山东莱阳晚白垩世棱柱形蛋新属种及其意义（英文）

记述了发现于莱阳上白垩统将军顶的半枚蛋化石,据其保存较尖的一端,蛋壳外表面光滑无纹饰,蛋壳较薄,紧密排列的棱柱状壳单元,壳单元边缘由致密的方解石组成,以及气孔较少,气孔呈圆形或椭圆形等特征,将其归入棱柱形蛋科,建立新蛋属新蛋种:梨乡莱阳蛋(Laiyangoolithus lixiangensis oogen.et oosp.nov.)。梨乡莱阳蛋的发现不仅丰富了莱阳恐龙蛋化石群组成,同时也增加了棱柱形蛋类的古地理分布,并为研究伤齿龙类的多样性和古地理分布提供了新的证据。     

伤齿龙(Troodontids)筑巢产卵的行为

应用薄壳理论研究中国和北美西部出土的晚侏罗世至晚白垩世伤齿龙蛋以平卧和竖立两种方式埋在沙土中受压破损的抵抗能力 ,分析伤齿龙蛋在蛋窝中特有的排列方式与其蛋壳的抗失稳能力之间的关系。结果表明 ,由于伤齿龙蛋壳很薄 ,其抗失稳能力很差 ,如果这种蛋以横卧方式埋在沙土中就可能在很小载荷下因失稳屈曲而破裂 ;但是 ,如果把蛋竖立起来埋在沙土中 ,则蛋的抗破碎能力比把它们平放埋在沙土中要高出 4～ 5倍。从而认为 ,伤齿龙在筑巢产卵时把一个个蛋竖立起来埋在沙土中是为解决其低强度蛋壳在保护胚胎 ,避免外力损伤和在卵的孵化后期幼雏能够破壳而出这两方面的矛盾而采取的一种保护性措施 ,说明这些体征很像鸟类的兽脚类恐龙 ,其智商可能比人们想象的要高。在此基础上 ,探讨和复原了伤齿龙筑巢产卵的行为。     

保存食物残留和肠道软组织的肉食性恐龙——王氏达斡尔龙

<正>恐龙的食性包括植食性、肉食性和杂食性。植食性恐龙一般体型较大,脑袋较小,牙齿多呈勺状、棒状或片状。我们熟悉的大型蜥脚类恐龙,如梁龙类、腕龙类和巨龙类等都是植食性恐龙。肉食性恐龙的体型差异较大,小到几十厘米,大到十几米,牙齿多呈锋利的匕首状、边缘多发育小锯齿。肉食性恐龙除了凶猛的暴龙类,还有许多乖巧的小型兽脚类,如驰龙类和伤齿龙类。杂食性恐龙多具有像鸟类一样的喙部,有的仍保留牙齿,有的完全没有牙齿,如镰刀龙类和窃蛋龙类。     

内蒙古巴音满都呼晚白垩世棱齿龙蛋化石的发现

本文记述的恐龙蛋化石标本,采自内蒙古乌拉特后旗巴音满都呼上白垩统牙道黑达组中。蛋化石在蛋窝中排列的方式和蛋壳的显微结构特征与北美发现的含有可鉴定为棱齿龙胚胎骨骼的蛋化石基本相似,但还有一些差别,如蛋壳外表面不具纵向细纹,柱状层中鱼骨型纹饰不明显等。因此,应为棱齿龙科中另一新的属种代表。     

辽宁早白垩世义县组一原始鸟脚类恐龙

初步记述了采自辽西地区早白垩世义县组新的原始鸟脚类恐龙化石材料,并依此建立一新属新种上园热河龙（Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis gen. et sp. nov.）。化石产于北票市上园镇陆家屯义县组下部第一段灰白色凝灰质砂岩中,同一层位产出过大量鹦鹉嘴龙化石。上园热河龙的主要鉴定特征包括6个前上颌齿,鼻骨背面发育小孔,前齿骨约为前上颌骨主体长度的1.5倍、未发育股骨前髁间沟、骨不在一平面上,第三趾趾节中第四节最长。上园热河龙具有一些真鸟脚类恐龙的近裔性状,比如眶前孔小,方骨孔大,位于方颧骨侧面,外下颌孔缺失。另外,上园热河龙的股骨近端形态非常接近进步的鸟脚类恐龙。但是上园热河龙发育有6个前上颌齿,上下颌关节处与齿列位于同一水平线,前上颌齿列与上颌齿列位于同一水平线,这些原始特征未见于已知鸟脚类恐龙。上园热河龙确切系统分类位置需要进一步确定。 上园热河龙是义县组中发现的第二种鸟臀类恐龙,增加了这类恐龙在热河生物群中的分异度。     

