林青链霉菌双亲灭活原生质体融合的研究

分别以紫外线、热灭活性林肯链霉菌947和9502原生质体,然后进行灭活双亲的原生质体融合,从16株融合子筛选到林青霉素高产株。用双亲的互补营养缺陷型对林肯链霉菌原生质体的制备、融合、再生的部分条件进行了研究。发现含0．4％Gly和34％蔗糖的SM培养基最适于实验菌株原生质体的制备、再生。聚乙二醇（PEG）分子量对原生质体融合影响不大,其在P缓冲液中的浓度却很重要。含50％PEG的P缓冲液最有利于原生质体融合。     

树状多节孢的双亲灭活原生质体融合*

以紫杉醇产生菌树状多节孢HQD33的诱发突变株UL50-6和UL40-19 为出发菌株,将收集到的出发菌株UL50-6和UL40-19的菌丝体分别用pH5.5~6.0的0.7mol/L NaCl配制的3%溶壁酶、2%蜗牛酶、1%溶菌酶组成的复合酶系,30℃恒温酶解3~5h,制备原生质体。两菌株的原生质体经纯化后分别用热和紫外线灭活,其中UL50-6的原生质体在54℃热灭活5分钟,UL40-19的原生质体在30W紫外灯下,30cm,照射85秒进行紫外灭活,双亲株的原生质体存活再生率为零。同时对融合条件进行了初步探索,以含有Ca2 和Gly的35%~40%的PEG作为融合剂,融合时间为20分钟时,融合率可以达到4.44?0-2~6.92?0-2。对融合株TPF-1与双亲株的形态学、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物同工酶进行分析,确证其为双亲株的融合子。     

双亲灭活制备粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子

目的:采用双亲灭活原生质体技术制备粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子,并测定其抑菌活性。方法:经0.2%溶菌酶处理获得粘质沙雷氏菌的原生质体并热灭活;经混合酶(0.8%溶菌酶+1.2%蜗牛酶+1.6%纤维素酶)处理获得红曲霉的原生质体并紫外灭活;用含25%PEG的原生质体融合剂进行促融合与再生。观察融合子的菌落形态和色素合成能力,测定融合子色素提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性。结果:在优化条件下,粘质沙雷氏菌原生质体的形成率为92.58%,红曲霉原生质体形成数约为106个/mL,两菌原生质体灭活率均为100%。共获得13个融合子,9个能产红色素,融合率为1×10-5%。其中8个融合子的95%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌表现出不同程度的抑制。结论:采用双亲灭活原生质体技术,能够制备具有抑菌活性的粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子。     

双亲灭活制备粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子

目的：采用双亲灭活原生质体技术制备粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子,并测定其抑菌活性。方法：经0.2%溶菌酶处理获得粘质沙雷氏菌的原生质体并热灭活;经混合酶（0.8%溶菌酶＋1.2%蜗牛酶＋1.6%纤维素酶）处理获得红曲霉的原生质体并紫外灭活;用含25%PEG的原生质体融合剂进行促融合与再生。观察融合子的菌落形态和色素合成能力,测定融合子色素提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性。结果：在优化条件下,粘质沙雷氏菌原生质体的形成率为92.58%,红曲霉原生质体形成数约为106个/mL,两菌原生质体灭活率均为100%。共获得13个融合子,9个能产红色素,融合率为1×10-5%。其中8个融合子的95%乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌表现出不同程度的抑制。结论：采用双亲灭活原生质体技术,能够制备具有抑菌活性的粘质沙雷氏菌和红曲霉的跨界产色素融合子。     

链霉菌原生质体种间融合提高细胞分裂素效价的研究

本文报道粉红孢类群的泾阳链霉菌与淡紫灰链霉菌不液化亚种的原生质体种间融合重组的结果。利用单亲灭活和双亲株的遗传标记筛选细胞分裂素的融合子,融合率为 10-4—10-2。在所得的融合菌株中,F1211菌株的CTK效价为292μg/L,F1613的CTK效价为857μg／L,比低产原始亲株提高2—7倍,比高产亲株提高0.3--3.0倍。在电子显微镜下观察到融合过程。     

