细菌分型方法研究进展

细菌分型是用于研究不同菌株之间关系的一种手段。对细菌进行分型,有助于病原菌和污染菌的定性和溯源,从而有助于监测传染病的暴发及监控食品污染的发生。近年来各种分型技术取得了长足发展,本文对目前常用的基于脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、规律成簇的间隔回文重复序列分型(CRISPR)、多位点序列分型(MLST)、全基因组测序分型(WGS)、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)等技术的细菌分型方法的原理、应用及优缺点进行了综述。     

不同毒力差异基因型的新生隐球菌MLST分型及交配型鉴定研究

目的：了解及比较两组毒力差异明显的新生隐球菌格鲁比变种的多位点序列分型（MLST）的特点并进行交配型鉴定。方法采用多位点序列分型（MLST）的方法,设计7个看家基因（CAP59,GPD1,LAC1,PLB1,SOD1,URA5和IGS1）的引物,扩增并分析来源分别为环境和临床的各10株新生隐球菌格鲁比变种的基因型,并鉴定实验菌株交配型,与多位点微卫星分型（MLMT）结果对比,比较不同基因分型方法在分类中的稳定性和可靠性。结果在微卫星分型中为MLMT-36的10株环境分离株,MLST分型为ST-15,而在微卫星分型中为MLMT-13型的10株临床分离株,MLST分型为ST-32,所有菌株交配型均为MAT-α。结论MLST分型结果与MLMT分型结果高度一致,提示以上两种分子分型技术在真菌分类鉴定研究中可显示对于其分离背景及进化来源的高分辨率及稳定性。     

脑膜炎奈瑟菌分子分型方法的进展

目前,脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis,Nm)分型方法可分为免疫学为基础的传统分型方法和分子生物学分型方法,前者包括血清分群和单克隆分型,后者包括脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)、多位点测序分型(multi locus sequence typing,MLST),核糖体分型(ribotyping),随机扩增多态性DNA分型(randomly amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)等.     

沙门氏菌分型研究进展

沙门氏菌是重要的致病菌之一,该菌属型别繁多。沙门氏菌的分型方法可分为以表型特征为依据的表型分型方法和以基因特征为依据的分子分型方法。沙门氏菌的表型分型主要有血清分型和噬菌体分型。分子分型主要有分子血清分型、脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)、多位点序列分析(Multi-locus sequence typing,MLST)、多位点可变重复序列分析(Multi-locus variable numbers tandem repeat analysis,MLVA)以及成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列分析(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)等。与表型分型相比,分子分型技术具有快速、准确、重复性好等特点,现已得到广泛应用。其中,分子血清分型是鉴定沙门氏菌血清型的新方法,PFGE被认为是病原微生物分子分型的"金标准",MLST和MLVA以其分辨率高、可重复性好和可比性强等优势满足了全球流行病学发展的要求,能实现序列数据交换和共享,成为新一代的分子分型新工具,而近年发现的CRISPR分型对同源性较高的同种血清型具有较高的分型能力。但每种分型方法也有各自的优缺点和使用条件及适用范围,因此可以根据菌株特性、分型目的和实验室拥有的条件选择最合适的分型方法。     

多杀性巴氏杆菌分子分型方法简述

多杀性巴氏杆菌是一种能感染多种动物甚至是人的重要革兰氏阴性病原菌。目前临床上用于多杀性巴氏杆菌诊断的分型方法主要包括血清学分型方法和分子分型方法。其中血清学分型方法主要基于免疫学实验技术建立,操作过程繁琐,技术要求高,工作量大,不适用于临床上大规模快速开展多杀性巴氏杆菌流行病学调查的需要;而基于分子生物学手段建立的分子分型方法相对于传统的血清学分型方法而言具有快速、简单、灵敏、灵活等特点,特别是某些分子分型方法与传统的分型方法形成了较为精确的对应关系,因而在临床上得到了广泛的应用。目前适用于临床上开展多杀性巴氏杆菌分离鉴定的分子分型方法主要包括多重PCR方法及多位点序列分型法(MLST),其中多重PCR方法又包括基于荚膜编码区及脂多糖外核编码簇建立的PCR方法。本文将重点就这3种常用的多杀性巴氏杆菌分子分型方法进行综述,介绍其建立原理、实现手段以及各自的优缺点,为临床上开展多杀性巴氏杆菌的流行病学调查特别是分子流行病学调查提供参考。     