辽宁西部早白垩世义县组一新驰龙类

我国辽西早白垩世义县组底部陆家屯层近年来产出大量恐龙和其他脊椎动物化石 ,其中包括兽脚类恐龙当中的伤齿龙类和窃蛋龙类 (Xu ,2 0 0 2 )。本文报道该层位产出的一件驰龙类化石标本。通过对比研究 ,我们确认这一标本不同于热河群已知的其他 3种驰龙类 ,并建立了驰龙类的一个新属种 :陆家屯纤细盗龙 (Graciliraptorlujiatunensisgen .etsp .nov .)。驰龙类最初发现于北美晚白垩世地层中 (MatthewandBrown ,1 92 2 ) ,随后在蒙古晚白垩世地层中也有发现 (Osborn ,1 92 4 ) ;现在已知驰龙类的化石记录主要集中在北美和中亚地区的白垩纪地层中 (Xu ,2 0 0 2 )。千禧中国鸟龙 (Sinornithosaurusmillenii)曾代表最早的确定无疑的驰龙属种 (Xuetal.,1 999) ,其生存时代大约为 1 2 5Ma (Swisheretal.,1 999)。陆家屯纤细盗龙正型标本产于义县组底部陆家屯层 ,其上覆和下伏岩层的同位素年代分别为 1 2 8Ma和 1 39Ma (Swisheretal.,2 0 0 1 )。因此 ,陆家屯纤细盗龙代表已知最早的驰龙属种。陆家屯纤细盗龙和其他驰龙类共享以下近裔特征 :尾椎前关节突和脉弧极度加长、上颌齿后缘锯齿明显大于前缘锯齿和指节III- 2明显缩短。陆家屯纤细盗龙的以下近裔特征区别于其他驰龙类 :中部尾椎有一板状结构连接左右后关节     

恐龙蛋化石──繁殖受挫的证据──记山东莱阳恐龙蛋化石的进一步研究

恐龙蛋化石──繁殖受挫的证据──记山东莱阳恐龙蛋化石的进一步研究左权,汤卓炜目前在世界上好多地方陆续发现爬行类,尤其是恐龙的蛋化石,按形态结构可大致分为短圆蛋和长形蛋两种,蛋的大小变化范围很大,蛋壳厚度及其内外部“纹饰”,蛋壳结构及锥状层和柱状层比例...     

内蒙古上白垩统二连组—长颈的镰刀龙类

镰刀龙类（又称“懒龙”）是一类奇特的植食性兽脚类恐龙,化石记录主要局限于亚洲白垩纪地层中。由于镰刀龙类极其特化的形态和化石材料的局限性,这类恐龙的系统位置存在较多的争议。最近的发现（Russell and Dong,1994;Xu et al.,1999）表明这类恐龙属于虚骨龙类,但其更为具体的系统位置依然存在争议（Sues,1997;Makovicky and Sues,1998;Xu et al.,1999;Sereno,1999）。新发现于内蒙古苏尼特左旗赛罕高毕上白垩统二连组的镰刀龙类化石材料代表这类恐龙的一个新属种。杨氏内蒙古龙（Neimongosaurus yangi gen.et sp.nov.）的正型标本为一较为完整的骨架,是已知镰刀龙类当中第一件在同一个体中保存了大多数脊椎和几乎所有肢骨的标本。依据以下特征将内蒙古龙归入镰刀龙超科：U形的下颌联合部、齿骨前端向下弯曲、齿骨前部没有牙齿、牙齿有一个收缩的基部、近圆形的齿根和叶形的齿冠、前部颈椎的神经脊低矮而轴向较长、后部颈椎背视呈X形、肱骨近端角状、肱骨有后转子、肱骨的尺骨髁和挠骨髁位于前部并为一狭窄槽分开、肠骨的耻骨柄细长而坐骨柄短以及跖部短。内蒙古龙的以下特征区别于其他镰刀龙类：前部尾椎的横突下部有一圆形的窝,桡骨二头肌结节点非常发育,后足践节近端跟部非常发育,胫骨的腓骨嵴长,明显超过胫骨长度的一半,肠骨髋臼前支外侧面转向背方,尾椎前关节突向两侧侧伸明显。镰刀龙类有一些未见于其他手盗龙类的特征,表明这类恐龙较为原始,可能和似鸟龙类关系较近（Sereno,1999）,但其他一些证据表明镰刀龙类较为进步,可能和窃蛋龙类关系较近（Makovicky and Sues,1998;Xu et al.,1999）。内蒙古龙高度气孔化的脊椎和进步的肩带形态表明镰刀龙类相当进步。其中加长的颈部和缩短的尾部等特征非常类似于窃蛋龙类。这些特征的发现支持了镰刀龙类和窃蛋龙类的系统关系较近的假说。     

