烟曲霉抗原Asp f16HLA-A*0201限制性的CD8+CTL抗原表位生物信息学预测与实验室鉴定

目的 预测与鉴定烟曲霉抗原Asp f16的HLA-A *0201限制性CD8+细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)抗原表位.方法 以国人常见的HLA-A*0201位点为靶点,依据生物信息学软件扫描烟曲霉特异性抗原Asp f16的全部427个氨基酸序列.使用HLA-A *0201转基因小鼠制备骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DC)和CTL.流式细胞仪技术检测DC表面MHC Ⅱ类抗原,CD80,CD86和CD11c的表达来验证其是否成熟.ELISPOT试验检测烟曲霉抗原多肽特异性CTL产生的细胞因子IFN-γ.四聚体(Tetramer)试验证实烟曲霉特异性CTL与抗原肽,HLA-A*0201分子复合体的亲和性.结果 根据与MHC I类分子结合的半衰期评分,选择了3个HLA-A*0201限制性抗原表位.流式细胞仪分析示成熟DC高表达HLA Ⅱ类抗原,CD80,CD86和CD11c.Tetramer试验证实烟曲霉特异性T细胞受体与抗原肽,HLA-A*0201分子复合体的高亲和性.ELISPOT实验结果 表明烟曲霉抗原肽体外可以活化CD8+CTL,被负载了抗原肽的DC刺激活化后可以产生IFN-γ.结论 本研究成功鉴定烟曲霉抗原Asp f16的HLA-A*0201限制性CD8+CTL表位,可作为疫苗设计的候选表位,为进一步研发新型抗烟曲霉疫苗提供参考.     

乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原及Flt3配体双表达核酸疫苗的小鼠免疫应答研究

目的 构建乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)和Flt3配体(FL)胞外段双表达核酸疫苗,并观察其免疫原性。方法 分别将HBcAg、FL基因克隆入pJW4303载体,获得双表达核酸疫苗,体外转染293T细胞检测目的基因的表达。分组免疫BABL／c小鼠,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测小鼠血清抗-HBc IgG效价,酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测HBcAg特异性Th1／Th2型细胞因子的分泌水平。结果 所构建疫苗在体外均能表达HBcAg和FL,当基因位于内部核糖体切入位点(IRES)元件上游时表达水平明显较优。pJW4303／C／FL免疫组产生的抗-HBc IgG效价和Th1／Th2型细胞因子的分泌水平均显著优于pJW4303／C和pJW4303／FL／C组。结论 成功构建双表达核酸疫苗,基因位于上游时表达水平高于下游。FL基因的引入明显增强了HBcAg核酸疫苗的免疫原性。     

外分泌型的乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原核酸疫苗的构建与体外表达

目的:构建含有组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)信号肽的乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)核酸疫苗。方法将HBcAg基因用PCR方法扩增并分别引入相应的限制性内切酶酶切位点,然后克隆入pJW4303载体中获得相应的核酸疫苗,经筛选鉴定后,用上述核酸疫苗与野生型HBcAg核酸疫苗及空载体质粒pJW4303分别用脂质体瞬时转染293T细胞,应用蛋白印迹法检测核心抗原的表达。结果成功构建以pJW4303为载体的含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗,体外表达证实含tPA信号肽的HBcAg在293T细胞胞内和胞外均能表达,含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗的核心抗原表达水平较高。结论以pJW4303为载体的含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗能够将细胞内的HBcAg分泌到细胞外,为进一步研究其免疫原性打下了基础。     

重组痘苗病毒表达人免疫缺陷病毒中国株B'亚型Gag蛋白及免疫效果观察

为筛选用于我国HIV疫苗的候选基因,利用痘苗病毒载体构建表达HIV-1 B′亚型中国流行株RL42的Gag蛋白的重组病毒rVV-RL42gag,并免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测其诱导的特异性抗体及中和抗体,同时检测其诱导的特异性CTL及与中国流行株C(B′/C重组)亚型和国际流行株A亚型之间的CTL交叉反应.结果显示:重组病毒能很好地表达Gag蛋白,它具有与7株单克隆抗体结合的抗体表位;电镜下可观察到Gag蛋白形成的颗粒.rVV-RL42gag免疫小鼠后能诱导产生高滴度的特异性抗体和CTL,抗体具一定的中和活性,且检测到与C(B′/C重组)亚型和国际流行株A亚型之间的CTL交叉反应.这些结果表明,rVV-RL42gag具有良好的免疫原性,可进一步构建表达HIV B′亚型中国流行株RL42的Gag蛋白的重组痘苗病毒作为候选疫苗.     