基于基因组序列的脑膜炎奈瑟菌分型方法

【目的】建立并评估1种适宜的脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseriameningitidis,Nm)基因组分子分型方法。【方法】本研究以125株代表性Nm菌株的基因组序列为对象,建立了基于核心基因SNP的基因组分型方法,并与pubMLST网站公布的MLST和cgMLST分型方法进行比较。【结果】基于核心基因SNP的基因组分型方法和cgMLST方法对125株Nm菌株的分型结果一致性较高,两种方法均明显优于MLST分型方法。基于SNP的基因组分型方法在认识Nm菌的种群结构、界定克隆群方面具有优势;cgMLST分型方法能够对任一菌株进行分型,但不能进行克隆群的界定和归类。【结论】基于核心基因SNP的基因组分型方法和cgMLST均明显优于MLST分型方法,未来仍有待进一步整合和提高。     

分子分型技术用于流脑疫情的同源性分析

目的应用多位点序列分型(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)技术和脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)技术对大连市2014年4月同一工地两起流脑疫情得到的脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌株进行分子分型图谱分析,了解各菌株之间的亲缘关系。方法对病例的脑脊液标本进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌PCR分群,对另一病例和所有密切接触者分离菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)试验和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)鉴定实验。结果疑似病例标本PCR结果为脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌A群阳性,另一病例和所有密切接触者分离到的菌株PFGE图谱基本相同,表明来自同一克隆系。多位点序列分析结果为ST7。结论两起疫情分离到的菌株型别之间具有高度的同源性,该病原菌类型为ST7的A群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌。     

多位点序列分型分析空肠弯曲菌华东动物源分离株

【目的】研究空肠弯曲菌菌株间的分子特征,对不同宿主来源的空肠弯曲菌进行分子分型研究。【方法】选择空肠弯曲菌的7个看家基因gltA、aspA、glnA、glyA、pgm、tkt和uncA作为目的基因,对2006-2008年间华东地区分离的42株空肠弯曲菌样本进行PCR扩增后测序。将测序结果软件分析并上传到数据库进行比对,将结果制作多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)遗传进化树并进行分析。【结果】与数据库已有类型比对,发现了24个新的ST型,通过进化树得到其遗传关系。【结论】MLST方法对于研究空肠弯曲菌的菌株群体基因差异与进化趋势具有重要意义。     

鱼源无乳链球菌的血清型及分子分型研究

为了解不同鱼源无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)分子分型特征, 分析菌株之间的相关性和同源性, 研究在采用S. agalactiae特异性cfb基因对分离菌株鉴定的基础上, 对26株不同鱼源S. agalactiae进行了荚膜多糖血清型(CPS)多重PCR鉴定, 同时采用多位点序列分型(MLST)和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子特征比较与同源性分析。结果显示, 26株菌CPS型存在Ia (n=22)和III型(n=4)两种类型, 其中黄河裸裂尻鱼源和罗非鱼源菌株均为Ia血清型, 齐口裂腹鱼源菌株存在Ia (n=2)和III (n=4)型两种CPS型; 多位点序列分型共得到3种STs序列型(ST-891、ST-103、ST-19), 其中黄河裸裂尻鱼源和罗非鱼源菌株均为新的序列型ST-891, 齐口裂腹鱼源菌株存在ST-103和ST-19两种STs型; PFGE聚类分析可分为16个PFGE谱型(A-P), 其中优势带型为P型(n=9)。相同荚膜多糖血清型—MLST分型菌株在PFGE带型中呈现高度聚集。CPS分型与MLST分型、PFGE分型有很好的相关性, 而CPS型、STs序列型、PFGE带型与宿主的来源没有明显的相关性。不同鱼源S. agalactiae分子特征的相似性, 提示其存在交叉感染的可能性, 而齐口裂腹鱼源S. agalactiae分子特征的多样性, 提示其存在遗传变异的情况。     

淋病奈瑟菌分型研究进展

淋病奈瑟菌(简称淋球菌)是引起淋病的病原体。淋球菌的疫苗研究工作进展缓慢,迄今未研制出有效的疫苗;近年来,淋球菌耐药性逐年上升,多重耐药性淋球菌随之出现并广泛传播,使淋病的防治越来越困难。研究表明,淋球菌分型在淋病疫苗的研究、制定流行病学控制措施和淋病的治疗中均具有极其重要的意义。淋球菌的分型方法包括血清学分型、营养分型等传统分型方法和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、随机扩增多态性DNA分型(ARPD)、opa分型、por分型、多位序列分型(MLST)等分子生物学分型方法。本文就淋球菌的分型方法作一简要介绍。     