辽西下白垩统九佛堂组尾羽龙类—新属(英文)

记述了一件采自辽西热河群九佛堂组一新的窃蛋龙类:义县似尾羽龙(Similicaudipteryx yixianensis gen.et sp.nov.),并依据其和尾羽龙属的相似特征,及其匕首状的尾综骨,肠骨、踱骨和脚趾的形态等将其归入窃蛋龙类的尾羽龙科,但其所具有的一些特征也不同于该科已建立的尾羽龙属,如尾综骨的形态和较大的个体等。该化石具有许多典型的窃蛋龙类的特征,如短尾、较短的前肢等,有别于其他窃蛋龙类的特征还包括耻骨和肠骨的长度比为1.46,背椎上发育2个大而深的椎体下突、背椎侧部具孔等。义县似尾羽龙是又一类具有真正尾综骨的恐龙,表明尾综骨这一曾经被认为是鸟类特有的结构可能是在恐龙中独自演化的。它具有一些进步的特征如具尾综骨等,但同时也具有一些原始的特征如5个愈合的荐椎,耻骨联合长,表明在窃蛋龙类中存在着特征的镶嵌进化现象。似尾羽龙与驰龙类、其他窃蛋龙类等恐龙一样,脚趾并没有对握,已有的证据说明完全的对握目前还只是出现于鸟类中。根据其短尾、中部收缩的趾骨和灵巧的身体等都表明它是一类适于快速奔跑的动物。目前为止,已知的尾羽龙类化石均发现于北票四合屯地区的义县组下部尖山沟层(段),距今约125Ma。新标本发现于义县西二虎桥地点,属于九佛堂组,距今约120Ma,这也是迄今为止在九佛堂组发现的惟一一件尾羽龙类化石,对研究早白垩世窃蛋龙类的演化和热河生物群恐龙组合的特征具有重要的意义。     

蜥脚类恐龙骨骼重建：以巨型汝阳龙为例

<正>我国蜥脚类恐龙的时空分布蜥脚类恐龙是恐龙家族中一个十分重要的类群。广义上的蜥脚类分为原蜥脚类（基干蜥脚型类）和真蜥脚类,而真蜥脚类又可进一步的划分成新蜥脚类和非新蜥脚类真蜥脚类,新蜥脚类可以进一步划分成梁龙超科和大鼻龙类,大鼻龙类则可以划分成非巨龙形类和巨龙形类。     

A short-armed troodontid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia and its implications for troodontid evolution

Background

The Troodontidae represents one of the most bird-like theropod groups and plays an important role in our understanding of avian origins. Although troodontids have been known for over 150 years, few known derived troodontid specimens preserve significant portions of both the forelimb and the hindlimb.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here, we report a new troodontid taxon, Linhevenator tani gen. et sp. nov., based on a partial, semi-articulated skeleton recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Wulatehouqi, Inner Mongolia, China. L. tani has an unusual combination of primitive and derived character states, though our phylogenetic analysis places it in a derived clade within the Troodontidae. As a derived taxon, L. tani has a dromaeosaurid-like pedal digit II, and this species also possesses a humerus that is proportionally much shorter and more robust than those of most other troodontids.

Conclusion/Significance

The combination of features present in Linhevenator indicates a complex pattern of character evolution within the Troodontidae. In particular, the discovery of Linhevenator suggests that derived troodontids have independently evolved a highly specialized pedal digit II and have significantly shortened the forelimb over the course of their evolution.     

