水稻U-Box蛋白质在不同发育时期的表达分析

真核生物基因组中广泛存在U-Box基因,其编码蛋白大部分是泛素系统中决定底物特异性识别的E3蛋白,其构象与RING-finger极其相似．U-Box蛋白质能促进底物蛋白泛素化降解,对细胞内异常蛋白的降解及质量控制方面发挥着重要的作用．水稻基因组中有77个U-Box蛋白质,系统了解它们的表达可为功能研究提供数据．制备针对水稻U-Box蛋白质的抗体,了解水稻中U-Box蛋白质在不同发育时期的表达信息,为功能研究积累数据．选取了4个水稻U-Box蛋白质,其共同结构特点为U-Box结构在N端,C端有ARM结构．用计算机软件预测抗原决定簇,细菌体系体外表达、纯化U-Box蛋白质的片段,免疫动物制备多克隆抗体,用Western blotting检测U-Box蛋白质在水稻品种93-11苗期地上部和地下部、分蘖期根和茎、孕穗期剑叶和幼穗、开花期剑叶和穗子、成熟期剑叶和种子中的表达,并与EST数据库中公布的U-Box蛋白质EST数据进行了比较分析．体外克隆表达后,获得了纯化的蛋白质,制备的抗体特异性强,蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)检测可见一条明显的主带,其中Os06g01304和Os12g38210两个蛋白质的表观分子质量与预测分子质量相符,Os01g66130和Os08g01900两个蛋白质的表观分子质量低于预测分子质量．4个U-Box蛋白质在水稻生长发育的不同时期或部位基本上是组成型表达,且表达量接近．对NCBI上公布的来自274个文库100万条以上的EST进行分析,可以看出4个U-Box蛋白质EST的数量分布大致均匀,与Western blotting结果揭示的组成型表达平行,与ATPase、HSP81-3、EGF-1 alpha和RuBisCo等对照基因相比,U-Box基因的EST数目相对很少,说明它们属于低丰度转录的基因．选取了4个水稻U-Box蛋白质,通过抗原决定簇预测,表达片段蛋白,制备了特异性抗体,证明了这一技术路线的可行性．利用抗体对水稻不同发育时期材料进行蛋白质表达谱研究,发现这些U-Box蛋白质呈组成型表达,与EST数据揭示的结果具有平行性．所制备的抗体也为相关功能研究,如免疫共沉淀、ChIP-on-chip、Pull-down以及在抗病、抗逆反应中U-Box蛋白质的表达等,积累了 资源．     

水稻叶绿体蛋白质在生长发育过程中的表达研究

在植物中,叶绿体是负责光合作用的细胞器,对叶绿体内的各种生物过程人们已经积累了很多知识,但对叶绿体蛋白质的表达还所知甚少．为了解水稻叶绿体蛋白质在正常生长发育过程中的表达情况,尝试基于抗体的水稻蛋白质组学策略．选取了10个水稻叶绿体基因,利用表达的蛋白质或合成的抗原决定簇片段制备了抗体,用Western blotting检测了相应蛋白质在5个发育时期的根、茎、叶及穗组织中的表达．发现10个蛋白质均在叶片中表达,在根中不表达．与原初反应相关的叶绿素A/B结合蛋白1和2(CAB1和CAB2)、与电子传递相关的放氧增强蛋白1(OEE1)及与活性氧清除相关的过氧还蛋白过氧化物酶(2-CysP)和硫氧还蛋白(Trx)在茎中表达．而在卡尔文循环中发挥作用的Rubisco活化酶(RCA)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶(FBPA)和景天庚酮糖-1, 7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)蛋白质在茎中不表达．在穗中,这些蛋白质的表达时序不同,CAB2和2-CysP在穗发育的全程表达,CAB1和OEE1在中后期表达,而卡尔文循环中的蛋白质只在中期表达．有意思的是,卡尔文循环中的蛋白质表达模式相似,这一结果从蛋白质表达水平支持它们之间的相互衔接关系．此外,实验还揭示了可能的蛋白质修饰、二聚体及不同的转录本现象．将目标基因的表达谱与转录谱进行比较,发现二者间有一定的平行性,但也有明显的区别．以水稻叶绿体蛋白质为对象,直观并相对定量地揭示了它们的表达模式,为阐释其功能提供了信息,也为基于抗体的水稻蛋白质组学策略提供了一个初步数据．     

