Sirtuin在热量限制延长寿命机制中的研究进展

热量限制(caloric restriction, CR)可以引起细胞、生物体寿命延长和降低衰老相关疾病的发生,其中Sirtuin起着关键作用．Sirtuin将机体能量代谢和基因表达调控相偶联,通过赖氨酸去乙酰化改变蛋白质的活性和稳定性,从而调节衰老进程．酵母中度CR影响其复制寿命和时序寿命,主要依赖于激活Sir2,增加细胞内NAD+/NADH的比例和调节尼克酰胺浓度来实现．类似的机制也存在于秀丽线虫和果蝇中．哺乳动物在CR条件下SIRT1蛋白表达应答性上升,细胞中NAM磷酸基转移酶能够直接影响NAM和NAD+浓度,并影响SIRT1活性．NO表达增加能导致SIRT1上调和线粒体合成增加．SIRT1可能通过改变组蛋白、p53、NES1、FOXO等底物蛋白的乙酰化影响到细胞和个体的衰老．表明不同生物体中的Sirtuin及其同源类似物在CR条件下对衰老进程和寿命都起着非常重要的作用．     

Sirt基因家族及其对细胞寿命的调节

在酵母、线虫和果蝇中,Sir2基因家族是寿命调节的关键因子。哺乳动物的Sirt基因家族在进化上与Sir2基因高度同源,共有7个成员。Sir2基因调节酵母寿命的机理已比较清楚。而哺乳动物Sirt基因,特别是Sirt1基因与细胞衰老的关系正在成为新的研究热点。最近的研究表明,在热量限制或氧化逆境条件下,SIRT1蛋白主要是通过以下3个途径影响细胞寿命:一是SIRT1蛋白抑制PPAR-γ减少细胞的脂质过氧化的损伤;二是SIRT1蛋白通过调控p53的活性影响细胞寿命;三是SIRT1蛋白通过调控FOXO的信号通路,启动细胞的抗氧化途径。进一步研究Sirt基因家族对揭示哺乳动物寿命之谜具有重要的科学意义。     

SIRT3与细胞代谢及心血管疾病的相关性

蛋白去乙酰化酶在细胞生理过程中发挥着极为重要的作用。人蛋白去乙酰化酶包括HDACⅠ、HDACⅡ、HDACⅢ和HDACⅣ4个家族。其中第Ⅲ类即Sir2(Silent information regulator 2)家族包括7个成员——SIRT1~ SIRT7,每个成员都具有不同的细胞定位,并且发挥不同的生物学功能。作为主要定位于线粒体的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,SIRT3不仅调节细胞的能量代谢,并在细胞凋亡、肿瘤生长和一些疾病中发挥作用。文章综述了SIRT3在细胞代谢中的生物学功能以及其在心血管疾病中的研究进展。     

去乙酰化酶Sirtuin与衰老的研究进展

Sirtuin蛋白是一组具有NAD⁺依赖性的组蛋白去乙酰基转移酶,该家族成员具有高度保守的催化结构域,可以通过对多种底物进行去乙酰化作用,从而在机体内参与一系列的生物学活动,包括维持细胞抗胁迫能力和基因组稳定性以及参与能量代谢等．Sir2参与了酵母的交配型基因、端粒和rDNA 重复序列的沉默以及细胞寿命等生理功能．在哺乳动物中,SIRT1是该家族中目前研究最为广泛且较为透彻的成员,而SIRT6的功能研究成为近年来继SIRT1后的又一新热点．综述了sirtuin蛋白的结构及其与衰老关系的研究进展．     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT7研究进展

SIRT7是哺乳动物组蛋白去乙酰化酶Sirtuins家族成员,是高度保守的NAD+依赖的蛋白质去乙酰化酶,调控细胞中多种蛋白的乙酰化水平,参与许多重要的生命活动,如蛋白质合成、代谢、细胞应激、炎症、衰老和肿瘤.在过去的几年里,人们对它的认识有质的飞跃,本文主要对SIRT7的特点、功能和调节机制进行回顾和总结,以期为进一步研究提供参考.     

SIRT1蛋白可延缓人胚肺成纤维细胞衰老

Sir2作为一种NAD依赖性的去乙酰化酶,可延长酵母、线虫以及果蝇等多种生物的寿命。SIRT1是哺乳动物中Sir2的同源蛋白。已知,细胞在应激状态下,SIRT1可调节某些信号通路以保持其生存能力。但在非应激状态,即生理状态下,它是否影响细胞生存能力及衰老进程,不得而知。最近研究表明,SIRT1的过表达可促进体外培养的人胚肺成纤维细胞的生长,延缓细胞衰老。     

SIRT3在心血管疾病中的作用

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶类3(silent mating type information regulation2 homolog-3,SIRT3)是一种依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide,NAD)的III类去乙酰化酶。SIRT3主要定位于线粒体,广泛分布于肾脏、脑、心脏及肝脏等富含线粒体的组织器官中,其可对组蛋白和非组蛋白去乙酰化在调控细胞代谢、细胞周期、细胞凋亡及细胞寿命方面起着重要的作用。SIRT3通过去乙酰化相关靶蛋白调节其生物活性,在抵抗氧化应激反应,改善血管内皮细胞功能等多种心血管疾病中,都起到了保护性作用。该文旨在对SIRT3在常见的心血管疾病中的作用的研究进展进行综述。     

SIRT7在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展

Sirtuins蛋白家族是一类高度保守的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶。哺乳动物中的Sirtuins包括七种亚型:SIRT1-SIRT7,作为Sirtuins蛋白家族成员之一,SIRT7定位于核仁,是一种高度特异性的H3K18Ac(组蛋白H3的乙酰化赖氨酸残基18)去乙酰化酶。SIRT7的作用底物包括组蛋白和非组蛋白,底物的多样性决定着它参与体内多种细胞活动,如:细胞增殖、细胞新陈代谢、DNA损伤和应激反应等,并与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。SIRT7在乳腺癌、甲状腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和肝细胞癌等多种肿瘤中高表达;而在头颈部鳞癌和胰腺癌中的低表达又提示其可作为抑癌基因发挥作用。本文旨从SIRT7的基因组组成、作用底物及相关肿瘤作用机制等方面阐述SIRT7的研究进展,而其致癌或抑癌作用有可能使其成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

SIRT1的研究进展

哺乳动物细胞SIRT1(Sirtuin1)是一种依赖于烟酰胺腺苷二核苷酸(NAD+)的去乙酰化酶,与酵母细胞中与物质代谢和长寿有关的沉默信息调节因子SIR2同源,具有对底物去乙酰化功能的基因。SIRT1通过使底物蛋白的去乙酰化而调控DNA的表达、细胞凋亡、衰老,参与生物体生理或病理过程。本文对SIRT1与寿命、癌症、新陈代谢紊乱等疾病的生物学机理和治疗方法的相关性进行综述。     

SIRT6与心血管、肿瘤及代谢性疾病

SIRT6是酵母Sir2在哺乳动物中的同源物Sirtuins家族SIRT1-SIRT7中的一员,主要存在于细胞核中,具有组蛋白去乙酰化酶及ADP-核糖基转移酶活性。人类SIRT6在其生理、病理过程中具有重要作用,参与机体生长、发育、代谢及炎症反应等过程。最新研究发现,SIRT6还涉及多种重大疾病的发生和发展。本文将从SIRT6与心血管、肿瘤、代谢等相关疾病的关系作一介绍,揭示了SIRT6与相关疾病的内在联系。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).