伤齿龙标本IVPP V 10597分类学重新讨论(英文)

保存部分后肢的标本 IVPP V 10597 最初被描述为蒙古蜥鸟龙(Saurornithoides mongoliensis) 的幼年个体,但存在一些疑问。近年来有关伤齿龙科(Troodontidae) 的研究,尤其是有关伤齿龙类分类学研究取得了重要进展,因此有必要对该标本的分类学重新进行评估。通过细致的形态比较和数值化的系统发育分析,确认相对于蒙古蜥鸟龙,V 10597 更加接近于同域的谭氏临河猎龙(Linhevenator tani) ,指示其有可能代表谭氏临河猎龙的幼年个体。但 V 10597 的许多后肢特征,包括许多涉及后肢骨骼间比例的特征,显示出与包括谭氏临河猎龙在内的其他伤齿龙类的明显区别。这些形态差异可能具有分类学意义,表明 V 10597 代表一个新种。通过骨组织学分析,确认该标本不可能代表谭氏临河猎龙或者其他大型伤齿龙类的幼年个体。基于已有的形态学和骨组织学信息,将 V 10597 定为一新属、新种,命名为柯瑞氏菲利猎龙(Philovenator curriei gen. et sp. nov. ) 。这一发现增加了白垩纪晚期伤齿龙类的种群分异度和形态差异度。     

A Large Accumulation of Avian Eggs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) Reveals a Novel Nesting Strategy in Mesozoic Birds

We report the first evidence for a nesting colony of Mesozoic birds on Gondwana: a fossil accumulation in Late Cretaceous rocks mapped and collected from within the campus of the National University of Comahue, Neuquén City, Patagonia (Argentina). Here, Cretaceous ornithothoracine birds, almost certainly Enanthiornithes, nested in an arid, shallow basinal environment among sand dunes close to an ephemeral water-course. We mapped and collected 65 complete, near-complete, and broken eggs across an area of more than 55 m². These eggs were laid either singly, or occasionally in pairs, onto a sandy substrate. All eggs were found apparently in, or close to, their original nest site; they all occur within the same bedding plane and may represent the product of a single nesting season or a short series of nesting attempts. Although there is no evidence for nesting structures, all but one of the Comahue eggs were half-buried upright in the sand with their pointed end downwards, a position that would have exposed the pole containing the air cell and precluded egg turning. This egg position is not seen in living birds, with the exception of the basal galliform megapodes who place their eggs within mounds of vegetation or burrows. This accumulation reveals a novel nesting behaviour in Mesozoic Aves that was perhaps shared with the non-avian and phylogenetically more basal troodontid theropods.     

A new troodontid theropod dinosaur from the lower Cretaceous of Utah

Background

The theropod dinosaur family Troodontidae is known from the Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous of Asia and from the Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous of North America. Before now no undisputed troodontids from North America have been reported from the Early Cretaceous.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Herein we describe a theropod maxilla from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and perform a phylogenetic analysis to determine its phylogenetic position. The specimen is distinctive enough to assign to a new genus and species, Geminiraptor suarezarum. Phylogenetic analysis places G. suarezarum within Troodontidae in an unresolved polytomy with Mei, Byronosaurus, Sinornithoides, Sinusonasus, and Troodon + (Saurornithoides + Zanabazar). Geminiraptor suarezarum uniquely exhibits extreme pneumatic inflation of the maxilla internal to the antorbital fossa such that the anterior maxilla has a triangular cross-section. Unlike troodontids more closely related to Troodon, G. suarezarum exhibits bony septa between the dental alveoli and a promaxillary foramen that is visible in lateral view.

Conclusions/Significance

This is the first report of a North American troodontid from the Lower Cretaceous. It therefore contributes to a fuller understanding of troodontid biogeography through time. It also adds to the known dinosaurian fauna of the Cedar Mountain Formation.     

Nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops

Thulborn, R A. 1992 04 15: Nest of the dinosaur Protoceratops. Lethaia , Vol. 25, pp. 145–149. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164.
Two different types of nests and eggs have been attributed to Protoceratops , a primitive-looking ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Comparisons with the reproductive traces of other Cretaceous dinosaurs reveal that conventional restorations of the Protoceratops nest are probably based upon the nest of an ornithopod dinosaur. Authentic nests of Protoceratops do exist, but these are smaller and less complex in structure than the nests of ornithopod dinosaurs. This misunderstanding, which has endured in popular and scientific literature for more than 50 years, underlies the widespread belief that Protoceratops laid its eggs in a crater-like excavation. More probably the nest of Protoceratops comprised a shallow radial array of eggs concealed beneath a low mound of soil. * Ornithischia, eggs, nests, behaviour, Cretaceous .     

A new peculiar dinosaur egg,Sankofa pyrenaica oogen. nov. oosp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous coastal deposits of the Aren Formation,south‐central Pyrenees,Lleida, Catalonia,Spain

Abstract: A new type of small, ovoid dinosaur egg, Sankofa pyrenaica oogen. nov. oosp. nov., with a prismatic type eggshell is described from upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian–Maastrichtian) deposits of the Montsec area, South Pyrenean Central Unit, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. This egg type was sub‐vertically laid in only two rich monospecific sites of a single stratigraphic layer from coastal deposits of the Aren Formation, interpreted as an emerged beach ridge of a barrier island – lagoon depositional system. The size and shape of these eggs with their asymmetric poles are roughly similar to modern hen eggs, which is unusual in the Cretaceous fossil egg record. Its phylogenetic position clusters with bird and Troodontid eggs. A morphospace analysis of egg shapes shows the similarity of the new egg to a Campanian fossil bird egg from Argentina, both being intermediate between modern‐bird eggs and extinct nonavian theropod eggs. However, the eggshell microstructure of Sankofa pyrenaica differs from that of bird eggs in its incipient squamatic texture. It has a peculiar pattern of interlocking small crystals in the middle of the palisade layer, instead of the thick squamatic structure commonly present in modern avian eggshells. This new egg type is attributed to a small theropod, probably with a single oviduct like birds and whose mosaic distribution of features is a combination between that of birds and nonavian theropods. This enhances the arguments supporting the close phylogenetic relationships between both groups.     

A LATE MESOZOIC BIRD FROM INNER MONGOLIA

Otogornisgenghisigen.etsp.nov.HolotypePectoralgirdleandwingelements.(IVPPV96O7)HorizonandLocalityYijinhoIuoFormation(EarlyCretaceous);Chaibu-Sumi,otog-qi,Yikezhao-meng,InnerMongolia.DiagnosisAmedium-sizedbird.Longbonesthick-waIled.Acromionofscapulaprotrudingforward.Coracoidwithexpandedheadandbroadp1ate-shapeddistalend.Humerusrelativelystrongandshorterthanradiusandulna,pneumaticfossaabsent,capitalgrooveprominent,deltoidcrestnotdeve1oped,olecrana1fossasha1low,su1cusform.scapu1otricipit…     

A new ground beetle (Carabidae, Protorabinae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China

Cretorabus rasnitsynisp. n., belonging to the extinct subfamily Protorabinae of Carabidae, was described based on a well-preserved specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Yangshuwanzi, Inner Mongolia. The diagnostic characters forCretorabus are revised, and the key to species of the genus was presented. The fossil record of Protorabinae was summarized. Sinocarabus Hong, 1982 and Obesofemoria Hong, 1982 cannot be attributed to Protorabinae.     

New shore bug (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Saldidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China with phylogenetic analyses

A new genus with a new species of Saldidae, Brevrimatus pulchalifergen. et sp. n., is described and illustrated. The fossil specimen was found from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. Phylogenetic analyses within Saldidae were performed, and the results indicate Brevrimatus pulchalifergen. et sp. n. should be assigned to the subfamily Chiloxanthinae.     

New material of Xyelydidae (Hymenoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China

Chifengilyda robusta, a new extinct sawfly genus and new species assigned to Xyelidae, is described and figured here based on one fossil specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia, China. Chifengilyda robusta n. gen. n. sp. differs from other xyelydids in having a forewing with pterostigma completely sclerotized, Sc closer to C, Sc1 about 3 times as long as Sc2, Sc1 intersecting C far beyond Rs base, 2r-m postfurcal and cell 1mcu relatively large. This new taxon further enriches the diversity of Xyelydidae in the Early Cretaceous, and even enhances our understanding of the evolution and inter-genera and interspecies relationships of this family.