水稻虫害诱导相关基因实时定量PCR中内参基因的选择

实时定量PCR技术广泛应用于植物功能基因转录水平变化的研究, 选择合适的内参基因进行相对定量分析是实验结果准确的关键因素。通过分析5个常用的内参基因(eEF-1α、18S rRNA、25S rRNA、Actin和UBQ5)在水稻(Oryza sativa)经过各种处理后表达的稳定性, 结果表明, 水稻经过机械损伤处理后eEF-1α基因的表达最稳定; 二化螟处理后25S rRNA基因的表达最为稳定; 稻纵卷叶螟处理后Actin基因的表达最稳定; 两种刺吸式口器昆虫褐飞虱和白背飞虱危害后, UBQ5基因的表达最稳定。同时, 利用OsHI-LOX基因在不同处理后的表达来评价这些内参基因。研究结果为水稻虫害诱导实时定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择提供了理论依据。     

Synthesis of 60- and 72 kDa heat shock proteins in early porcine embryogenesis

Proteins of selected embryonic stages were metabolically labeled with [(35)S]-methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) to study protein expression from 4- to 8-cell to blastocyst stage of porcine embryos. Two proteins with molecular weights of 60 and 72kDa were de novo synthesized during the 4- to 8-cell stage were the earliest that were detected. They were identified as HSP60 and HSP72 according to their locations on 2-D autoradiography and the immunoblotting result of anti-HSP 60 and HSP 72 antibodies of 1-cell stage of porcine embryos. In protein translation in early pig embryogenesis the timing of their synthesis suggests that HSP60 and HSP72 play significant roles as chaperones.     

Endogenous expression and developmental changes of HSP72 in rat skeletal muscles

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether endogenous factor(s) contributes to the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) during the early developmental stages of rat skeletal muscles. HSP72 was expressed in both the soleus and plantaris muscles at embryonic day 22 (E22). On the basis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) immunohistochemistry, HSP72 was specifically expressed in slow type I fibers in both muscles. These slow fibers were observed throughout the entire cross section of the soleus muscle and only in the deep region (close to the bone) of the plantaris muscle. These results indicate that the expression of HSP72 is related to endogenous factors associated with type I fibers, because E22 rats have minimal exogenous influences and the soleus and plantaris muscles of E22 rats have similar metabolic and contractile profiles at this stage of development. We then examined the changes in HSP72 and heat shock cognate (HSC) 73 in the same two muscles from E22 to postnatal day 56 via Western blotting. The level of HSP72 in the soleus muscle gradually increased in parallel with the increment in the type I MHC isoform. Compared with the soleus, only a small amount of HSP72 could be detected in the plantaris muscle throughout the developmental period. For both muscles, HSC73 reached levels observed in adult muscles at postnatal day 3, and these levels were unchanged thereafter. These results indicate that the expression of HSP72, but not HSC73, is influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors during the embryonic and early developmental periods.     

Expression of heat shock and cold shock proteins in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata

In this study, we analyzed the response of the temperate, shallow-water gorgonian, Leptogorgia virgulata, to temperature stress. Proteins were pulse labeled with (35)S-methionine/cysteine for 1 h to 2 h at 22 degrees C (control), or 38 degrees C, or for 4 h at 12.5 degrees C. Heat shock induced synthesis of unique proteins of 112, 89, and 74 kDa, with 102, 98 and 56 kDa proteins present in the control as well. Cold shock from 22 degrees C-12.5 degrees C induced the synthesis of a 25 kDa protein, with a 44 kDa protein present in the control as well. Control samples expressed unique proteins of 38, and 33 kDa. Non-radioactive proteins expressed under the same conditions as above, as well as natural field conditions, were tested for reactivity with antibodies to heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSP60 was the major protein found in L. virgulata. Although HSP47, HSP60, and HSP104 were present in all samples, the expression of HSP60 was enhanced in heat stressed colonies, while HSP47 and HSP104 expression were greatest in cold shocked samples. Inducible HSP70 was expressed in cold-shocked, heat-shocked, and field samples. Constitutively expressed HSP70 was absent from all samples. The expression of HSP90 was limited to heat shocked colonies. The expression of both HSP70 and HSP104 suggests that the organism may also develop a stress tolerance response.     

