水分胁迫和杀真菌剂对黄顶菊生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究水分胁迫下AM真菌对黄顶菊生长和抗旱性的影响,揭示黄顶菊入侵过程中的微生物学机制。以苯菌灵为杀真菌剂,在土壤相对含水量为120%、80%、40%和20%条件下,分别设灭菌和不灭菌两种处理。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了黄顶菊株高、干重和主根长,而对AM真菌侵染率无显著影响。施用苯菌灵显著降低了菌根侵染率、叶片保水力、保护酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,提高了MDA含量。不灭菌处理下黄顶菊植株对土壤有效N和有效P的利用率较高,且植株全N、P含量显著高于灭菌处理,菌根贡献率随土壤相对含水量降低而逐渐提高,重度胁迫分别是渍水条件下的1.84和1.88倍。土壤水分状况和AM真菌的交互作用对黄顶菊生物量和生理指标影响显著。AM真菌共生能够促进黄顶菊根系对土壤水分和矿质营养吸收,改善植物代谢活动,提高抗旱性。实验结果为黄顶菊合理防控措施的制定提供了依据,同时作为丛枝菌根的基础性研究也具有重要的意义。     

AM真菌影响入侵植物黄顶菊与本土物种狗尾草竞争生长的机理研究

该研究以入侵植物黄顶菊[Flaveria bidentis(L.)Kunt]和本土伴生植物狗尾草为材料,通过筛选出黄顶菊单一优势群落AM真菌,于温室盆栽条件下,采用2物种单播、混播以及接种AM真菌和不接种共6个处理,分析AM真菌对黄顶菊和狗尾草的根系侵染率、相对竞争强度、植株氮磷钾光合利用率、以及丙二醛含量和保护酶活性的影响,探讨AM真菌对黄顶菊与狗尾草竞争生长的机理。结果显示:(1)黄顶菊根际土壤AM真菌共包括4属10种,其中优势种为Glomus constrictum、Glomus perpusillum、Glomus reticulatum;盆栽接种AM真菌后,黄顶菊的根系侵染率显著高于本土伴生植物狗尾草,但接种AM真菌后黄顶菊相对竞争强度显著降低了29.57%,却对狗尾草相对竞争强度无显著影响。(2)接种AM真菌使黄顶菊植株光合氮、磷、钾利用率显著升高,但对伴生植物狗尾草的光合氮、磷、钾利用率均无显著影响。(3)接种AM真菌对黄顶菊植株POD和CAT活性以及MDA含量无显著影响,但显著增加了SOD和APX活性,而伴对生植物狗尾草的POD、CAT和APX活性均显著降低,MDA含量显著提高。研究表明,AM真菌对黄顶菊和狗尾草具有不同的选择性,AM真菌的定植促进了黄顶菊的竞争生长,增加了植株N、P含量、光合养分利用率以及抗氧化酶活性;但显著降低了本土伴生植物狗尾草的N、P吸收以及抗氧化酶活性。因此,AM真菌在竞争生长中对黄顶菊产生了偏利反馈,有助于黄顶菊的入侵。     

长期施肥条件下西南黄壤旱地有效磷对磷盈亏的响应

以贵州黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位试验为平台,探究有效磷(Olsen-P)与土壤累积磷盈亏、磷肥用量的关系,确定西南黄壤旱地最佳磷肥施肥量,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤旱地的农学阈值.结果表明: 施用磷肥可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,不同施磷处理间提升幅度主要与磷肥施用量有关;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素有盈余,其中全量有机肥配施全量化肥处理(MNPK)作物吸磷量和磷素盈余量最高,同等施磷水平下,与单施化肥处理(NPK)相比,有机肥配施化肥处理(1/4 M +3/4 NPK、1/2 M +1/2 NPK)更能促进作物对磷素的吸收,提高磷素累积利用率.土壤累积磷盈亏与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著直线相关关系(P<0.05),土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm^-2,MNPK、1/4 M +3/4 NPK、1/2 M +1/2 NPK、NPK处理Olsen-P分别增加16.4、13.0、21.4、5.6 mg·kg^-1,有机肥与化肥配施能有效增加土壤Olsen-P含量.西南黄壤旱地Olsen-P的农学阈值为22.4 mg·kg^-1;土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),磷肥用量(纯P)为每年33.3 kg·hm^-2时,土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,Olsen-P农学阈值对应的施肥量(纯P)为每年45.9 kg·hm^-2.西南黄壤旱地Olsen-P含量主要与施磷水平有关,当年施磷量为45.9 kg·hm^-2时可获得最佳的作物产量,磷肥利用率高;当年施磷量高于45.9 kg·hm^-2时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了磷素的环境流失风险.西南黄壤旱地长期施用有机肥处理单位累积磷盈余量提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于单施化学磷肥处理.     

