L-缬氨酸高产菌株的选育研究

以产L-缬氨酸的谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为原始菌株,利用注入低能氮离子束进行一系列诱变,获得一株稳定的高产L-缬氨酸突变菌株。摇瓶培养96h后发酵能力可达38.0g·L-1,较出发菌株提高18.01%。通过对摇瓶中葡萄糖、玉米浆浓度及培养条件进行优化,发酵能力达到40.6g·L-1,50L发酵罐的发酵能力可达70g·L-1左右。     

基因组改组（genome－shuffling）提高

首先采用紫外线与亚硝基胍两种传统微生物诱变方法对干酪乳杆菌进行诱变,经低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶试验获得了5株耐酸性提高的突变菌株。以获得的突变菌株为出发菌株,应用灭活双亲原生质体融合后致死损伤得到互补获得活性融合子的方法,对其进行基因组改组,经过低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶筛选,获得4株可以在pH3.8平板上旺盛生长且产酸量较高的改组菌株。将改组菌株与原始菌株分别于pH 3.8和3.4的YE液体培养基中培养,改组菌株能够在原始菌株无法生存的pH条件（pH 3.4）下生长。在pH 3.8的条件下,对改组菌株与原始菌株的发酵特征进行比较,37℃发酵48小时后,改组菌株产酸量为原始菌株的2.4倍,表明基因组改组技术能有效提高多基因调控表型的进化。     

耐温谷氨酸棒杆菌的选育及其高温谷氨酸发酵代谢流量分析

采用基因组改组的方法选育获得的一株耐温谷氨酸棒杆菌F343,并比较了F343与其出发菌株S9114在39℃发酵谷氨酸时的发酵特性和代谢流量。结果表明:耐温菌F343的比生长速率、比谷氨酸积累速率可维持在较高的水平;通过发酵中后期代谢流量分析发现耐温菌F343在磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)节点处,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPc)催化的CO_2回补支路反应代谢流增加;α-酮戊二酸(KG)节点处,谷氨酸氢酶(GDH)催化的产生谷氨酸的支路代谢通量增加。此外,高温发酵谷氨酸时,耐温菌F343高温发酵谷氨酸过程产生的乳酸等副产物较出发菌株S9114少。通过改善种子质量,F343在高温发酵30 h产酸达到10.1%,较出发菌株提高67%。     

基因组改组提高干酪乳杆菌耐酸性生产L-乳酸

首先采用紫外线与亚硝基胍两种传统微生物诱变方法对干酪乳杆菌进行诱变,经低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶试验获得了5株耐酸性提高的突变菌株.以获得的突变菌株为出发菌株,应用灭活双亲原生质体融合后致死损伤得到互补获得活性融合子的方法,对其进行基因组改组,经过低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶筛选,获得4株可以在pH3.8平板上旺盛生长且产酸量较高的改组菌株.将改组菌株与原始菌株分别于pH 3.8和3.4的YE液体培养基中培养,改组菌株能够在原始菌株无法生存的pH条件(pH 3.4)下生长.在pH 3.8的条件下,对改组菌株与原始菌株的发酵特征进行比较,37℃发酵48小时后,改组菌株产酸量为原始菌株的2.4倍,表明基因组改组技术能有效提高多基因调控表型的进化.     

基因组改组技术选育耐酸性琥珀酸放线杆菌

以琥珀酸产生菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593为出发菌,分别经过紫外线-甲基磺酸乙酯(UV-EMS)和紫外线-硫酸二乙酯(UV-DES)诱变处理,得到7株耐酸性有所提高的突变株.以此作为候选菌库,经3轮原生质体递进融合,筛选获得4株可以在pH 5.6下生长的改组菌株.其中改组菌株F3-21在pH 5.6的完全液体培养基中生长的OD值是原始菌的7倍,在pH 5.2条件下仍能生长;其摇瓶发酵48h琥珀酸产量较原始菌株提高48%.在5L发酵罐中进行分批发酵,当控制pH在较低值(5.6～6.0)时,F3-21厌氧发酵48h积累琥珀酸38.1g/L,较出发菌株提高了45%;当控制pH在6.5～7.0时,F3-21厌氧发酵32h积累琥珀酸40.7g/L.F3-21在5L发酵罐中进行补料分批发酵,厌氧发酵72h,产琥珀酸达67.4g/L.结果说明基因组改组技术能够改进琥珀酸放线菌的耐酸性能及其琥珀酸的产量.     