Expression of sunflower low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins during embryogenesis and persistence after germination: localization and possible functional implications

We isolated and sequenced Ha hsp 17.9, a DNA complementary (cDNA) of dry-seed stored mRNA that encodes a low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein (LMW HSP). Sequence analysis identified Ha hsp17.9, and the previously reported Ha hsp17.6, as cDNAs encoding proteins (HSP17.6 and HSP17.9) which belong to different families of cytoplasmic LMW HSPs. Using specific antibodies we observed differential expression of both proteins during zygotic embryogenesis under controlled environment, and a remarkable persistence of these LMW HSPs during germination. Immuno-blot analysis of HSP17.9 proteins in two-dimensional gels revealed that the polypeptides expressed in embryos were indistinguishable from LMW HSPs expressed in vegetative tissues in response to water deficit; but they appeared different from homologeous proteins expressed in response to thermal-stress. Tissue-print immunolocalization experiments showed that HSP17.9 and HSP17.6 were homogeneously distributed in every tissue of desiccation-tolerant dry seeds and young seedlings under non-stress conditions. These results demonstrate developmental regulation of specific, cytoplasmic, plant LMW HSPs, suggesting also their involvement in water-stress tolerance.     

Differences in heat shock protein 70 expression during larval and early spat development in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)

For a variety of species, changes in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) have been linked to key developmental changes, i.e., gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and metamorphosis. Many marine invertebrates are known to have a biphasic life cycle where pelagic larvae go through settlement and metamorphosis as they transition to the benthic life stage. A series of experiments were run to examine the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) during larval and early spat (initial benthic phase) development in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In addition, the impact of thermal stress on HSP 70 expression during these early stages was studied. C. virginica larvae and spat expressed three HSP 70 isoforms, two constitutive, HSC 77 and HSC 72, and one inducible, HSP 69. We found differences in the expression of both the constitutive and inducible forms of HSP 70 among larval and early juvenile stages and in response to thermal stress. Low expression of HSP 69 during early larval and spat development may be associated with the susceptibility of these stages to environmental stress. Although developmental regulation of HSP 70 expression has been widely recognized, changes in its expression during settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates are still unknown. The results of the current study demonstrated a reduction of HSP 70 expression during settlement and metamorphosis in the Eastern oyster, C. virginica.     

灰飞虱中IKK相关基因的鉴定及其在水稻条纹病毒侵染中的功能

【目的】本研究旨在鉴定灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus中的IκB激酶(IκB kinase,IKK)相关基因,并调查其在灰飞虱抗病毒中的作用,以进一步深入理解传毒介体应对植物病毒的先天免疫机制。【方法】通过生物信息学鉴定了灰飞虱基因组中IKK相关基因;以无毒及水稻条纹病毒(rice stripe virus,RSV)侵染的灰飞虱为材料,利用RT-PCR方法检测IKK相关基因在无毒灰飞虱各个龄期(卵、1-5龄若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫)及成虫不同组织(肠道、唾液腺、血淋巴、脂肪体、卵巢和精巢)中的表达量;利用qRT-PCR方法检测无毒以及RSV侵染后的灰飞虱IKK相关基因在各个龄期及成虫不同组织中的表达量;通过对3龄若虫注射IKK基因dsRNA进行RNA干扰后,利用qRT-PCR检测带毒灰飞虱中表示病毒含量的RSV外壳蛋白(CP)基因转录水平。【结果】在灰飞虱基因组中鉴定到了两个IKK相关基因即IKKα(GenBank登录号:MK903504)和TANK结合激酶1(TANK-binding kinase1)基因TBK 1(GenBank登录号:MN124506)。IKKα开放阅读框长2379 bp,编码792个氨基酸;TBK 1开放阅读框长1551 bp,编码516个氨基酸。两个基因编码的蛋白都具有1个保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶结构域和1个泛素折叠结构域。RT-PCR结果表明,IKKα和TBK 1在无毒灰飞虱各个龄期及成虫不同组织中均有表达。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,IKKα和TBK 1在RSV侵染后的灰飞虱各个龄期及成虫不同组织中的表达水平与其在无毒灰飞虱中的表达量之间存在明显差异。进一步将RSV侵染后的灰飞虱3龄若虫中的IKKα和TBK 1干扰后,带毒灰飞虱中的RSV含量显著上升。【结论】本研究结果表明,NF-κB信号途径中的两个重要基因IKKα和TBK 1在灰飞虱中广泛表达,且在灰飞虱抵御RSV的侵入过程中可能具有重要功能。这些结果为今后进一步深入研究NF-κB免疫通路在灰飞虱抗病毒中的功能提供了丰富的基础信息。     