恶性疟原虫CTL抗原微表位基因重组疫苗的构建和免疫原性预测

选用中国人群常见的MHCⅠ类分子HLA-A2.1和HLA-B51限制性恶性疟CTL抗原表位, 构建了单表位重组疫苗pcDNA3.1/tr和pcDNA3.1/sh,再将上述表位DNA序列串联,构建成双表位重组疫苗pcDNA3.1/ts.将3种重组疫苗分别转染C1R/HLA-A2.1和K562/HLA-B51细胞后均证实表达.单表位重组疫苗pcDNA3.1/tr和pcDNA3.1/sh的表达分别促进细胞表面HLA-A2.1和HLA-B51的稳定性.免疫共沉淀实验证实上述表位促进细胞表面HLAⅠ类分子组装,并提示特异性表位在细胞表面的递呈.双表位重组疫苗pcDNA3.1/ts在以上两个不同细胞系中的表达与两个单表位微型基因的表达结果相似,证明双表位肽的串联编码构型不影响肽链中不同表位的特异性抗原递呈.这一研究结果为进一步设计具有广泛覆盖率的多表位恶性疟重组CTL疫苗提供了理论和实验基础.与常规体外CTL实验不同,本研究观察微表位基因在表达特定MHCⅠ类分子的人细胞中进行内源性抗原递呈的过程,其方法更接近人体内环境,对于人类CTL抗原表位的确定和人重组CTL表位疫苗免疫原性的预测具有重要意义.     

甲型流感病毒核壳蛋白在BALB／c小鼠中酶联免疫斑点法表位的筛选及其与CTL表位的相关性研究

目的：利用甲型流感病毒A／Johannesburg／33／94（H3N2）核壳蛋白（NP）全长肽库筛选BAI卫／c（H-2^d）小鼠中NP酶联免疫斑点法（EUSPOT）表位,研究其和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）表位的一致性关系,为使用ELlSPOT评价流感病毒NP疫苗的细胞免疫效果提供实验依据。方法：以甲型流感病毒A／PR／8／34（H1N1）（PR8）感染BALB／c（H-2^d）小鼠后,通过检测T细胞分泌γ-干扰素（IFN-1）的ELISPOT法和体内CTL法检测NP所诱发的细胞免疫反应,综合分析ELlSPOT和CTL表位肽之间的关系。结果：Pep36（NP第141-155位氨基酸残基,SNLNDTTYQRTRALV）和Pep37（NP第145-159位氨基酸残基,DTTYQRTRALVRTGM）可以诱发较强的ELlSPOT反应,根据Pep36和Pep37共有序列合成的Pep147-155（NP第147-155位氨基酸残基,TYQRTRALV）可以诱发与这2条多肽相同强度的ELlSPOT反应,表明Pep147-155为NP诱发ELlSPOT反应的最强表位,体内CTL也表明它是最强的CTL表位;Pep95（NP第377-391位氨基酸残基,STLELRSRYWAIRTR）、Pep96（NP第381-395位氨基酸残基,LRSRYWAIRTRSGGN）和其他表位肽诱发的ELISPOT反应较弱,体内CTL反应也较弱。结论：BALB／c（H-2^d）小鼠中,甲型流感病毒NP诱发ELlSPOT反应和CTL反应的表位肽高度相关;实验结果为使用ELlSPOT评价流感病毒NP疫苗的细胞免疫效果提供了实验依据。     

Hsp70-NP融合蛋白增强诱导HTNV NP特异性CTL的实验研究

本文采用纯化蛋白Hsp70-NP,NP,Hsp70分别免疫C57/BL6小鼠,取各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞进行淋巴细胞增殖试验和细胞毒试验。此外,为了获得细胞毒实验的靶细胞,本文还采用脂质体介导质粒pcDNA3.1/S转染黑色素瘤细胞B16,通过G418筛选稳定克隆,并用RT-PCR,Westernblots以及免疫荧光染色证实N蛋白在胞浆中表达。淋巴细胞增殖实验表明,Hsp70-NP,NP组小鼠脾淋巴细胞均能够对体外抗原刺激产生增殖反应,而Hsp70-NP组的增殖指数明显高于NP免疫组。细胞毒实验结果表明,LDH的释放具有效应细胞依赖性,Hsp70-NP,NP免疫组脾淋巴细胞均可以特异性杀伤靶细胞B16-N,而Hsp70-NP免疫组的杀伤率显著高于NP免疫组。实验结果显示,Hsp70可以增强NP诱导产生特异性CTL的能力。本研究结果为进一步设计基于NP的合成肽疫苗或基因疫苗提供了重要实验依据。     