产L-谷氨酸工程菌株的诱变选育及其发酵效率

以高产L-谷氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌GY1为研究对象,采用ARTP进行全局诱变,进一步提高L-谷氨酸的发酵水平。首先,对谷氨酸棒杆菌GY1原生质体的制备及再生条件进行优化,接着,根据致死率选择最佳的ARTP处理时间,然后,采用96微孔板及摇瓶发酵的方式对突变株进行筛选,最后,对获得的优良突变株进行50 L罐发酵验证。结果显示,溶菌酶浓度为10.0 mg/mL,酶解90 min,原生质体形成率和再生率达到最佳。ARTP最佳处理时间为40 s,致死率达到89.6%,经过初筛与摇瓶复筛,获得突变株YAG117,其摇瓶发酵L-谷氨酸含量达16.3 g/L,较出发菌株提高13.9%,且连续传代五代遗传稳定。50 L补料分批发酵条件下,L-谷氨酸产量在36 h最高,达到216.6 g/L,较出发菌株提高12.9%,糖酸转化率达68.87%,比出发菌株提高了10.2%。ARTP处理GY1菌株原生质体,能够有效积累有利突变,提高突变株发酵生产L-谷氨酸的能力,获得的突变株YAG117也显示了较好的工业化应用潜力。     

L-精氨酸高产菌株的选育

以谷氨酸高产菌种LH谷氨酸棒杆菌为出发菌株,用化学试剂亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变,经结构类似物磺胺胍和摇瓶产酸筛选,获得一株产L-精氨酸的菌株LH425,在摇瓶发酵中,培养96h,产酸率38g·L-1。     

玉米原料高产γ-聚谷氨酸优良菌株的选育及发酵条件优化

以实验室筛选到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B-1为出发菌株,采用紫外诱变技术对出发菌株进行反复诱变,得到一株能够利用玉米原料生产γ-聚谷氨酸的优良高产菌株B-115,摇瓶发酵γ-聚谷氨酸的产量由原菌株的12.5g/L提高到19.5g/L。再以该菌株为研究对象利用响应面法进行碳源、氮源、谷氨酸钠、金属离子等发酵条件的优化实验,经48h摇瓶发酵,γ-聚谷氨酸产量达到40.98g/ L。     

基因组改组技术选育耐高温、耐高乙醇酿酒酵母菌株的研究

当以f4、f5、f6作为出发菌株,用酵母菌原生质体紫外诱变的方法,在不同温度下,用含有不同浓度乙醇的平板筛选,分别获得了在耐高温和耐乙醇性状有较大提高的f4.2、f5.1、f6.2、f4.5等正突变菌株。以这些菌株作为出发菌株,进一步用硫酸二乙酯诱变,获得了f5.1.1、f4.2.1两个乙醇耐受性能较高的菌株。在建立了上述不同突变株后,通过基因组改组(genome shuffling)的方法,将上述不同特性的菌株经过两轮genome shuffling,获得了耐高温性能和耐乙醇性能都较好的酵母菌株。经过摇瓶发酵后证明,R24株在35℃发酵过程中,发酵液中的最高乙醇浓度12.93%(W/V),比原始出发菌株f4在35℃的发酵液中最高乙醇浓度8.11%提高了近5%。     

基因组重排技术选育乙醇高产菌株

里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）被认为是最合适联合生物加工（consolidated bioprocessing）的微生物之一。原始里氏木霉菌株产乙醇能力太低,需要进一步提高其产酒量。我们通过基因组重排技术提高了里氏木霉菌株产乙醇能力和乙醇耐受力。首先对CICC40360菌株孢子进行NTG诱变得到正向突变菌株,再以此为出发菌株进行基因组重排。进行基因组重排后,重组菌株在含不同乙醇浓度的原生质体再生培养基上进行筛选。突变菌株和原始菌株一起做摇瓶发酵实验进行比较以确定产乙醇能力的提高。经过两轮基因组重排后,筛选获得表现最优异的重组菌S2-254。该菌株能在利用50g/l葡萄糖发酵出6.2g/l乙醇,同时能耐受3.5% （v/v）浓度乙醇。上述结果表明,本实验采用的基因组重排技术能够有效而且快速获得具有目的性状的优良菌株。     