Typing Staphylococcus aureus using the spa gene and novel distance measures

We developed an approach for identifying groups or families of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria based on genotype data. With the emergence of drug resistant strains, S. aureus represents a significant human health threat. Identifying the family types efficiently and quickly is crucial in community settings. Here, we develop a hybrid sequence algorithm approach to type this bacterium using only its spa gene. Two of the sequence algorithms we used are well established, while the third, the Best Common Gap-Weighted Sequence (BCGS), is novel. We combined the sequence algorithms with a weighted match/mismatch algorithm for the spa sequence ends. Normalized similarity scores and distances between the sequences were derived and used within unsupervised clustering methods. The resulting spa groupings correlated strongly with the groups defined by the well-established Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) method. Spa typing is preferable to MLST typing which types seven genes instead of just one. Furthermore, our spa clustering methods can be fine-tuned to be more discriminative than MLST, identifying new strains that the MLST method may not. Finally, we performed a multidimensional scaling of our distance matrices to visualize the relationship between isolates. The proposed methodology provides a promising new approach to molecular epidemiology.     

Multi-locus sequence typing: a tool for global epidemiology

The characterization of pathogenic isolates plays a pivotal role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, generating the information necessary for identifying, tracking, and intervening against disease outbreaks. In 1998 multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was proposed as a nucleotide sequence-based approach that could be applied to many bacterial pathogens. It combined developments in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics with established population genetics techniques to provide a portable, reproducible, and scalable typing system that reflected the population and evolutionary biology of bacterial pathogens. MLST schemes have been developed for a variety of procaryotic and eucaryotic pathogens and the data generated have contributed to both epidemiological surveillance and fundamental studies of pathogen biology.     

基于全基因组序列的弯曲菌特征分析

空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni)和结肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter coli)是引起人类腹泻的主要致病菌。传统生化方法在鉴定弯曲菌时存在步骤多、耗时长、通量低等问题。本研究通过利用生物信息学方法对弯曲菌全基因组进行序列、基因注释、耐药基因、多位点序列分型以及CRISPR-Cas系统等分析,挖掘能够有效区分空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌的高分辨力特征。实验结果表明,空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌在基因组序列长度、GC含量、基因数量、多位点序列分型以及CRISPR-Cas系统等方面存在显著差异。同时,研究还发现了一段在空肠弯曲菌基因组中广泛存在的高分辨力CRISPR重复序列。这些特征可用于构建能够准确鉴别空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌的生物信息学方法。     

Four Genotyping Schemes for Phylogenetic Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Comparison of Their Congruence with Multi-Locus Sequence Typing

Several molecular typing schemes have been proposed to differentiate among isolates and clonal groups, and hence establish epidemiological or phylogenetic links. It has been widely accepted that multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is the gold standard for phylogenetic typing/long-term epidemiological surveillance, but other recently described methods may be easier to carry out, especially in settings with limited access to DNA sequencing. Comparing the performance of such techniques to MLST is therefore of relevance. A study was therefore carried out with a collection of P. aeruginosa strains (n = 133) typed by four typing schemes: MLST, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the commercial DiversiLab microbial typing system (DL). The aim of this study was to compare the results of each typing method with MLST. The Simpson''s indices of diversity were 0.989, 0.980, 0.961 and 0.906 respectively for PFGE, MLVA, DL and MLST. The congruence between techniques was measured by the adjusted Wallace index (W): this coefficient indicates the probability that a pair of isolates which is assigned to the same type by one typing method is also typed as identical by the other. In this context, the congruence between techniques was recorded as follow: MLVA-type to predict MLST-type (93%), PFGE to MLST (92%), DL to MLST (64.2%), PFGE to MLVA (63.5%) and PFGE to DL (61.7%). Conversely, for all above combinations, prediction was very poor. The congruence was increased at the clonal complex (CC) level. MLST is regarded the gold standard for phylogenetic classification of bacteria, but is rather laborious to carry out in many settings. Our data suggest that MLVA can predict the MLST-type with high accuracy, and even higher when studying the clonal complex level. Of the studied three techniques MLVA was therefore the best surrogate method to predict MLST.     

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Multilocus Sequence Typing of Escherichia coli Reveals Diversity among Isolates Carrying bla CMY-2-Like Genes

Effective surveillance and management of pathogenic Escherichia coli relies on robust and reproducible typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Typing of E. coli by MLST enables tracking of pathogenic clones that are known to carry virulence factors or spread resistance, such as the globally-prevalent ST131 lineage. Standard MLST for E. coli requires sequencing of seven alleles, or a whole genome, and can take several days. Here, we have developed and validated a nucleic-acid-based MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) method for MLST as a rapid alternative to sequencing that requires minimal operator expertise. Identification of alleles was 99.6% concordant with sequencing. We employed MLST by MALDI-TOF MS to investigate diversity among 62 E. coli isolates from Sydney, Australia, carrying a bla _CMY-2-like gene on an IncI1 plasmid to determine whether any dominant clonal lineages are associated with the spread of this globally-disseminated resistance gene. Thirty-four known sequence types were identified, including lineages associated with human disease, animal and environmental sources. This suggests that the dissemination of bla _CMY-2-like-genes is more complex than the simple spread of successful pathogenic clones. E. coli MLST by MALDI-TOF MS, employed here for the first time, can be utilised as an automated tool for large-scale population analyses or for targeted screening for known high-risk clones in a diagnostic setting.     