Hsp70-NP融合蛋白增强诱导HTNV NP特异性CTL的实验研究

本文采用纯化蛋白Hsp70-NP,NP,Hsp70分别免疫C57/BL6小鼠,取各组小鼠脾淋巴细胞进行淋巴细胞增殖试验和细胞毒试验.此外,为了获得细胞毒实验的靶细胞,本文还采用脂质体介导质粒pcDNA3.1/S转染黑色素瘤细胞B16,通过G418筛选稳定克隆,并用RT-PCR,Western blots以及免疫荧光染色证实N蛋白在胞浆中表达.淋巴细胞增殖实验表明,Hsp70-NP,NP组小鼠脾淋巴细胞均能够对体外抗原刺激产生增殖反应,而Hsp70-NP组的增殖指数明显高于NP免疫组.细胞毒实验结果表明,LDH的释放具有效应细胞依赖性,Hsp70-NP,NP免疫组脾淋巴细胞均可以特异性杀伤靶细胞B16-N,而Hsp70-NP免疫组的杀伤率显著高于NP免疫组.实验结果显示,Hsp70可以增强NP诱导产生特异性CTL的能力.本研究结果为进一步设计基于NP的合成肽疫苗或基因疫苗提供了重要实验依据.     

以番茄斑萎病毒核蛋白为靶点的荧光偏振药物筛选体系的建立及应用

目的:基于荧光偏振技术建立靶向番茄斑萎病毒(Tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)核蛋白(NP)与核酸相互作用的药物筛选体系,并应用该体系展开药物筛选。方法:将目的基因克隆到pGEX-6p-1表达载体上,并采用大肠杆菌表达系统进行目的蛋白的异源表达。建立靶向TSWV NP与核酸相互作用的荧光偏振药物筛选体系,对体系的结合时间、DMSO耐受、变异性和稳定性进行研究,并展开药物筛选。结果:成功构建重组质粒pGEX-6p-1-NP,在大肠杆菌中表达并分离纯化出高质量的核蛋白。基于荧光偏振技术建立了信噪比为8∶1,Z因子为0. 82的稳定的靶向TSWV NP与核酸相互作用的药物筛选体系,并对化合物库中1 000种化合物展开药物筛选,经过初步筛选获得了1种IC_(50)为4. 15μmol/L的化合物。结论:建立了稳定的荧光偏振筛选体系,适用于靶向NP与核酸相互作用的药物的筛选。筛选到的化合物为番茄斑萎病毒的预防和控制提供参考。     

共表达HIV-1中国流行株gp120与IL-18重组鸡痘病毒的构建及其免疫原性观察

为筛选我国的HIV-1疫苗候选株,以鸡痘病毒282E4中国疫苗株为载体,构建了共表达中国流行株HIV-1外膜蛋白gp120和IL-18的重组鸡痘病毒,并将该重组鸡痘病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体水平。结果显示,HIV_1外膜蛋白gp120和IL-18不但可在重组鸡痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞中表达,而且可在重组鸡痘病毒感染的哺乳动物细胞中表达。重组病毒具有良好的免疫原性,可诱导小鼠产生特异性抗体和脾特异性CTL反应,且IL_18发挥了免疫佐剂的作用。本研究结果为制备安全、有效的HIV-1基因工程活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

