制备1,5-二磷酸核酮糖的简易方法

核酮糖1,5—二磷酸羧化酶—加氧酶(RuBPCase—Oase)是植物叶绿体中最丰富的蛋白质,它有两种催化功能:在CO_2分压高时,使1,5—二磷酸核酮糖(RuBP)羧化,产生2分子的3—磷酸甘油酸(PGA);而在O_2分压高时,使RuBP加氧,产生1分子PGA和1分子2—磷酸乙醇酸(光呼吸的主要底物),反应如下:     

亚硫酸氢钠对光合机构及其运转的影响

NaHSO_2在不同的浓度范围内,可以影响光合、光呼吸、气孔开度和膜脂过氧化等,但在1～2mmol/L时常能提高净光合强度和增加作物产量。这可能与促进RuBP羧化酶/加氧酶活性及光合磷酸化有关。低浓度的NaHSO_3对RuBP羧化酶/加氧酶两种活性都有促进作用。0.1mmol/L NaHSO_3对弱光下测定的光合磷酸化稍有促进。NaHSO_3对植物的影响可能在某些方面与α-羟基磺酸类似,但有时也许能以其它形式影响植物,而不一定要变成α-羟基磺酸。     

Rubisco的分子生物学

核酮糖1.5一二磷酸羧化酶一氧合酶(Ribulosel,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase,E.C.1.1.1.39,缩写为Rubisco)催化核酮糖二磷酸(RuBP)的羧化反应和氧合反应(oxygenation):     

应用异型双功能交联剂制备酶-抗体结合物

酶标免疫测定法(ELISA)中最关键的化合物是酶-抗体结合物,将酶和抗体交联起来需用交联剂。本文作者使用了N-琥珀酰亚胺基3-(2-吡啶基二硫)丙酸酯(简称SPDP)将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)和兔抗小鼠IgG(兔IgG)交联起来。我们试验了SPDP/HRP,SPDP/IgG和HRP/IgG的不同比例,以期获得活性高的酶-抗体结合物。此外还研究了从结合物中去除自由HRP和自由IgG的方法。用SDS-PAGE及硝酸纤维膜电泳转移法证明本法制备的结合物不含HRP及IgG的自身聚合物。用ELISA法鉴定结合物制品时,一般稀释度可达到1:10,000以上,有的可达到1:20,000(当结合物浓度A_(280nm)=1.0,底物显色A_(492nm)=1.0时)。     

植物光呼吸及其支路建立的研究进展

植物光呼吸是生物圈中重要的碳代谢途径之一.它以RuBP羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)的催化加氧反应为起点,在叶绿体中将O2和RuBP转化为2-磷酸乙醇酸(2PG);经光呼吸代谢,一部分碳在线粒体中以CO2的形式释放,造成植物已固定碳的丢失,其余碳骨架则被重新合成3-磷酸甘油酸(3PGA)而进人卡尔文循环.植物光呼吸突变体无法在正常大气中生存,植物通过光呼吸可清除其中问代谢产物的毒害作用,减轻光抑制造成的伤害,同时为氮代谢提供氮源和能量,并利用代谢产生的H2O2在防卫反应中起作用.本文综述了光呼吸构成组分的最新研究进展和光呼吸对植物的重要性,并介绍了一种有效提高植物生物量的方法,即将光呼吸中CO2的释放重新定位于叶绿体中来提高Rubisco的羧化效率,它对提高C3作物的产量有重要应用价值.     

大豆和玉米光呼吸的控制

本文根据RuDP(1,5-二磷酸核酮糖)羧化酶的动力学特性测定了大豆光合作用和光呼吸的相对速率。在该羧化酶上,CO_2和O2对RuDP进行着争夺。高浓度的CO_2和低浓度的O_2,有利于RuDP羧化为三磷酸甘油酸,因而促进光合作用。低浓度的CO_2和高浓度的O_2则有利于RuDP的加氧反应而成为P-乙醇酸,因而促进光呼吸。在玉米上,PEP(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸)羧化酶-苹果酸酶偶起了增加维管束鞘细胞中CO_2浓度的作用。四碳植物的维管束鞘细胞是RuDP羧化酶存在的场所。玉米的RuDP羧化酶对O_2也敏感,所以在维管束鞘内提高CO_2的浓度就能促进光合而减弱光呼吸。由于在800ppmCO_2和21％O_2的标准大气条件下,光呼吸及其相伴随的氧对光合的抑制作用,会明显地抑制大豆的净光合,同时由于迄未证明光呼吸有何重要的生理功能,因而正在试图设法减少或消除大豆和其他三碳植物的光呼吸。     

光呼吸研究进展——Ⅰ.光呼吸和氮代谢的关系与光呼吸的生理功能

光呼吸乙醇酸途径的阐明,使人们对光合碳途径的认识前进了一步。从现知的乙醇酸途径来看,它似乎是一个损耗光合固定的碳素和能量的过程。据推算,在正常的大气条件下(此时 RuDP 羧化酶和加氧酶活性比例为4:1),由乙醇酸途径放出的C0_2占光合固定的 CO_2 14％。实测的结果表明,C_3植物光呼吸放CO_2可达净光合所固定的CO_2的14—75％。因此人们曾设想,若用某些     

不同叶位鸡蛋果叶片中核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的动力学特性

随着叶龄的增加,鸡蛋果Ru BP羧化酶/加氧酶的V_(max)(CO_2)值明显减小,K_m(O_2)值提高;K_m(CO_2)和V_(max)(O_2)值则保持相对的稳定。Ru BP羧化酶活性和Ru BP加氧酶活性均随叶龄增加而下降,但前者下降的速度高于后者,致使羧化/加氧此值也随叶龄增加而减小。     

施氮对冬小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以大穗型小麦品种'兰考矮早8'和多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同施氮量对两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶RuBP(1,5二磷酸核酮糖)羧化酶和PEPC(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶)活性及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,随着花后天数的增加,两小麦品种旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性总体呈下降趋势;随着施氮量的增加,RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性呈增加趋势,其中RuBP羧化酶活性多数以N4(N 4.8 g/盆)处理最高,PEPC活性多数以N3(N 3.6 g/盆)处理最高.随着施氮量的增加,两小麦品种旗叶Fv/F0、Fv/Fm和qP均呈增加趋势,且以N4 (N 4.8 g/盆)处理的值最高,并且处理之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05).研究发现,本试验条件下,适量施用氮肥有利于小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性的增加及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数Fv/F0和Fv/Fm的提高,从而有助于光合同化物的积累和小麦穗粒重的提高.     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗光呼吸代谢的影响

经2．5×10-4mol／L茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）处理后的水稻幼苗,在处理后第2天即表现出RuBP加氧酶活性的明显升高,至处理后第4天,叶片中乙醇酸氧化酶的活性也升高,同时叶片中的乙醇酸累积量也明显高于对照。经α-HPMS预处理后的幼苗叶片材料中,这种乙醇酸累积量升高的程度更大,表明2．5×10-4mol／LMJ处理能促进水稻幼苗光呼吸的增强,但2．5×10-7mol／LMJ处理对叶片中乙醇酸的累积和光呼吸过程中的有关酶系没有影响。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.