粳稻穗角与稻米品质的相关性及稻米品质遗传分析

测定了粳稻直立穗品种丙8979与弯曲穗品种C堡杂交组合的P1、P2及其重组自交系349个株系的穗角和10个稻米品质性状, 分析了穗角与稻米品质性状之间的相关性, 并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型, 对稻米品质10个性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明,穗角与糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、糊化温度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量均无显著相关; 与精米率呈显著正相关(r=0.124*); 与粒长和长宽比均呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.470**和0.241**)。糙米率、精米率和直链淀粉含量均受2对主基因+多基因控制, 2对主基因具有累加作用和加性×加性的上位性作用; 整精米率、粒长、长宽比和胶稠度受2对加性-上位性主基因+多基因控制;垩白粒率、垩白度和糊化温度均受3对加性-上位性主基因+多基因控制。糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和糊化温度6个品质性状以主基因遗传为主,粒长、长宽比、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量4个性状以多基因遗传为主。     

杂交水稻加工、外观品质性状间接选择的数学模型研究

利用19个优质杂交水稻品种（组合）,采用双向逐步筛选,求出加工和外观品质性状与产量性状的最优相关子集,建立了品质性状的回归方程,并对子集作了广义相关分析。结果表明千粒重、穗长与糙米率、整精米率、垩白粒率的相关已反映了品质性状与产量性状相关的主要信息（90％以上）,千粒重在21.96～27.64g、穗长在21.18～26.07cm范围内,增大千粒重可提高糙米率,但整米率下降、垩白粒率上升,适当缩短穗长可提高糙米率和整精米率,降低垩白粒率。     

粳稻谷粒性状与垩白性状的相关分析

利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交后代F3和F4家系为试验材料,分析了粳稻谷粒性状和垩白性状的表型变异及其相关关系。研究结果表明,F3和F4家系谷粒的长、宽、厚、长宽比、千粒重及垩白性状均呈接近正态的连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。F4家系谷粒性状值均小于F3,随着世代的增加,谷粒性状值趋于减小。F4家系垩白粒率和垩白度小于F3,而垩白大小基本相近。在F3和F4,谷粒千粒重与谷粒长、宽、厚、长宽比均呈极显著正相关;垩白性状与谷粒长、宽、厚、长宽比、千粒重呈极显著正相关。在不同大小的谷粒长、长宽比和千粒重范围内,谷粒性状值相对较大的群体垩白性状值明显大于谷粒性状值相对较小的群体;谷粒长和长宽比相对较小的群体内垩白性状与其谷粒性状的相关关系较谷粒长和长宽比相对较大的群体更为密切。     

云南高原粳稻品质特性分析

采用表型主成分及聚类分析法,对76个云南高原粳稻的11个品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,（1）直链淀粉含量的平均值达食用稻品种品质1级标准,糙米率、透明度、碱消值和胶稠度达2级标准,精米率达3级标准,其余品质性状的平均值均在3级以下。品种间变异最小的品质性状是糙米率和碱消值,变异最大的是垩白度,其次是垩白粒率。（2）稻米品质性状间存在复杂的相关关系。（3）在选出的6个影响云南稻米品质的主因子中,精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度因子对稻米品质的累积贡献率为49.6%。（4）76个云南粳稻聚为4类,其中第一类包括52个品种,表明遗传距离近,遗传基础狭窄。在今后的云南粳稻品质育种中,应降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高精米率和整精米率,同时拓宽遗传基础。     

粳稻品质性状间及其与植株性状和产量性状间的遗传相关

利用朱军等提出的种子性状遗传模型,采用 3×3 NCⅡ正反交设计的亲本和部分组合F2代种子,分析了品质性状糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白面积和AC间及上述品质性状与株高、穗部性状等的遗传相关,以期为粳稻育种后代选择提供指导。结果表明,精米重与糙米率存在极显著的母体加性相关;虽然控制品质性状的主要遗传效应分量与植株性状相应遗传效应分量遗传协方差不显著,但在其他相应遗传效应分量方面存在着复杂的关系。     