链霉菌菌株A与哈茨木霉T-23原生质体融合条件的研究

报道了链霉菌菌株和哈茨木霉菌株属问原生质体融合构建生防工程菌的前期研究成果,研究结果显示：链霉菌菌株A与哈茨木霉T-23分别以1000μg／ml庆大霉素和50～53℃热灭活120min作为遗传标记;融合系统采用聚乙二醇(PEG)作为促融剂,通过对PEG最佳分子量、浓度、处理时间的筛选,确立最佳融合技术系统,即内含0．05mol／L Ca^2 的35％ PEG6000,融合处理15min。所得融合子经过选择再生培养基培养后,在132株融合子中初步筛选出2株稳定的融合子。经孢子大小和DNA含量测定,确立一株为单倍重组体,另一株为杂合二倍体。     

金色链霉菌转化系统的优化

12 %的蔗糖浓度、 0 5 %甘氨酸、溶菌酶酶解 1h,是金色链霉菌原生质体制备的较优条件。采用麸皮再生培养基替代R2YE再生培养基 ,原生质体再生率、生长及筛选效果得到明显改善。P buffer介导的质粒转化效率高于T buffer,33%的PEG1 0 0 0是质粒转化金色链霉菌原生质的最适浓度。     

亚硝基胍诱变选育林肯霉素高产菌株

以林肯链霉菌９４７－８（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｌｉｎｃｏｌｎｅｎｓｉｓ９４７－８）为出发菌株（产林肯霉素９４０γ／ｍｌ）。采用孢子热处理方法处理出发菌株孢子,得到变异株９４７－８ｓ,产林肯霉素１０８０γ／ｍｌ。对９４７－８ｓ菌株进行ＮＴＧ诱变处理,得变异株９４７－８ｘ,产林肯霉素为１２１８γ／ｍｌ,且生产能力稳定。     

酿酒酵母W5及休哈塔假丝酵母20335原生质体制备条件的确定

确定了酿酒酵母W5及休哈塔假丝酵母20335原生质体制备的最佳条件。选取不同脱壁预处理时间及不同酶解时间,对酿酒酵母W5、休哈塔假丝酵母20335进行原生质体制备和再生,比较制备率和再生率。确定脱壁预处理30 min后,以终浓度2%的蜗牛酶,30℃、100 r/min酶解处理15 min为双亲株原生质体制备的最佳条件。利用原生质体融合的方法,以酿酒酵母W5和休哈塔假丝酵母20335为亲本株,构建可以利用木糖生产生物乙醇的新型酿酒酵母融合株,该前期工作为W5、20335原生质体融合工作奠定了重要的基础,对于将木质纤维素原料转化为生物乙醇的研究具有极其重要的意义。     

林肯链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶活力调节的研究

对不同氮源生长条件下林肯链霉菌无细胞粗提液中谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)的研究结果表明 ,高浓度NH+4阻遏了GS的生物合成。从不同氮源生长条件下林肯链霉菌中分离纯化了GS ,其性质没有差别。以受腺苷化调节的产气克雷伯氏菌GS作对照 ,林肯链霉菌GS没有明显的氨休克作用 ,经蛇毒磷酸二酯酶处理后 ,其活力没有变化。这些结果都说明林肯链霉菌GS不存在腺苷化共价修饰这一调节方式。反馈抑制作用是林肯链霉菌GS的一种重要的调节方式 ,这种抑制作用是以累积的方式进行的 ,这表明各种抑制剂对GS作用位点不同 ,各种抑制剂对GS的抑制作用是相互独立的。由此推测 ,林肯链霉菌GS是一种变构酶。     

Protoplast Fusion of Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 was successfully converted to protoplasts by treatment with endo-7V-acetyl muramidase in sucrose phosphate buffer. For full hydrolysis of cell walls, a high concentration of sucrose and a cold shock were necessary. Mg²⁺ ions enhanced the stability of protoplasting cells. The cell wall regeneration of protoplasts was more effective on gelatin-induced regeneration medium than with the soft overlay method. The optimal concentration of gelatin was 2.5%. The frequency of regeneration was found to be about 6% for the protoplast prepared by enzyme treatment for 20 min. The mutants having streptomycin resistance and rifampicin resistance, as selection markers for the detection of fusion, were isolated by UV irradiation and NTG treatment. These mutants were stable for at least several transfers. Protoplast fusion was carried out using PEG (50% solution of polyethyleneglycol, M.W. 6,000). The frequency of protoplast fusion was found to be about 10^-5.     