施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响

为充分发挥间套作种植体系磷素高效利用优势、降低土壤磷素流失,采用田间试验分析了3种施磷(P_2O_5)水平(CP:168 kg·hm^-2;RP_1:135 kg·hm^-2;RP_2:101 kg·hm^-2)与3个施磷深度(D_1:集中施在距离地面5 cm处;D_2:集中施在距离地面15 cm处;D_3:于距离地面5、15 cm处各施一半)处理下玉米-大豆套作系统作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷与速效磷含量、磷吸附-解吸特征,以期为优化西南玉米-大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照不施磷处理(P_0)相比,各施磷处理显著增加了作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量.相同施肥深度下,处理RP_1与CP相比,作物籽粒产量差异不显著,但显著提高了植株地上部吸磷量,因此RP_1处理的磷素表观利用率显著高于CP处理.相同施磷量下,不同施磷深度间比较,作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量均以D_2处理最高.依据土壤磷的吸附-解吸特征参数可知,当施磷深度为D_2、施磷量为RP_1时,土壤对磷的固持能力最强,在降低磷素流失上表现出较强优势.因此,玉米-大豆套作系统中适当减少磷肥施用量和加大磷肥施用深度在保证作物产量的同时,有利于提高磷素利用率,减少土壤磷流失.     

干旱绿洲灌区大白菜施磷效应与磷肥投入阈值

针对磷肥施用量大且利用率不高的问题,通过2011—2013年在甘肃省农业科学院张掖绿洲灌区农业生态环境重点野外台站进行定位试验,研究了不同施磷量对露地大白菜产量、磷肥利用率以及磷素平衡的影响.结果表明:大白菜产量随施磷量的增加先增加后呈下降的趋势.在施磷量为112.52 kg·hm^-2时产量达到最高(5489.1 kg·hm^-2),且显著高于其他处理,与不施磷处理相比,增产13.3%~23.8%,此时磷肥利用率为14.2%.土壤中土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)和可溶性总磷(CaCl-P)呈现较好的正相关性,土壤Olsen-P含量为24.22 mg·kg-12时对应的施磷量为111.1 kg·hm^-2,表明当土壤中Olsen-P含量小于24.22 mg·kg-1时,土壤中的磷素不发生盈余,对环境不造成污染.当施磷量为60.17 kg·hm^-2时,磷输入与输出达到平衡,即此施磷量水平能满足作物的需求.结合研究区的土壤肥力状况,综合产量、磷肥利用率及土壤有效磷含量,干旱绿洲灌区磷肥投入阈值在60.17~112.52 kg·hm^-2时,能保证露地大白菜高产,并且不会造成环境污染.     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8％、9.8％和11.8％,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5％、7.1％和7.1％;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9％ ～ 50.8％),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N、P的影响

盆栽条件下研究了施用杀线剂(克线磷,67mg·kg^-1干土)和干热(105℃,2h)两种杀线措施对小麦生长和N、P养分吸收的影响。杀线剂对土壤中线虫的平均杀灭率约为80%, 干热处理的杀灭率为100%. 在杀线剂处理中,苗期至抽穗期小麦生物量、拔节期至成熟期植株含N量、全生育期植株吸N量以及抽穗和成熟期吸P量均显着低于对照。土壤干热处理后抽穗和成熟期小麦的生物量、含N量及N、P吸收量也比对照显着降低。两种杀线处理植株地上部生物量和N、P吸收量与相应处理全株变化趋势基本一致。但杀灭线虫对植株含P量影响较小。分析杀线虫后小麦生长和养分吸收受抑主要与土壤有机氮的矿化作用减弱、微生物活动产生的植物生长促进物质降低有关     

Bacillus promotes invasiveness of exotic Flaveria bidentis by increasing its nitrogen and phosphorus uptake

