施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响

为充分发挥间套作种植体系磷素高效利用优势、降低土壤磷素流失,采用田间试验分析了3种施磷(P_2O_5)水平(CP:168 kg·hm^-2;RP_1:135 kg·hm^-2;RP_2:101 kg·hm^-2)与3个施磷深度(D_1:集中施在距离地面5 cm处;D_2:集中施在距离地面15 cm处;D_3:于距离地面5、15 cm处各施一半)处理下玉米-大豆套作系统作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷与速效磷含量、磷吸附-解吸特征,以期为优化西南玉米-大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照不施磷处理(P_0)相比,各施磷处理显著增加了作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量.相同施肥深度下,处理RP_1与CP相比,作物籽粒产量差异不显著,但显著提高了植株地上部吸磷量,因此RP_1处理的磷素表观利用率显著高于CP处理.相同施磷量下,不同施磷深度间比较,作物地上部生物量、籽粒产量、植株吸磷量、土壤全磷和速效磷含量均以D_2处理最高.依据土壤磷的吸附-解吸特征参数可知,当施磷深度为D_2、施磷量为RP_1时,土壤对磷的固持能力最强,在降低磷素流失上表现出较强优势.因此,玉米-大豆套作系统中适当减少磷肥施用量和加大磷肥施用深度在保证作物产量的同时,有利于提高磷素利用率,减少土壤磷流失.

Effects of phosphorus application rates and depths on P utilization and loss risk in a maize-soybean intercropping system

In order to explore the advantage of intercropping on phosphorus (P) efficient utilization and the reduction of soil P loss, a field experiment in a maize-soybean intercropping system, which included three P application (P₂O₅) rates (CP: 168 kg·hm^-2; RP₁: 135 kg·hm^-2; RP₂: 101 kg·hm^-2) and three P application depths (D₁: applied in 5 cm depth; D₂: applied in 15 cm depth; D₃: 1/2 of P fertilizer applied in 5 cm depth and another 1/2 in 15 cm depth) was carried out to analyze the effects of P application rates and depth on crop aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop P uptake, soil total and available P contents, and soil P adsorption-desorption characteristics. Compared with control treatment, the aboveground biomass, grain yield, crop P uptake, soil total P, and available P content were increased significantly by P application, regardless of P rate and application depth. Under the same application depth, RP₁ had similar grain yield but higher crop P uptake compared with CP, and thus higher P apparent utilization efficiency. Under the same P application rate, the application depth of D₂ had the highest crop aboveground biomass, grain yield, P uptake, soil total P, and available P. According to the characteristic of soil P adsorption-desorption, the treatment with the rate of RP₁ and the depth of D₂ had the strongest soil P retention capacity, which had advantage in alleviating P loss. These results suggested that reducing application rate but increasing application depth of P fertilizer could improve P use efficiency and reduce soil P loss without sacrifice in crop production in maize-soybean relay intercropping system.