温度适应范围大的谷氨酸生产菌GMH—908选育,发酵及应用效果

以谷氨酸生产菌天津短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｉｅｎｔｓｉｎｅｎｓ）Ｔ６－１３为出发菌株,经菌体或原生质体紫外线（ＵＶ）、氯化锂、香豆素等多因子诱变和高温驯化,选育出琥珀酸、生物素营养缺陷型,耐高糖、耐高谷氨酸又不利用谷氨酸,且温度适应范围大（既可在常温３２－３８℃发酵,又可在高温３６－４２℃发酵）的突变株ＧＭＨ－９０８。以淀粉糖为碳源,生物素亚适量,摇瓶常温发酵产酸９５ｇ／Ｌ以上,高温发酵产酸７４．９ｇ／Ｌ,比出发菌株Ｔ６－１３分别提高２６．６７％和２２．９９％;工业生产常温发酵月平均产酸８５－８８ｇ／Ｌ,转化率５２－５４ｇ％,单罐最高产酸１０８ｇ／Ｌ,转化率５８％;高温发酵产酸达７６．５ｇ／Ｌ,转化率４９．５％。     

VC二步发酵产酸菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的选育

实验通过紫外线两轮诱变的方法诱变选育氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）,以实现提高2-酮基-L-古龙酸（2-KLG）产量的目的,获得1株高产2-KLG的菌株G5。结果证明该突变菌株在pH6．5—6．7的发酵培养基中与蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bcillus cereus）混合发酵,G5的平均糖酸转化率提高了13．49％,酸量达到83．6mg／mL,发酵周期缩短了2—3h。经连续10代转接发酵实验,证明其产酸稳定性较好。结论：氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）的突变体G5提高了糖酸转化率,缩短了发酵周期。     

r射线(Co~(60))诱变选育赖氨酸高产菌株的研究

本文研究了r射线(Co~(60))处理对黄色短杆菌(Brevibacterium flavum)SW—32的影响。诱变得到突变株SW—49,经摇瓶发酵试验,其赖氨酸产酸率和糖酸转化率较出发菌株提高30.5％。研究结果表明:r射线作为诱变因子对提高赖氨酸产生菌产率有较好的效果。     

高产赖氨酸菌株FML8611特性的研究

FML8611是从黄色短杆菌FM84—415经诱变选育得到的一株新的高产赖氨酸菌株。它具有高丝氨酸营养缺陷、S—(2—氨基乙基)—L—半胱氨酸抗性、对利福平不敏感等遗传特性,还具有耐高糖、产赖氨酸稳定等特点。在适宜的条件下,FML8611摇瓶发酵的平均产量为78.9mg/ml,糖酸转化率为46.2％。     

离子束注入法诱变选育耐高糖衣康酸高产菌株

采用20keV不同剂量的低能氩离子束和氮离子束注入土曲霉T730,选育出耐高糖衣康酸高产菌株HA8。该菌株可以在蔗糖初始浓度为15％和20％的培养基中摇瓶发酵4～5d,产酸率分别达到9．2％和11．5％,糖酸转化率分别达到61．3％和57．5％,比出发菌株1．730的产酸率提高了74％。     

改革流加糖工艺提高谷氨酸发酵水平的研究

采用天津短杆菌Ｔ６－１３经多年经后的３２８＾＃菌株,以淀粉糖为糖质材料,生物素亚适量,当发酵残糖约为６０ｇ／Ｌ时,流加糖,效果好。在２００ｍ＾３发酵罐生产中,流加糖浓度分别为３００ｇ／Ｌ和４５０ｇ／Ｌ发酵周期３２小时,平均产酸分别达１０２．３ｇ／Ｌ和１１５ｇ／Ｌ,糖酸转化率５５．５％,提取收率９５．８％;单罐产理论谷氨酸由１６．２４吨提高至１８．２０吨。     

高产谷氨酸菌种转产赖氨酸的定向选育

根据赖氮酸生物合成的代谢调控原理,以谷氨酸高产菌株—黄色短杆菌FM84—415为出发菌,用亚硝基胍(NTG)进行诱变,通过定向筛选获得FML—8412菌株。它具有苏氨酸和高丝氨酸双重营养缺陷,对S—2—氯基乙基—半胱氯酸(AEC)和O—甲基—L—苏氨酸(MT)有抗性。摇瓶发酵的初步试验表明它在以糖质为主的培养基中产赖氨酸盐酸盐(L—lys.HCl)达6.43％,糖酸转化率为44.9％。本文报导FML—8412菌株的选育过程。     