芽孢杆菌通过提高黄顶菊对氮和磷的吸收促进外来黄顶菊的入侵 外来植物入侵对土壤芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)多样性的影响及芽孢杆菌在外来植物入侵中的作用目前尚不清楚。黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)是入侵中国的有害杂草,狗尾草(Setaria viridis)是黄顶菊入侵地常见的伴生植物种。本研究利用野外大田试验和温室盆栽试验,比较黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌群落结构的差异,以及黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌对黄顶菊竞争生长的影响。野外大田试验包括黄顶菊 单种、黄顶菊和狗尾草混种、狗尾草单种3个处理。利用16S rRNA基因测序技术研究了不同处理两种植物 根际土壤芽孢杆菌的多样性,获知黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的优势芽孢杆菌;利用温室盆栽试验探究优势芽孢杆菌对黄顶菊竞争生长的影响。研究结果表明,黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤芽孢杆菌多样性差异显著,其中耐寒芽孢杆菌是黄顶菊和狗尾草根际土壤聚集的优势芽孢杆菌,但是黄顶菊根际土壤中耐寒芽孢杆菌相对丰度显著高于狗尾草根际土壤耐寒芽孢杆菌的相对丰度。接菌试验表明,与狗尾草根际土壤中的耐寒芽孢杆菌相比,黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的耐寒芽孢杆菌提高了黄顶菊体内氮和磷的水平。总之,黄顶菊入侵改变了根际土壤芽孢杆菌的群落结构,黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的耐寒芽孢杆菌通过提高黄顶菊植株体内氮、磷水平来促进黄顶菊的生长。     

水肥耦合对谷子幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

以"晋谷21"为试验材料,采用"3414"不完全正交设计进行谷子苗期盆栽试验,研究水肥耦合对谷子幼苗形态及生理指标的影响,探索不同水分供应条件下营养元素N、P、K含量及配比与谷子抗旱性的关系。从植物生长状况、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性及MDA含量考虑,谷子在轻度(40%)水分胁迫下施用N(100、150 mg N·kg-1)、P(87、130.5mg P·kg-1)、K(249、373.5 mg K·kg-1),在重度(20%)水分胁迫下施用N(100、150mg N·kg-1)、P(87 mg P·kg-1)、K(124.5、249 mg K·kg-1)有利于植物生长;轻度与重度干旱条件下,N、P、K配合施用其交互作用效果好于单独施用N、P、K,利于谷子抗旱;重度干旱条件下,施用N、P、K虽然可以促进谷子生长、提高抗逆性,但适宜的N、P、K肥料用量范围变小,过高用量会造成生理干旱。     

植物磷营养状况对丛枝菌根真菌生长及代谢活性的调控*

采用四室隔网培养装置,以玉米为宿主植物,通过在植物生长室设0、50、250和500 mgPkg-1 4个施磷水平,研究了植株体内的磷营养状况对AM真菌Glomus sinuosum和Glomus intraradices生长及活性的影响。研究发现在不施磷条件下,接种AM真菌G. intraradices显著促进了植物生长和磷的吸收;低磷条件(50 mgPkg-1)下,接种菌根真菌显著促进了植物对磷的吸收,但对植物生长没有明显的影响;而在高磷条件(250 mgPkg-1 和500 mgPkg-1)下,接种菌根真菌不但没有促进植物的生长和磷的吸收,反而对其有抑制作用。随着施磷水平的提高, AM真菌根内菌丝的碱性磷酸酶活性显著下降;与不施磷相比,低量(50 mgPkg-1)供磷增加了AM真菌土壤中根外菌丝的密度,高磷(250 mgPkg-1 和500 mgPkg-1)降低了土壤中根外菌丝的密度。上述结果说明:⑴ 给宿主植物施用磷肥引起的植物磷营养状况的改变,对AM真菌生长和代谢活性具有一定的调控作用;⑵ G. sinuosum和G. intraradices两种AM真菌的生长和代谢活性对施磷水平的响应程度无显著性差异;⑶ 高磷抑制AM真菌生长和代谢活性,使真菌吸磷量减少,可能是造成菌根效应降低的原因之一     

The types of homology and their significance for evolutionary biology and phylogenetics

This paper comments on recently revived discussion about the most adequate definition of homology. Homologues are considered as similarities of complex structures or patterns which are based on a continuity of biological information or instruction. Dependent on the level of comparison four types of homology are defined: (1) Iterative ( = serial = homonomy), (2) ontogenetic, (3) di- or polymorphic, and (4) supraspecific homology. The significance of all four types for evolutionary biology and phylogenetic analysis is outlined.     