抗禽流感病毒多表位DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫效力研究

多表位DNA疫苗是建立在常规DNA疫苗基础上的一种新型疫苗。它是用表位作免疫原,这样就比较容易在一个表达载体上克隆病原体的多个抗原基因中具有免疫活性的部分。本试验以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的HA和NP基因及其表位为基础构建了4个重组质粒：1 pIRES/HA（表达全长的HA基因）;2 pIRES/tHA（只表达HA基因的主要抗原表位区）;3 pIRES/tHANpep（融合表达HA基因的抗原表位区和NP基因的3个CTL表位）;4 pIRES/tHANpep-IFN-γ（用鸡的IFN-γ基因取代质粒pIRES/tHANpep中的neo基因）。分别用这4个重组质粒和空载体质粒pIRES1neo肌注免疫30日龄SPF鸡。免疫3次,间隔为2周,每次每只鸡的剂量为200μg。第3次免疫后两周以高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1强毒攻击,免疫及攻毒前后均采血检测HI抗体效价和外周血CD4⁺、CD8⁺T细胞的变化。结果发现,攻毒前各质粒免疫组均检测不到HI抗体,攻毒后1周存活鸡HI抗体效价迅速升高到64～256。流式细胞仪检测显示外周血CD4⁺、CD8⁺T细胞在疫苗免疫后都有不同程度的升高。空载体质粒对照组鸡（10只）在攻毒后3～8 d内全部死亡,其他各重组质粒免疫组鸡都获得了部分保护,保护率分别是：pIRES/HA组为545%（6/11）,pIRES/tHA组为30%（3/10）,pIRES/tHANPep组为36.3%（4/11）, pIRES/tHANPepIFNγ组为50%（5/10）。这些结果表明我们构建的多表位DNA疫苗能够诱导机体产生特异性免疫应答,并在同型禽流感强毒攻击时对鸡只提供了一定的保护。     

Cross-recognition of avian H5N1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza A virus

Since the number of human cases of infection with avian H5N1 influenza viruses is ever increasing, a pandemic outbreak caused by these viruses is feared. Therefore, in addition to virus-specific antibodies, there is considerable interest in immune correlates of protection against these viruses, which could be a target for the development of more universal vaccines. After infection with seasonal influenza A viruses of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes, individuals develop virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, which are mainly directed against the relatively conserved internal proteins of the virus, like the nucleoprotein (NP). Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are known to contribute to protective immunity against infection, but knowledge about the extent of cross-reactivity with avian H5N1 influenza viruses is sparse. In the present study, we evaluated the cross-reactivity with H5N1 influenza viruses of polyclonal CTL obtained from a group of well-defined HLA-typed study subjects. To this end, the recognition of synthetic peptides representing H5N1 analogues of known CTL epitopes was studied. In addition, the ability of CTL specific for seasonal H3N2 influenza virus to recognize the NP of H5N1 influenza virus or H5N1 virus-infected cells was tested. It was concluded that, apart from some individual epitopes that displayed amino acid variation between H3N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses, considerable cross-reactivity exists with H5N1 viruses. This preexisting cross-reactive T-cell immunity in the human population may dampen the impact of a next pandemic.     

H3N2亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的:获得H3N2亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白(NP)全长基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达,以用于对NP功能的研究。方法:从感染了H3N2亚型禽流感病毒的MDCK细胞培养液中收获病毒,提取病毒RNA,用RT-PCR扩增出NP基因的编码区序列,将其定向克隆到pTIG-TRX原核表达载体并测序,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plysS中表达,用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测表达产物。结果:所克隆的核苷酸片段包含了NP基因编码区完整阅读框架,编码498个氨基酸;构建的重组表达载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plysS中表达出相对分子质量约66000的重组蛋白。结论:克隆和表达了禽流感病毒核蛋白编码区基因,为获得大量NP以制备抗体,以及对其进行功能性研究奠定了基础。     

The viral nucleoprotein determines Mx sensitivity of influenza A viruses

Host restriction factors play a crucial role in preventing trans-species transmission of viral pathogens. In mammals, the interferon-induced Mx GTPases are powerful antiviral proteins restricting orthomyxoviruses. Hence, the human MxA GTPase may function as an efficient barrier against zoonotic introduction of influenza A viruses into the human population. Successful viruses are likely to acquire adaptive mutations allowing them to evade MxA restriction. We compared the 2009 pandemic influenza A virus [strain A/Hamburg/4/09 (pH1N1)] with a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 isolate [strain A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/04] for their relative sensitivities to human MxA and murine Mx1. The H5N1 virus was highly sensitive to both Mx GTPases, whereas the pandemic H1N1 virus was almost insensitive. Substitutions of the viral polymerase subunits or the nucleoprotein (NP) in a polymerase reconstitution assay demonstrated that NP was the main determinant of Mx sensitivity. The NP of H5N1 conferred Mx sensitivity to the pandemic H1N1 polymerase, whereas the NP of pandemic H1N1 rendered the H5N1 polymerase insensitive. Reassortant viruses which expressed the NP of H5N1 in a pH1N1 genetic background and vice versa were generated. Congenic Mx1-positive mice survived intranasal infection with these reassortants if the challenge virus contained the avian NP. In contrast, they succumbed to infection if the NP of pH1N1 origin was present. These findings clearly indicate that the origin of NP determines Mx sensitivity and that human influenza viruses acquired adaptive mutations to evade MxA restriction. This also explains our previous observations that human and avian influenza A viruses differ in their sensitivities to Mx.     