产L-谷氨酸工程菌株的诱变选育及其发酵效率

以高产L-谷氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌GY1为研究对象,采用ARTP进行全局诱变,进一步提高L-谷氨酸的发酵水平。首先,对谷氨酸棒杆菌GY1原生质体的制备及再生条件进行优化,接着,根据致死率选择最佳的ARTP处理时间,然后,采用96微孔板及摇瓶发酵的方式对突变株进行筛选,最后,对获得的优良突变株进行50 L罐发酵验证。结果显示,溶菌酶浓度为10.0 mg/mL,酶解90 min,原生质体形成率和再生率达到最佳。ARTP最佳处理时间为40 s,致死率达到89.6%,经过初筛与摇瓶复筛,获得突变株YAG117,其摇瓶发酵L-谷氨酸含量达16.3 g/L,较出发菌株提高13.9%,且连续传代五代遗传稳定。50 L补料分批发酵条件下,L-谷氨酸产量在36 h最高,达到216.6 g/L,较出发菌株提高12.9%,糖酸转化率达68.87%,比出发菌株提高了10.2%。ARTP处理GY1菌株原生质体,能够有效积累有利突变,提高突变株发酵生产L-谷氨酸的能力,获得的突变株YAG117也显示了较好的工业化应用潜力。     

谷氨酸高产菌种与发酵新工艺在广州通过技术鉴定

由华南理工大学选育的谷氨酸高产菌株S9114以及该校与佛山海天调味食品公司合作研究的淀粉糖高生物素添加青霉素谷氨酸发酵新工艺,于1994年3月22日通过了由广东省科委主持的技术鉴定。有关专家、教授及味精厂的专家共30余人出席技术鉴定会。 谷氨酸高产菌株S9114是华南理工大学以T6-13为出发株,经紫外线、亚硝基胍等对原生质体进行多次复合诱变、分离纯化选育而得,已在国内近20家厂生产使用,取得了很好的效果。生产实践证明,该菌种性能优良,生长粗放,具有产酸率高(最高产酸在100g/L以上,如南宁味精厂、沈阳味精厂)、糖酸转化率高(如济南味精厂最高达61％以上),而且菌体粗大,提取收率高(如周口味精厂月平均一次等电点收率达83.2％)。即使在高酸条件下,也不易生成β-型结晶。参加鉴定的专家、教授和使用厂家一致认为     

短杆菌变异株FMP92814产苯丙氨酸的研究

经过多次的人工诱变筛选,获得一株来自乳糖发酵短杆菌ＡＴＣＣ１３８６９的变异株ＦＭＰ９２８１４。它对多种苯丙氨酸结构类似物具有抗性,并兼有酪氨酸营养缺陷型特性。我们对ＦＭＰ９２８１４菌株的发酵生产苯丙氨酸条件进行了研究。在５Ｌ台式小罐的发酵试验中,该菌株的苯丙氨酸产量可达２５．２ｇ／Ｌ,糖酸转化率１６．８％．。     

Alterations of glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli mutants defective in respiratory-chain enzymes

The effects of reduced efficiency of proton-motive force (pmf) generation on glucose metabolism were investigated in Escherichia coli respiratory-chain mutants. The respiratory chain of E. coli consists of two NADH dehydrogenases and three terminal oxidases, all with different abilities to generate a pmf. The genes for isozymes with the highest pmf-generating capacity (NADH dehydrogenase-1 and cytochrome bo? oxidase) were knocked out singly or in combination, using a wild-type strain as the parent. Analyses of glucose metabolism by jar-fermentation revealed that the glucose consumption rate per cell increased with decreasing efficiency of pmf generation, as determined from the growth parameters of the mutants. The highest rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the double mutant, and the lowest was observed in the wild-type strain. The respiration rates of the single-knockout mutants were comparable to that of the wild-type strain, and that of the double mutant was higher, apparently as a result of the upregulation of the remaining respiratory chain enzymes. All of the strains excreted 2-oxoglutaric acid as a product of glucose metabolism. Additionally, all of the mutants excreted pyruvic acid and/or acetic acid. Interestingly, the double mutant excreted L-glutamic acid. Alterations of the fermentation profiles provide clues regarding the metabolic regulation in each mutant.     

Effect of culture conditions on synthesis of L-asparaginase by Escherichia coli A-1.