菜粉蝶热激蛋白70(HSP70)基因的分子特性及其对杀虫剂胁迫的响应

【目的】明确菜粉蝶Pieris rapae热激蛋白70(HSP70)基因的分子特性及其对杀虫剂胁迫的响应,为探索菜粉蝶HSP70基因在抵御杀虫剂胁迫中的功能提供前期基础。【方法】利用同源检索方法,从菜粉蝶转录组数据中鉴定HSP70基因;使用生物信息学方法分析HSP70基因的分子特性;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析HSP70基因在菜粉蝶不同发育阶段(2-5龄幼虫、蛹和雌雄成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(中肠、马氏管、脂肪体和体壁)以及LD₂₀剂量高效氯氟氰菊酯(0.12 ng/μL)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(1.04 ng/μL)胁迫下4龄幼虫体内的表达谱。【结果】从菜粉蝶转录组中鉴定了3个HSP70基因(PrHsp70-1, PrHsp70-2和PrHsp70-3) (GenBank登录号分别为MW691114, MW691115和MW691116),它们分别编码628, 630和653个氨基酸,分子量分别为68.7, 69.2和71.7 kD。生物信息学分析结果表明,3个PrHSP70蛋白均为胞质蛋白,且均含有HSP70家族的特征序列。PrHsp70-1和PrHsp70-2无内含子,而PrHsp70-3含有1个内含子。随着幼虫龄期的增加,PrHsp70-1和PrHsp70-2的表达量也不断上调,但在蛹期和成虫期下调;PrHsp70-3在供试的不同发育阶段样本中的表达量无显著差异。PrHsp70-1高量表达于幼虫脂肪体,PrHsp70-2高量表达于幼虫中肠,PrHsp70-3在幼虫体壁和脂肪体中表达量均较高。LD₂₀剂量高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯虫苯甲酰胺均能诱导3个PrHsp70基因显著上调表达,但不同基因的响应速度有差异;此外,LD₂₀剂量高效氯氟氰菊酯处理24 h后,PrHsp70-3显著下调表达。【结论】PrHsp70基因可能在菜粉蝶生长发育以及抵御杀虫剂胁迫中均有重要作用。     

Expression of the Tribolium castaneum （Coleoptera： Tenebrionidae） hsp83 gene and its relation to oogenesis during ovarian maturation

Heat shock proteins (HSP) can protect organisms and cells from thermal damage. In this study, we cloned the full length cDNA encoding the HSP83 protein (the homologue of HSP90) of Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle). The isolated cDNA contains the full coding sequence, a partial 5′ untranslated region of 55 bp and the complete 3′ untranslated region. We found the hsp83 gene is located on chromosome 5 of the T. castaneum genome. The predicted HSP83 protein sequence has a high similarity (on average 86.77%) with that of other insect species. The expression of the hsp83 gene in the whole body and in the ovary could be induced with heat stress (40°C for 1 h) in newly hatched (within 3 h post emergence) and mature (10 days post emergence) beetles. Under normal conditions, the hsp83 expression in the ovary is about 3-fold higher than in the whole body at both stages. No significant difference in hsp83 expression was observed between the two ovarian developmental stages regardless if the beetles were treated with heat shock or not. The expression of the HSP83 protein in the whole body could also be induced with heat stress in newly hatched and mature beetles. However, in the ovary, HSP83 was only expressed in the follicle cells of mature beetles and not in newly hatched beetles, regardless if the beetles were treated with heat shock or not. Furthermore, the females were not able to produce mature oocytes after knock-down of the hsp83 expression by injecting dsRNA. These results suggest that the HSP83 protein is involved in protection against heat stress and could be involved in oogenesis during ovarian maturation of T. castaneum.     

分子改造cryNAc基因的转基因水稻创制及其功能评价

利用蛋白质工程技术对Cry蛋白进行改造是创制新Bt蛋白的主要途径之一。Cry蛋白改造涉及结构域交换、定点突变、蛋白截断等多种方法。利用结构域交换、密码子优化方法对Bt基因进行合理化设计改造,获得新型Bt蛋白编码基因cryNAc,进一步利用农杆菌介导法转入吉林省水稻主栽品种吉粳88中,并开展了转基因后代的分子鉴定和抗虫性功能评价相关研究工作。分子检测结果表明cryNAc基因成功整合进入吉粳88基因组中,且稳定表达;CryNAc蛋白在各个发育时期根、茎、叶中的表达存在显著差异,灌浆期水稻叶片中蛋白表达量最高（2 959.73 ng/g）,分蘖期茎中蛋白表达量最低（150.9 ng/g）;田间接虫试验表明cryNAc转基因水稻抗二化螟的能力显著。上述结果表明cryNAc基因可作为新的cry基因用于作物遗传改良。