the eggs with below 1.0mm diameter was 58 percent(1 160 pills). It shows that Qishui is a place where Tachyplers tridentatus survive in the winter.