The nutritional requirements and culture conditions affecting biosynthesis of L-asparaginase in a mutant of Escherichia coli HAP designated strain A-1 were studied. Asparaginase activity was increased by the addition of L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, or commercial-grade monosodium glutamate. The rate of enzyme synthesis was dependent on the interaction between the pH of the culture and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the medium. A critical oxygen transfer rate essential for asparaginase formation was identified, and a fermentation procedure is described in which enzyme synthesis is controlled by aeration rate. Enhancement of L-asparaginase activity by monosodium glutamate was inhibited by the presence of glucose, culture pH, chloramphenicol, and oxygen dissolved in the fermentation medium.     

Effect of culture conditions on synthesis of L-asparaginase by Escherichia coli A-1.

The nutritional requirements and culture conditions affecting biosynthesis of L-asparaginase in a mutant of Escherichia coli HAP designated strain A-1 were studied. Asparaginase activity was increased by the addition of L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, or commercial-grade monosodium glutamate. The rate of enzyme synthesis was dependent on the interaction between the pH of the culture and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the medium. A critical oxygen transfer rate essential for asparaginase formation was identified, and a fermentation procedure is described in which enzyme synthesis is controlled by aeration rate. Enhancement of L-asparaginase activity by monosodium glutamate was inhibited by the presence of glucose, culture pH, chloramphenicol, and oxygen dissolved in the fermentation medium.     

Influence of the glycolytic rate on production of citric acid and oxalic acid by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation

A study was performed to understand the physiology and biochemical mechanism of citric acid accumulation during solid state fermentation of sweet potato using Aspergillus niger Yang No.2. A low citrate-producing mutant was isolated followed by a comparative study of the fermentation process and selected physiological and biochemical parameters. In contrast with the parent strain, the mutant strain displayed lower concentrations, yields and production rates of citric acid, accompanied by higher concentrations, yields and production rates of oxalic acid. In addition, the mutant utilized starch at a lower rate although higher concentrations of free glucose accumulated in the cultures. Biochemical analyses revealed lower rates of glucose uptake and hexokinase activity of the mutant strain in comparison with the parent strain. It is proposed that, in common with submerged fermentation, over-production of citric acid in solid state fermentation is related to an increased glucose flux through glycolysis. At low glucose fluxes, oxalic acid is accumulated.     

Intramolecular transposition and inversion in plasmid R6K

Selection was made in Escherichia coli K-12 recA hosts carrying plasmid R6K for ampicillin hyperresistance. Twenty-two selected strains were found to carry mutant plasmids, which, from electron microscopy and restriction enzyme analysis, were concluded to arise by a duplication of transposon Tn2660, which confers ampicillin resistance, in all cases the duplicate transposon being in an inverted orientation with respect to the resident Tn2660. A mutant of R6K, pSJC301, which was temperature sensitive for ampicillin resistance was produced by in vitro hydroxylamine treatment of R6K deoxyribonucleic acid. A plasmid hybrid, pSJC102, was constructed by cloning the EcoRI R6K fragment carrying the wild-type beta-lactamase gene into the EcoRI site of ColE1. pSJC301 and pSJC102 were transformed into the same recA host strain to form a stable biplasmid strain. Ampicillin-hyperresistant mutants were selected from this strain and screened for plasmids with a duplication of transposon Tn2660, which occurred with equal frequency in either pSJC301 or pSJC102; of 12 characterized, all were inverse repeats of the resident transposon. All six Tn2660 inserts into pSJC301 determined temperature-sensitive ampicillin resistance, and all six inserts into pSJC102 determined wild-type ampicillin resistance, from which it was inferred that transposition of a duplicate Tn2660 occurs predominantly as an intramolecular event, at least in the multicopy R6K plasmid. In all 28 insertion mutants of R6K, there was an inversion of the deoxyribonucleic acid between the two transposons, whereas in only one of six insertion mutants of pSJC102, inversion had occurred. These results are discussed in terms of current models of transposition.     

