新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业的影响及应对措施

概述了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间辽宁省食用菌产业生产和管理现状,分析了疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业产前、产中、产后的影响,指出了原辅料准备、菌种(棒)生产、养菌管理、产品销售以及人员用工、交通物流等存在的诸多问题,明确了疫情对食用菌产业结构、销售市场结构、投资市场结构主要的影响因素,提出了应对交通不畅、劳动力匮乏、资金短缺、技术缺乏的具体措施,并对辽宁省食用菌产业健康持续高质量发展提出建议。     

中国菌物学会第九届全国食用菌学术研讨会

<正>由中国菌物学会主办,上海市农业科学院食用菌研究所承办的"第九届全国食用菌学术研讨会"拟于2010年10月15-19日在上海召开。研讨会将展示我国近年食用菌科研的新成果、新技术、和新产品,以及食用菌产业发展的新观点,为食用菌科研和产业的发展提供一个信息共享交流的平台。     

以李玉院士为榜样建设食用菌强国

中国食用菌产业发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,这是全体食用菌人共同努力和集体奋斗的结果,李玉院士正是无数食用菌人的杰出代表。在李玉院士80岁寿辰之际,回顾和总结了李玉院士4个方面的先进事迹,即坚持面向世界科技前沿,打造一流水平的菌物学科体系;坚持面向食用菌产业进步,推动脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴事业发展;坚持面向国家重大需求,促进菌物粮仓建设和菌物种业振兴;坚持面向人民生命健康,大力推进菌物药学科发展。进一步强调了中国食用菌产业正面临着新的发展机遇,宣传和学习李玉院士先进事迹,有助于深刻把握中国食用菌产业发展的时代之变,以新的观点、立场和方法迎接新的发展机遇,以新境界创造新未来。     

食用菌产业发展历史、现状与趋势

本文回顾了人类对食用菌认识和利用的历史,介绍了我国对食用菌栽培利用的早期贡献和近代对食用菌产业发展的贡献,以及全球食用菌产业的基本情况、欧美双孢蘑菇和亚洲食用菌产业的发展历史与现状,分析了世界食用菌产业格局的变化、生产方式和技术的转型,简述了食用菌科学研究的进展,同时对中国食用菌产业发展历程和现状进行了梳理,提出了全球食用菌产业将继续从发达地区向欠发达地区转移以及我国的生产方式将加快向组织化、规模化、标准化和专业化方向转变的进展。     

基于中国食用菌产业发展的食用菌学科建设探讨

食用菌产业的兴起和发展是人类文明进步带来的产物。经过百余年的发展,食用菌产业已经成为中国农业种植业中一种重要生产方式,中国也成为全球最重要的食用菌生产国和消费国。在新的历史时期全面总结中国食用菌产业发展历程将有助于探索产业的高质量可持续发展之路。文中概况回顾了中国食用菌产业发展经历的4个历史阶段并总结了其主要的发展特征,并展望了中国食用菌产业在传统农业向现代农业转变的历史时期肩负的新的历史使命。在此基础上,探讨了食用菌学科建设的历史机遇、时代意义、建设任务、专业方向和重点内容等。中国食用菌产业的发展为食用菌学科建设提供了前所未有的发展机遇和迫切需求,但是迄今为止食用菌学科还没有形成一个比较完整的体系。希望本文能够在共同探讨食用菌学科建设路径方面起到抛砖引玉的作用,从而共同推动我国食用菌学科的建设。     

我国食用菌产业技术路线图研究初报

在对产业发展形势与文献资料分析的基础上,提出我国食用菌产业发展路线图和产业链构成图,初步绘制了我国食用菌产业的技术路线图,同时对我国食用菌产业发展所面临的知识产权与保护、资金与融资、市场与环境等进行了分析,最后提出了加速发展我国食用菌产业的建议。     

食用菌菌种现状及退化防控措施

随着食用菌产业迅速发展，菌种在食用菌生产中的重要地位凸显。食用菌菌种质量的优劣是影响食用菌产量和品质的重要因素之一，使用劣质菌种会存在食品安全隐患，也会给食用菌生产企业带来不必要的经济损失。菌种质量参差不齐、标准缺失或难以与国际对接，严重制约着食用菌产业的持续健康发展。本文从食用菌产业现状、食用菌菌种现状及存在问题、食用菌菌种退化因素及防控、食用菌菌种质量评价等方面进行了详细论述，从多个维度分析了菌种退化原因，总结了应对菌种退化的防控措施，从本质上解决菌种退化问题，以期为食用菌规模化生产及产业发展规划提供参考。     