Influenza A virus nucleoprotein derived from Escherichia coli or recombinant vaccinia (Tiantan) virus elicits robust cross-protection in mice

Immunity to conserved viral antigens is an attractive approach to develop a universal vaccine against epidemic and pandemic influenza. A nucleoprotein (NP)-based vaccine has been explored and preliminary studies have shown promise. However, no study has explored the immunity and cross-protective efficacy of recombinant NP derived from Escherichia coli compared with recombinant vaccinia virus (Tiantan). Recombinant NP protein (rNP) from influenza virus A/Jingke/30/95(H3N2) was obtained from E. coli and recombinant vaccinia virus (Tiantan) RVJ1175NP. Purified rNP without adjuvant and RVJ1175NP were used to immunize BALB/c mice intramuscularly. Humoral immune responses were detected by ELISA, while cell-mediated immune responses were measured by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISPOT and in vivo cytotoxicity assays. The cross-protective efficacy was assessed by a challenge with a heterosubtype of influenza virus A/PR/8/34(H1N1). Our results demonstrate that a high dose (90 μg) of rNP induced NP-specific antibodies and T cell responses that were comparable with those of RVJ1175NP in mice. Importantly, the survival ratio (36, 73, and 78%) of the vaccinated mice after the influenza virus A/PR/8/34(H1N1) challenge was rNP vaccine dose-dependent (10, 30, and 90 μg, respectively), and no significant differences were observed between the rNP- and RVJ1175NP-immunized (91%) mice. Influenza A virus NP derived from E. coli or recombinant vaccinia (Tiantan) virus elicited cross-protection against influenza virus in mice, and the immune response and protective efficacy of rNP were comparable to RVJ1175NP. These data provide a basis for the use of prokaryotically expressed NP as a candidate universal influenza vaccine.     

一种含不同流感病毒血凝素抗原表位的核酸疫苗

流感病毒表面抗原血凝素( hemagglutinin,HA)是流感核酸疫苗重要的靶抗原,针对HA的保护性中和抗体主要由HA上的五个抗原表位诱导产生.在本文中,我们构建了一种以新甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1为骨架的含2个A/PR/8( H1N1)流感病毒HA抗原表位和3个新甲型H1N1流感病毒HA抗原表位的核酸疫苗,并在B...     

Healthy human subjects have CD4+ T cells directed against H5N1 influenza virus

It is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged H5N1 virus. In contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 viruses through vaccination or infection. Adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to H2N2 viruses. We hypothesized that CD4(+) T cells generated in response to H1N1, H3N2, and H2N2 influenza A viruses also recognize H5N1 epitopes. Tetramer-guided epitope mapping and Ag-specific class II tetramers were used to identify H5N1-specific T cell epitopes and detect H5N1-specific T cell responses. Fifteen of 15 healthy subjects tested had robust CD4(+) T cell responses against matrix protein, nucleoprotein, and neuraminidase of the influenza A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 (H5N1) virus. These results are not surprising, because the matrix protein and nucleoprotein of influenza A viruses are conserved while the neuraminidase of the H5N1 virus is of the same subtype as that of the circulating H1N1 influenza strain. However, H5N1 hemagglutinin-reactive CD4(+) T cells were also detected in 14 of 14 subjects examined despite the fact that hemagglutinin is less conserved. Most were cross-reactive to H1, H2, or H3 hemagglutinin epitopes. H5N1-reactive T cells were also detected ex vivo, exhibited a memory phenotype, and were capable of secreting IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-5, and IL-13. These data demonstrate the presence of H5N1 cross-reactive T cells in healthy Caucasian subjects, implying that exposure to influenza A H1N1, H3N2, or H2N2 viruses through either vaccination or infection may provide partial immunity to the H5N1 virus.