Abscission and thinning of young fruit and thier regulation by plant hormones and bioregulators

Natural abscission of young fruit and its regulation by plant hormones isconsidered and compared to the generally accepted model of senescencetriggered abscission of, for example, leaves or mature fruit. It isconcluded that abscission of young fruit cannot be explained by this model.Alternatively, it is suggested that the senescence triggered initial step inthe classical abscission model should be replaced by a correlativelytriggered step. Polar basipetal IAA transport with its autostimulation andautoinhibition components is the main regulating signal in this correlativeacting system and replaces ethylene as the initial driving force from thesenescence triggered model.Results supporting this model are presented and tested against existingresults from the literature. Finally, this hypothesis is tested as a possibleexplanation of the mode of action of some thinning chemicals orbioregulators. It is speculated how a thinning chemical should be designedto function in a more reliable way, at least as far as its interference with the endogenous hormone system is concerned.     

中医证候结构表征研究及其前景展望

当前中医理论基础研究,有证候判定规范、证候疗效评价、证候物质基础、方剂配伍规律等的4个主要领域,但其共同的关键科学问题是中医证候结构表征,主要目的都是为了提高辨证论治的准确性和临床疗效。针对中医证候的结构表征研究,以脾气虚证候的发生规律为切入点,通过理论推证结果与临床数据分析结论相互印证,来揭示证候的结构特征,建立起了中医证候的拓扑结构数学模型,挖掘出了中医理论体系的数学科学基础,在证候基础研究上体现出中医理论的自身规律与临床诊疗特色,具有广阔的应用前景。     

The developmental profile of paramyosin and other myofibrillar proteins of larval and imaginal thoracic muscles of Lepidoptera

The synthesis of paramyosin and other myofibrillar proteins of the thoracic muscles of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta was studied by immunological and electrophoretical methods during the histolysis of the larval thoracic muscles and the differentiation of the indirect flight muscles. Antigens of the myofibrillar proteins in the thoracic muscles of the last-larval stage cross reacted with those in the flight muscles of the adults against polyspecific antibodies from actomyosin and monospecific antibodies from paramyosin. After the breakdown of the larval thoracic muscles (2 days from larval-pupal ecdysis) these antigens can no longer be detected in the thorax. The results indicate an almost complete removal of the larval thoracic muscles. Paramyosin could be identified again in a homogenate of the thoracic muscles of animals on the 13th day from larval-pupal ecdysis. Paramyosin is the first protein found during the differentiation of the flight muscles. The other myofibrillar proteins could be identified in thoracic homogenates of pharate adults of Manduca sexta on the 14th and 15th day from larval-pupal ecdysis. On the 14th day from larval-pupal ecdysis the dorso-longitudinal muscle and the tergosternal muscles show cross-striation, and the appearance of most of the electrophoretical results are in accordance with immunological and morphological findings. The myofibrillar proteins of the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta are synthesized de novo during metamorphosis.     

Differentiation antigens of hemoblastoses and epithelial tumors: Relations to the mechanisms of transformation and progression

The role of mechanisms underlying differentiation is considered in malignant transformation of hemoblastoses and epithelial tumors. In hemoblastoses, differentiation is intimately related to malignant transformation and they are underlain by the same mechanisms. Immunophenotyping of hemoblastoses is fully based on successive stages of their differentiation with characteristic expression of differentiation antigens. Unlike hemoblastoses, epithelial tumors gradually, in the course of progression, lose their differentiation due to the degradation of the connections with the microenvironment, which controls the direction and level of epithelial differentiation. Therefore, carcinomas are characterized by varying degrees of “antigenic simplification”, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.     