Multilocus Sequence Typing for Comparison of Veterinary and Human Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been applied to 266 Campylobacter jejuni isolates, mainly from veterinary sources, including cattle, sheep, poultry, pigs, pets, and the environment, as well as isolates from human cases of campylobacteriosis. The populations of veterinary and human isolates overlap, suggesting that most veterinary sources should be considered reservoirs of pathogenic campylobacters. There were some associations between source and sequence type complex, indicating that host or source adaptation may exist. The pig isolates formed a distinct group by MLST and may well represent a potential pig-adapted clone of C. jejuni. A subset (n = 82) of isolates was reanalyzed with a second MLST scheme which provided a unique set of isolates that had been analyzed at a total of 12 loci. The distribution of isolates among the complexes in each of the two schemes was similar but not identical. In addition to isolates from human outbreaks, one group of isolates that were not epidemiologically linked was also identical at all 12 loci. This group of isolates is believed to represent another stable strain of C. jejuni.     

Multicolor Melting Curve Analysis-Based Multilocus Melt Typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks. To track the source of these diseases in a timely manner, a high throughput typing method is critical. We hereby describe a novel genotyping method for V. parahaemolyticus, termed multilocus melt typing (MLMT), based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST). MLMT utilizes melting curve analysis to interrogate the allelic types of a set of informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from the housekeeping genes used in MLST. For each SNP, one allelic type generates distinct T_m values, which are converted into a binary code. Multiple SNPs thus generate a series of binary codes, forming a melt type (MT) corresponding with a sequence type (ST) of MLST. Using a set of 12 SNPs, the MLMT scheme could resolve 218 V.parahaemolyticus isolates into 50 MTs corresponding with 56 STs. The discriminatory power of MLMT and MLST was similar with Simpson’s index of diversity of 0.638 and 0.646, respectively. The global (adjusted Rand index = 0.982) and directional congruence (adjusted Wallace coefficient, MT→ST = 0.965; ST→MT = 1.000) between the two typing approaches was high. The entire procedure of MLMT could be finished within 3 h with negligible hands on time in a real-time PCR machine. We conclude that MLMT provides a reliable and efficient approach for V. parahaemolyticus genotyping and might also find use in other pathogens.     

Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) for Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae

Enterobacter cloacae is an important emerging pathogen, which sometime causes respiratory infection, surgical site infection, urinary infection, sepsis, and outbreaks at neonatal units. We have developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme utilizing seven housekeeping genes and evaluated the performance in 101 clinical isolates. The MLST scheme yielded 83 sequence types (ST) including 78 novel STs found in the clinical isolates. These findings supported the robustness of the MLST scheme developed in this study.     

Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus Group

In this study we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group. This group, which includes the species B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. anthracis, is known to be genetically very diverse. It is also very important because it comprises pathogenic organisms as well as bacteria with industrial applications. The MLST system was established by using 77 strains having various origins, including humans, animals, food, and soil. A total of 67 of these strains had been analyzed previously by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and they were selected to represent the genetic diversity of this group of bacteria. Primers were designed for conserved regions of housekeeping genes, and 330- to 504-bp internal fragments of seven such genes, adk, ccpA, ftsA, glpT, pyrE, recF, and sucC, were sequenced for all strains. The number of alleles at individual loci ranged from 25 to 40, and a total of 53 allelic profiles or sequence types (STs) were distinguished. Analysis of the sequence data showed that the population structure of the B. cereus group is weakly clonal. In particular, all five B. anthracis isolates analyzed had the same ST. The MLST scheme which we developed has a high level of resolution and should be an excellent tool for studying the population structure and epidemiology of the B. cereus group.     

The use of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for the differentiation between strains of Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is highly pathogenic microorganism for both humans and animals. In this work, the possibility of the use of the genotyping method for differentiation between strains of B. mallei was studied. A collection of 14 isolates of B. mallei was characterized using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RAPD was the best method used for detecting strain differences of B. mallei. It was suggested that this method would be an increasingly useful molecular epidemiological tool.