川东南杂交中稻超稀栽培对稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的影响

以‘II优7号’、‘汕优63’和‘香优2号’为材料,研究了超稀栽培与稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的关系及其作用原因,结果表明：栽秧密度与整精米率呈极显著负相关,与垩白粒率呈极显著正相关。在中高氮施肥水平条件下,当栽秧密度超稀到7.51万穴•hm-2时,在保证比传统高产栽培密度每公顷栽秧21.64万穴的对照不减产前提下,整精米率提高了15.69%～29.92%,垩白粒率降低了16.34%～21.22%。其原因在于,超稀植增加了每穗着粒数,降低了齐穗期的叶粒比,以致稻穗籽粒灌浆速率减慢而改善整精米率和垩白粒率。齐穗后20 d施氮可同时起到提高结实率和整精米率的双重效果。     

灌浆期气象因子对杂交中籼稻米碾米品质和外观品质的影响

 以`II优7号'和`4228A/江恢15'两个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过分期播种处理,研究了灌浆期气象因子与杂交中稻稻米碾米品质和外观品质的关系。结果表明：在稻谷碾米品质和外观品质的5项指标中,显著受灌浆期气象因子影响的有整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度3项指标,显著影响这3项指标的是齐穗后0～20 d 6个气象因子中的相对湿度、日均气温、日最低气温3个,齐穗后21～30 d的气象因子对米质的影响不显著。从总体上看, 齐穗后0～20 d的日均气温和日最低气温低, 相对湿度大,有利于提高整精米率,降低垩白粒率和垩白     

杂交籼稻子粒QTL标记遗传距离与粒重、粒重杂种优势的相关性

利用与子粒性状相关的QTL标记分析了10个杂交水稻亲本间(5个不育系和5个恢复系)的遗传差异,结合10个亲本所配25个组合的F1表现,研究了基于子粒QTL分子标记遗传距离与粒重及粒重杂种优势的相关性。结果表明分子标记遗传距离与粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.26*),与对照优势呈显著正相关(r=0.28*),与母本优势呈极显著正相关(r=0.41**)。为分子标记预测杂交水稻杂种优势研究奠定了基础。     

沿黄稻区水稻灌浆期遮阴对产量和品质的影响及耐弱光粳稻品种筛选

水稻灌浆期经常遇到阴雨寡照天气,从而导致水稻减产和品质下降。本研究通过分析沿黄稻区近6年水稻灌浆期的气象数据发现,灌浆期日照时数减少是在该时期影响沿黄稻区水稻生产的主要气候因子;以生育期适合沿黄稻区种植的80个粳稻品种为材料,在灌浆期用65%的黑色遮阳网遮阴30 d,检测了水稻冠层顶部晴天、阴天和雨天3种天气下光、温度和湿度等生态环境,分析了灌浆期遮阴对水稻千粒重、加工品质和垩白性状的影响,并进行了耐弱光品种的筛选。结果表明遮阴后水稻冠层顶部阳光在能量和信号两个层面都发生了变化,即辐射量减少和R/FR比值降低;灌浆期遮阴后千粒重降低、糙米率、精米率和整精米率下降、垩白粒率和垩白度增加,其中对千粒重和垩白性状影响最大;以遮阴后千粒重降幅、垩白粒率和垩白度增幅为指标,通过聚类分析从中筛选出了方四落、新丰5号、早香3和小香共4个优质耐弱光品种。     

亚洲棉与拟似棉远缘杂种的合成与鉴定

以亚洲棉为母本,野生种拟似棉为父本进行远缘杂交,人工辅助授粉合成杂种F1,验证F1杂种的真实性,以期进一步加倍成异源四倍体新种质。采用重复授粉和赤霉素保铃等措施提高杂交结铃率,对F1进行形态学及SSR分子标记鉴定。结果表明,F1杂种有典型的合子后生殖隔离现象,植株培养过程中伴随有杂种致死,F1杂种幼苗叶型大部分介于双亲之间且整体偏向于父本拟似棉;SSR分子标记结果显示杂种F1不仅扩增出双亲的互补带,还出现了双亲没有的新带;经过统计分析发现杂种F1中总的遗传成分比例母本占45.91%,父本占40.98%,新出现的组合带占13.11%。从分子水平证明了杂种的真实性,同时伴随的杂交过程也发生了AD基因组互作及遗传重组。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.