桑-蚕系统中镉的吸收、累积与迁移

对桑－蚕系统中镉的吸收,累积与迁移行为研究结果表明：（１）桑树对土壤镉污染有一定的耐性,桑树镉累积量和相对累积率与土壤镉浓度的关系可分别用回归方程Ｔａ＝ａ＋ｂｌｏｇ（Ｓｃ）和ｌｏｇ（Ｒａ）＝ａ＋ｂｌｏｇ（Ｓｃ）描述。（２）随着土壤镉浓度的增加,镉在桑树根部的分布率明显增加,地上部分的分布率有所降低,运转到叶片的比率明显降低。（３）蚕体,蚕砂和蚕茧的镉含量,镉累积量,随着桑叶镉含量的增加而增加。     

Construction of Plant Expression Vector with Double Resistance to Virus and Insect and Identification of Transformation in Tomato

By in situ hybridization of bacterium clone and analysis of restriction enzyme digestion, both CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were inserted one by one into T-DNA of binary plant expression vector pea. The reconstructed plasmid was named pE14. Then, tomato was transformed with pE14 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV311-SE, four regenerated tomato plants were obtained on the MS medium containing 100 μg/mL kanamycin. Assay of nopaline, dot blotting of tomato genomic DNA and PCR amplication of CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene from genomic DNA showed that CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were transferred into the four regenerated tomato plants simultaneously with T-DNA, and no recombination of genes occurred. RNA dot blotting showed that two of them could express simultaneously the CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene proteins. The resistances to virus and insect of the transgenic tomato plants will be tested in their F1 and F2 regenerations.     

Pathways of accumulation and repair of deoxyuridine residues in DNA of higher and lower organisms

Uracil DNA glycosylase hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond between sugar phosphate backbone and uracil residue appearing as the result of spontaneous deamination of cytosine or during wrong incorporation of dU residues during DNA synthesis. Uracil DNA glycosylases are very conservative enzymes. They have been recognized in all pro- and eukaryotic organisms and also in pox and herpes viruses. This review highlights the pathways of accumulation of uracil and its derivatives in DNA, the main physicochemical and biochemical properties of uracil DNA glycosylase, and regulation of its functioning. Special attention is paid to detailed mechanisms of recognition and removing of damaged (or wrong) base by uracil DNA glycosylase. These mechanisms have been validated by the methods of X-ray analysis and kinetic and thermodynamic approaches.     

烟叶果胶质分解菌的选育

从烟叶叶面分离到产果胶酶真菌 18株 ,在此基础上 ,进行液体培养 ,测定酶活 ,得到一株酶活性较高的黄曲霉DPE - 0 0 5。对该菌株产酶培养基的碳、氮源进行正交法研究 ,正交实验的结果表明 ,影响该菌产酶活性的因素依次为A(麸皮 ) >B(乳糖 ) >C(果胶 ) >D(硫酸铵 ) ,其最佳组合为A2B3C3D1。最适产酶条件为 :麸皮 4 0 % ,果胶 0 3% ,乳糖 1 5 % ,(NH4 ) 2 SO4 0 5 % ,KH2 PO4 0 2 5 % ,MgSO4 ·7H2 O 0 0 5 % ,NaNO30 0 2 % ,FeSO4 ·7H2 O 0 0 0 1% ,起始pH 6 0 ,在 2 8℃摇床培养 7d产酶量达到最高。以玉溪B3F烟叶为材料 ,施加DPE - 0 0 5菌株所产酶液 ,在 5 0℃贮存 12h。经化学成分检测 ,结果表明 ,果胶质降低了 18 15 %。     

Biochemical and Stability Properties of Recombinant Human MnSOD

The light absorption spectral properties of recornbinant human MnSOD. which contains an N-terminal additional methionyl residue, were investigated as a function of pH in the range 4.5–10.5. Whereas the extinction coefficient, ?_M at the UV maximum (282 nm) was essentially independent of pH, the ?_M values of the visible spectrum maximum (482 nm) displayed a bell-shaped dependence with a plateau between pH 6.5 and B. Those spectral changes were reversible and the enzymatic activity was not affected by exposure to buffered solutions at 25°C in the pH range 5–10.5. The stability of MnSOD was determined between 25 and 60°C at two different pH: 6.5 and 8.2. The enzyme was found to be considerably more stable at pH 6.5 than at pH 8.2, both toward aggregation and degradation. The gel permeation properties of MnSOD were investigated: the enzyme is a tetramer, with a subunit of 22.2 kD; however. it elutes from a Superose 12 column (Pharmacia) with an apparent molecular weight of ～60kD. Under dissociative conditions (such as guanidine-HCI). molecular weights corresponding to the dimer and monomer could also be demonstrated. It thus appears that the tetramer adopts a non-globular shape. which causes the deviation from the Stokes radius corresponding to its molecular weight.