Transformation ofStreptomyces lincolnensis protoplasts with plasmid vectors

A method for the preparation and regeneration of protoplasts of Streptomyces lincolnensis is described. Mycelium in the early exponential phase appeared to be most suitable for this purpose and yielded up to 25% regenerated intact cells. Transformation of S. lincolnensis protoplasts was achieved using broad-host-range streptomycete plasmid vectors pIJ622, pMP66, pRS410 and pIJ943 constructed from replicons pIJ101, pSLG33 and SCP2. The efficiency of transformation was 3.10(3) transformants per micrograms plasmid DNA when (2-5).10(7) recipient protoplasts were used. Interspecific transformations showed that there is no efficient restriction system in S. lincolnensis that would limit the transfer of genetic information from S. lividans or E. coli.     

林可链霉菌转化系统的建立

利用基因工程技术改良抗生素生产菌有着广阔的应用前景［１］。值得尝试的是将抗生素生物合成基因片段随机或定向组合导入生产菌中,通过同源重组方式提高生物合成途径中限速步骤相关基因的剂量,以达到提高生产菌发酵单位的目的。此战略被作者称为“基因回转化技术”,并...     

Application of protoplast fusion technique to genetic recombination of Micromonospora rosaria

The optimum conditions for efficient formation and regeneration of Micromonospora rosaria protoplasts have been determined. The state of inoculum culture and stage of growth in a medium containing partially growth-inhibiting concentrations of glycine had significant effects on protoplasting. A high frequency of regeneration was accomplished with a hypertonic regeneration agar medium. A slight difference was found in the optimum culture age for formation and regeneration of protoplasts. Protoplast fusion was carried out using these optimum conditions. The recombinant frequency varied from 0.7 to 5.9% in the intraspecific crosses employing single and multiple auxotrophic markers. Electron microscopy showed stable and intact protoplasts when they were prepared with a hypertonic buffer. However, many protoplasts were shown to be damaged and many membraneous vesicles were observed when prepared in buffer without sucrose. The fusion process of protoplasts of Micromonospora was observed with the aid of electron microscopy.     

单亲灭活柠檬酸杆菌与奇球菌原生质体融合

利用单亲灭活原生质体技术对柠檬酸杆菌和奇球菌原生质体进行了融合,考察了原生质体制备条件与融合中的影响因素。试验表明,随着溶菌酶浓度,酶解时间的增加和温度的上升,原生质体的形成率呈上升趋势,而再生率则逐渐下降。另外,正交试验结果表明,在PEG(6000)浓度40%、融合时间10min、融合温度42°C、pH值为8的条件下促融,最大融合频率可达2.74×10-7。筛选出来的融合子传代10次,性状稳定。进一步研究发现融合子在铀溶度为85mg/L时,比柠檬酸杆菌耐受性好;融合子和亲本吸附比较试验中,融合子总体吸附性能比柠檬酸杆菌略高。研究结果为耐辐射基因工程菌的构建提供了基础。     

红曲霉原生质体的制备、再生及其遗传转化系统

原生质体是研究和建立真菌遗传转化系统的重要工具。为了建立原生质体介导的红曲霉遗传转化系统,考察了各种细胞壁裂解酶和渗透压稳定剂等对红曲霉原生质体形成和再生的影响。将红曲霉分生孢子在铺有玻璃纸的平板上30℃培养30~40 h收获的菌丝体最有利于原生质体的形成和释放。红曲霉菌丝体形成和释放原生质体最适裂解酶和酶解时间分别为：0.3 % lysing enzyme、0.1 % cellulase和1 % snailase的酶组合,30℃作用2.5 h;最适渗透压稳定剂是：1mol /L MgSO4。最适合原生质体再生的培养基为含0.6 mol/L蔗糖的CM培养基。原生质体液涂布单层再生培养基的方法,再生率最高,菌株M34和N18分别为8.5 %和36.4 %。在PEG和CaCl2存在下,以潮霉素B为抗生素选择标记,用质粒pBC-Hygro和pNL1共转化菌株M34原生质体,每微克DNA克获得100个稳定转化子。     

链霉菌11371原生质体的制备与再生

为选育链霉菌11371的高产Tetramycin菌株,摸索该菌株的原生质体的制备与再生。结果表明,链霉菌11371原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件为菌丝生长培养液中甘氨酸浓度为0．7％,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为42h,溶菌酶浓度为3mg／mL,酶解温度为37℃,酶解时间为90min。最佳再生培养基为R2YE培养基。     

Conditions for induced fusion of fungal protoplasts in polyethylene glycol solutions.