中国食用菌工厂化的现状与展望

通过现场调查、数据统计分析、对比分析、召开研讨会和论证会等方式开展了我国食用菌工厂化现状调查,从纵向和横向2个维度,介绍了食用菌产业发展历程;从方针政策、人才培养、科学研究等方面阐述和分析了中国食用菌工厂化发展的现状;结合目前形势,展望了中国未来食用菌工厂化发展前景,引出食用菌工厂化产业的着力点、布局、结构等战略发展构想。     

食用菌科学研究为食用菌产业发展提供越来越重要的科学支撑

食用菌学科建设和食用菌产业发展密切关联,我国食用菌产业的蓬勃发展和转型升级中,产生了大量的科学问题和需求,这成为食用菌学科科学研究中最好的方向和主题,也是食用菌学科建设的重要动力源泉.《菌物学报》作为我国重要的菌物科学研究的期刊,每年刊登许多与食用菌学科相关的研究论文,今年再次集中出版一期"食用菌遗传育种及生理生化"主题的专辑,共刊登1篇综述、23篇研究论文和3篇新品种快报,这些论文的选题体现出我国科研人员越来越密切围绕食用菌产业中的科学问题、持续开展科学研究、积累学科知识、不断促进学科进步和产业发展的状况.     

“食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控”项目简介——食用菌产业发展与技术创新的科学基础

食用菌以子实体为收获物,是优质蛋白的重要来源,我国重要的食物安全战略产业,已经成为我国粮、菜、果、油之后的第五大产值农作物,2013年产量3 169.68万吨(中国食用菌协会统计),直接产值1 707亿元,间接产值6 828亿元,从业人口逾2 000万。我国食用菌产量已占全球总产量的75%以上。但是,与食用菌产业相关的基础科学研究严重匮乏,对产量和品质形成的关键科学问题研究的空白,严重制约着我国食用菌育种和栽培等产业技术的创新,导致单产低、质量差,产业链难以延长,产业效益持续下降,产业升级艰难。科学基础研究的缺乏,已经成为食用菌产业发展的瓶颈。2014年立项的国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目"食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控"(2014CB138300),紧紧抓住困扰我国食用菌产业发展的科学问题,开展食用菌高效利用木质纤维素的分子机制、食用菌子实体形成发育的调控机理、食用菌温度响应的分子机制、食用菌活性物质及其合成代谢的分子基础和食用菌优异种质性状形成的遗传基础研究,拟阐释食用菌子实体形成的营养利用与遗传调控机制、食用菌抗逆性的温度响应机制和食用菌活性物质的合成代谢调控机理。构建食用菌科学理论体系,为食用菌产业关键技术创新奠定科学基础,为优质高产提供理论指导,为延长产业链,提高产业效益提供科学路径。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2016年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2016年中国植物科学持续稳步发展, 表现在中国植物科学家在国际主流高影响力学术期刊发表文章的数量稳中有升, 中国植物科学领域的期刊逆风出行, 进入研究性期刊世界前三甲行列。中国科学家在植物学诸多领域取得了丰硕的成果。水稻(Oryza sativa)产量性状杂种优势的分子遗传机制解析入选2016年中国科学十大进展; 植物受精过程中雌雄配子体信号识别机制的研究和独脚金内酯的受体感知机制入选2016年生命科学十大进展。我国植物科学, 特别是以水稻为代表的作物研究在国际学术界已占有一席之地。例如, 在水稻组学(如基因组和转录组等)资源和技术平台的建立、重测序的开发及功能基因的克隆和调控网络的解析方面取得了系列重要成果(如揭示了独脚金内酯信号转导的“去抑制化激活”机制、从分子水平上阐释了水稻籼粳杂种不育和广亲和性基因S5的作用机理及发现了控制水稻耐冷的基因组位点), 已经引领世界水稻乃至作物科学研究。该文对2016年中国本土植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和研究热点, 与读者共享我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。