激光与抗性突变筛选技术相结合选育抗肿瘤抗生素博安霉素高产菌株

目的:获得博安霉素高产菌株,同时比较了铜蒸汽激光与妥布霉素抗性及二者复合诱变的选育效果。方法:采用铜蒸汽激光辐照30 min与妥布霉素100 r/m L抗性处理及其复合诱变选育博安霉素产生菌轮枝链霉菌(S.verticillus)B-31。结果:在复合诱变组中,获得一株高产突变株GB-160,经发酵罐应用后,发酵单位较出发菌株提高1.5倍,并且遗传性能稳定。结论:该方法能有效获得抗生素高产优质菌株。在医药生物工程中,具有较高的实用价值,为其它药物微生物选育提供借鉴。     

耐温性L-谷氨酸发酵菌种的选育

应用基因组改组技术提高,L-谷氨酸生产菌在高温发酵条件下的谷氨酸产量。以天津短杆菌T6—13变异株SW07-1为原始亲株,分别经紫外线（UV）-硫酸二乙酯（DES）和X射线诱变,获得5株耐温性能略有提高的突变菌株。经2轮基因组改组,获得耐高温（能在44℃生长）的L-谷氨酸菌株F2-50。F2—50在38℃下,摇瓶发酵40h,发酵液中L-谷氨酸浓度比原始出发菌株提高了近41％,在41℃高温下,摇瓶发酵40h,L-谷氨酸浓度比原始出发菌株提高了近2倍。     

H+-ATPase defect in Corynebacterium glutamicum abolishes glutamic acid production with enhancement of glucose consumption rate

A mutant of Corynebacterim glutamicum ('Brevibacterium flayum') ATCC14067 with a reduced H+-ATPase activity, F172-8, was obtained as a spontaneous neomycin-resistant mutant. The ATPase activity of strain F172-8 was reduced to about 25% of that of the parental strain. Strain F172-8 was cultured in a glutamic-acid fermentation medium containing 100 g/l of glucose using ajar fermentor. It was found that glucose consumption per cell during the exponential phase was higher by 70% in the mutant than in the parent. The respiration rate per cell of the mutant also increased to twice as much as that of the parent. However, the growth rate of the mutant was lower than that of the parent. Under those conditions, the parent produced more than 40 g/l glutamic acid, while the mutant hardly produced any glutamic acid. Instead the mutant produced 24.6 g/l lactic acid as the main metabolite of glucose. Remarkably, the accumulation of pyruvate and pyruvate-family amino acids, i.e., alanine and valine, was detected in the mutant. On the other hand, the parent accumulated alpha-ketoglutaric acid and a glutamate-family amino acid, proline, as major by-products. It was concluded that the decrease in the H+-ATPase activity caused the above-mentioned metabolic changes in strain F172-8, because a revertant of strain F172-8, R2-1, with a H+-ATPase activity of 70% of that of strain ATCC14067, showed a fermentation profile similar to that of the parent. Sequence analyses of the atp operon genes of these strains identified one point mutation in the gamma subunit in strain F172-8.     

进化代谢选育高渗透压耐受型产琥珀酸大肠杆菌

在以碳酸钠为酸中和剂的大肠杆菌两阶段发酵产琥珀酸的过程中,由于Na+的积累造成发酵体系中渗透压的提高,严重抑制了琥珀酸的产物浓度。为了增强大肠杆菌对渗透压的耐受性,考察了利用进化代谢方法筛选高渗透压耐受型高产琥珀酸大肠杆菌菌株的可行性。进化代谢系统作为一种菌株突变装置,可以使菌体在连续培养条件下以最大的生长速率生长。以NaCl为渗透压调节剂,通过在连续培养装置中逐步提高NaCl浓度使菌体在高渗透压条件下快速生长,最终得到了一株高渗透压耐受型琥珀酸生产菌株Escherichia coli XB4。以碳酸钠为酸中和剂,在7 L发酵罐中利用Escherichia coli XB4进行两阶段发酵,厌氧培养60 h后,琥珀酸产量达到了69.5 g/L,琥珀酸生产速率达到了1.81 g/(L.h),分别比出发菌株提高了18.6%和20%。     

阿维菌素生产菌的常压室温等离子体诱变育种及培养基优化

【目的】通过诱变筛选技术选育阿维菌素高产突变株,对其发酵培养基进行响应面优化,提高阿维菌素产量。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术,结合链霉抗性和卡那霉素抗性筛选法及96深孔板高通量筛选法,筛选阿维菌素高产株。在单因素实验的基础上,应用响应面分析法对其发酵培养基进行优化,最后确定最佳培养基配方。【结果】获得一株遗传性状稳定的阿维菌素高产株K-1A6,其阿维菌素产量达到4.22 g/L,比出发菌株9-39提高了23.4%,在最佳培养基中阿维菌素产量达到5.36 g/L,较优化前提高了27.01%。【结论】通过对阿维链霉菌9-39菌株进行ARTP诱变筛选及发酵培养基优化研究能显著提高阿维菌素的产量。