L-谷氨酸补料分批发酵的研究

对谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacteriuin glutamicum)HCJ46产L-谷氨酸的补料分批发酵条件进行研究.结果表明:最适初糖质量浓度和最佳残糖维持质量浓度分别为100和(10～20)g/L;对发酵控温方式进行研究,确定了最佳温度控制策略为0～8h维持32℃,8～16h维持34℃、16～32h维持36℃,同时发现相对溶氧控制在30%左右时产酸最高.在以上的优化条件下,L-谷氨酸产量从72g/L提高到95g/L,提高了31.9%.     

Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum F2的分离和对吲哚醌的降解

从受到污染的吲哚醌溶液中分离到茵株F2,该菌株能够快速高效地降解吲哚醌.根据其形态特征、生理生化指标及16S rRNA基因序列分析结果,该茵株被鉴定为紫金牛叶杆菌(Phyl-lobacterium myrsinacearum).F2菌株为好氧茵,在10℃～40℃的温度条件下对吲哚醌均有降解作用.适宜温度范围为25℃～3...     

产γ-氨基丁酸屎肠球菌的鉴定及其谷氨酸脱羧酶酶学性质

目的:鉴定1株产γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的乳酸菌HS3,并研究了其谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)粗酶酶学性质。方法:根据形态培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对及系统发育分析对菌株HS3进行了鉴定。采用菌体细胞破碎后的粗酶液,研究了温度、pH和金属离子对酶活的影响。结果:菌株HS3的形态培养和生理生化特征符合肠球菌属(Enterococcus)特征,其16S rDNA序列与Enterococcus faecium(EU717962)16S rDNA序列同源性达99%,鉴定菌株HS3为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),菌株HS3 GAD最适作用温度为40℃,最适作用pH4.5。酶的热稳定较好,50℃处理4h,在pH3.5～6.0酶活基本稳定。Ca2+对酶有激活作用,5mmol/L和50mmol/L浓度酶活分别提高了37.41%和17.43%。Ba2+和Zn2+在5mmol/L浓度时激活作用明显,而Mg2+在5mmol/L浓度激活作用较好。结论:菌株HS3的GAD活力较高,稳定性较好,为生物合成GABA提供了新的微生物菌种资源。     

高产耐热脂肪酶嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌的选育

采用氮离子注入技术对耐热脂肪酶产生菌嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌（Geobacillus stearothermophilus）L4进行诱变,筛选获得酶活力有较大提高且传代稳定的正突变菌株L4-3;再对L4-3进行紫外线诱变,得到脂肪酶活力提高的正突变菌株L4-3-2,其脂肪酶活力达25．71U／mL,较原始菌株M提高511．9％。高产突变株L4-3-2所产脂肪酶的最适作用温度为50℃,70℃保温60min的剩余酶活为82％,最适作用pH为7．0～8．0,为一种耐热碱性脂肪酶。     

冬虫夏草菌丝体γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的探测和部分性质研究

本研究首次发现冬虫夏草发酵菌丝体含有较高活力的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（简称CSGT）,并且通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、疏水层析、凝胶过滤层析、阴离子交换层析和制备电泳的提取纯化程序,将CSGT纯化了2300倍,然后对CSGT的基本酶学性质进行了研究。CSGT的稳定pH范围和温度范围分别为pH8-11和0-20℃, 当pH 9-10 、30℃并且以L-谷氨酸-对-硝基苯胺（简称GpNA）和双甘肽为底物时CSGT的活力达到最大值。几种还原剂均能激活CSGT,说明其活性中心含有巯基。Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ , Mn2+ 等金属离子均强烈抑制CSGT活性,而K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 和Na+等对CSGT活性没有影响。     