Solutions containing polyethylene glycol MW 6000 (PEG) induced fusion of protoplasts of Penicillium chrysogenum. Balanced heterokaryons were formed by fusion of nutritionally complementing protoplasts. Heterokaryotic fusion products were obtained up to a frequency of 4% of the number of protoplasts, surviving the fusion treatment. Investigation of the conditions, necessary to achieve this high fusion frequency, showed that supplementing the PEG solution with Ca++ and adjustment to high pH gave the best results. Mechanisms of fusion of fungal protoplasts by PEG, calcium and alkaline pH are discussed in view of the obtained results.     

甘蓝型油菜与芝麻菜体的细胞杂交

为拓宽油菜育种的基因资源库, 改良油菜品种, 以甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)花油3号下胚轴和芝麻菜(Eruca sativa)下胚轴为材料分离制备原生质体; 然后采用PEG-高Ca2+-高pH法进行原生质体融合, 当PEG浓度为35%, 原生质体融合密度为5×105个/mL时, 融合25 min时, 融合率可达18.2%。融合后在培养密度为1×105个/mL时, 以附加1.0 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+ 200 mg/L肌醇+300 mg/L水解酪蛋白的改良的KM8p为融合体培养基, 以0.1 mol/L 蔗糖+0.2 mol/L葡萄糖+0.2 mol/L甘露醇作渗透稳定剂进行液体浅层培养, 效果较好, 愈伤组织再生率最高为6.8%。将融合体再生的小愈伤组织转移至培养基(B5无机盐+0.087 mol/L蔗糖+0.2 mg/L 2, 4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.5% Agar, pH 5.8)上增殖培养, 待愈伤组织长至直径为3~5 mm时, 及时将其转至分化培养基(MS无机盐+0.087 mol/L 蔗糖+0.1 mg/L IAA+0.8 mg/L 6-BA+0.8% Agar, pH 5.8)中诱导不定芽再生, 芽分化率为35.7%。当不定芽长为2~3 cm时, 将其切下转入附加0.5 mg/L IBA+0.2 mg/L 6-BA的1/2MS生根培养基中诱导生根, 14 d左右即可形成再生植株, 生根率可达88%。同时, 以紫外线(60 μW/cm2)照射芝麻菜原生质体, 进行不对称融合, 照射2 min的获得了愈伤组织和再生植株, 照射4 min的只获得愈伤组织, 而照射5 min以上的没有获得愈伤组织, 但其愈伤组织再生、增殖及植株再生均不如对称融合。从细胞学鉴定的21块杂种愈伤组织上再生出16株杂种植株。     

Polyethylene Glycol Induced Fusion of Selected Pairs of Single Protoplasts

A new method for polyethylene glycol (PEG) -induced fusion between single pairs of selected protoplasts was developed. The protoplasts were prepared from tobacco leaves. Under an inverted microscope two defined protoplasts were selected with a hand-made micropipette and transferred into a droplet of fusion solution containing 25 % PEG (M. W. 6000), 0. 1 mol/L mannitol and 0. 01 mol/L CaCl2 · 2H2O (pH 5.6). Slightly moving the pipette caused the protoplasts to contact and adhere to each other, the fusion pairs were then transferred to a solution containing 10% PEG, 0.35 mol/L sucrose and 0. 01 mol/L CaCl2 · 2H2O (pH 5.6) for approximately 10 min, followed by subsequent washing with a solution containing 0.45 mol/L sucrose and 0.04 mol/L CaC12 · 2H20 (pH 7—9). Compared with conventional fusion methods adopted to protoplast population, the present method can avoid either blind fusion of protoplasts belonging to one partner and fusion among multiple protoplasts, or the presence of unfused protoplasts, thus ensure the fusion to be precisely at the level of a selected pair of single protoplasts. Moreover, it is simple and convenient enough to show its potentiality for wide application in somatic hybridization and particularly in the case of small quantity of parental protoplasts such as in vitro intergametic fusion studies.