A novel L-glutamate oxidase from Streptomyces endus. Purification and properties

A new flavoenzyme using molecular oxygen to oxidize L-glutamic acid has been purified to homogeneity, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, from the culture medium of Streptomyces endus. Hydrogen peroxide, 2-oxoglutaric acid and ammonia are formed as products. Among 25 amino acids tested including D-glutamic acid, L-glutamine and L-aspartic acid, only L-glutamic acid is converted. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be about 90 kDa by gel chromatography and 50 kDa by SDS/PAGE. The subunit contains 1 molecule noncovalently bound FAD. The absorption spectrum shows maxima at 273, 355 and 457 nm and the isoelectric point is at pH 6.2. The Km value for L-glutamic acid in air-saturated phosphate pH 7.0 was estimated to be 1.1 mM, the Km for oxygen was calculated to be 1.86 mM at saturating concentration of L-glutamic acid. The enzymic reaction is inhibited by Ag+ and Hg2+ ions. The enzyme described here distinctly differs from two microbial L-glutamate oxidases purified hitherto, with regard to extremely high substrate specificity and to the subunit structure.     

基因组重排选育胸苷磷酸化酶高产菌株

以短乳杆菌为研究对象,通过基因组重排技术选育胸苷磷酸化酶高产菌株。首先采用紫外复合诱变筛选出EA42、EB27作为基因组重排育种的亲本并制备成原生质体,分别采用紫外照射50min和60℃水浴加热60min双亲灭活原生质体,然后用质量分数40％PEG6000,30℃恒温诱导融合10min进行基因组重排。经过3轮基因组重排育种,成功选育出3株胸苷磷酸化酶高产菌株,其中菌株F3-36在菌体发酵量提高的前提下,进行5次传代测试其胸苷磷酸化酶活均在2．500U／mg湿菌体,比原始菌株酶活提高了260％。     

Biodegradation Kinetics of Phenanthrene by a Fusant Strain

The fusant strain (F14), which produced by protoplast fusion between Sphingomonas sp. GY2B (GenBank DQ139343) and Pseudomonas sp. GP3A (GenBank EU233280), was tested for phenanthrene biodegradation at 30 °C and pH of 7.0. The kinetics of phenanthrene biodegradation by F14 was investigated over a wide range of initial concentration (15-1,000 mg l(-1)). The rate and the extent of phenanthrene degradation increased with the increase of concentration up to 230 mg l(-1), which indicated negligible inhibition effect at low concentrations. The non-competitive inhibition model was found to be fit for the process. GC-MS analysis showed that biodegradation of phenanthrene by F14 was via dioxygenation at both 1,2- and 3,4-positions and followed by 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. The relative intensity of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid was approximately 3-4 times higher than that of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, indicating the 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid was the predominant product in the phenanthrene degradation by fusant strain F14.     

Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate into L-glutamic acid with urea as ammonium source using multienzyme systems and dextran-NAD+ immobilized by microencapsulation within artificial cells in a bioreactor

Urea could be effectively converted into L-glutamic acid with semipermeable nylon-polyethylenimine artificial cells containing L-glutamic dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1. 3), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1), urease (EC 3.5.1. 5) and soluble dextran-NAD(+). For batch conversion, the artificial cell suspension to total reaction volume ratios ranged from 1 in 5 to 1 in 60. From 22.6 to 53.4 mumol of L-glutamic acid could be produced by 0.4 mL artificial cell suspension within 2 h. The corresponding conversion ratios were 56.5-11. 1%. The L-glutamic dehydrogenase multienzyme system showed a good storage stability: 66.0% of the original activity was retained after 1 month of storage at 4 degrees C. A small bioreactor was prepared to contain 4.0 mL artificial cells. At a flow rate of SV = 1.5 h(-1), the maximum conversion rate was 49.6 mumol L-glutamic acid/p h. Thirty-eight percent of the maximum activity was retained when continuously used for four days at 22 degrees C. A kinetic analysis for the L-glutamic dehydrogenase multienzyme system was studied. The Michaelis constants are as follows: alpha-ketoglutarate is 0.838 mM; urea is 1.90 mM; dextran- NAD(+) is 0.345 mM; and ethanol is 5.31 mM.