青海湖裸鲤HIF-2α基因的克隆及其ODD功能域羟化分析

目的：克隆青海湖裸鲤低氧诱导因子-2α（HIF-2α）完整编码区,并分析HIF-2α ODD域与脯氨酸羟化酶3（PHD3）的相互作用。方法：通过RT-PCR与RACE克隆青海湖裸鲤H1F-2α基因序列,GSTpun-down法分析HIF-2α ODD域能否与PHD3相互结合。结果：获得的青海湖裸鲤HIF-2α eDNA序列长为3013bp,其中开放阅读框（0RF）为2502bp。GSTpull-down分析表明,HIF-2α ODD域羟化后能与PHD3形成酶／底物聚合物。结论：青海湖裸鲤HIF-2αODD域没有发生类似HIF-1α的羟化位点变异,能够被PHD3正常识别并结合。     

E3泛素连接酶VHL通过调控HIF-1α维持Treg稳态及功能

正调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)是CD4+T细胞的重要亚群,参与了免疫耐受和对自身抗原的耐受反应。Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)基因的失活或者突变促进多种肿瘤发生。HIF-1α是VHL复合物的底物,在常氧状态下,HIF-1α经脯氨酸羟化酶(prolyl hydroxylase domain,PHD)的羟化后被VHL识别,进而被泛素化修饰,再经由蛋白酶体降解,所以维持在较低水平。有研究表明,HIF-1α参与维持Th17和Treg平衡。本文作者,对于VHL是否参与了Treg细胞的调控进行了研究。     

HIF-1α的可逆性SUMO化修饰

低氧诱导因子1(hypoxia inducible factor-1, HIF-1)是参与调节机体氧平衡的重要转录因子,在细胞低氧应答反应中起核心作用,能调节100多种涉及低氧应激下细胞适应和存活的靶基因．HIF-1由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成．其中α亚基可受到多种翻译后化学修饰作用,如在常氧下,HIF-1α通过泛素化蛋白酶修饰并导致其快速降解．最近几年发现的泛素样蛋白家族成员小泛素蛋白样修饰蛋白（SUMO）也能与HIF-1α共价结合．SUMO是一种分子量约为12 kD的小蛋白,从拟南芥到人类普遍存在．SUMO可共价结合许多靶底物蛋白,并对其进行翻译后修饰,该过程称为SUMO化．与泛素化蛋白酶体途径不同的是,SUMO化修饰能在常氧和相对低氧的条件下调节HIF-1α蛋白的稳定性,从而改变其转录活性．SUMO化是一个可逆的动态过程,可被特异性蛋白酶ULP/SENP将其从底物上去除．本文主要就HIF-1α的可逆性SUMO化修饰作一综述．     

低氧诱导因子2α抑制剂的发现及其在肾癌治疗中的应用潜力

氧对生物成长和发育至关重要,但低氧适应在许多生理和病理过程也发挥关键作用。常氧时,低氧诱导因子2α(HIF-2α)可被肿瘤抑制蛋白VHL泛素化修饰,进一步被蛋白酶体迅速降解;低氧时,HIF-2α不再降解,从而进入细胞核与HIF-β亚基形成异二聚体并激活靶基因表达。肾癌通常存在高频VHL基因失活而导致HIF-2α积累,最终促使肾癌发生发展。因此,HIF-2α被看作肾癌治疗的新靶点。尽管HIF-2α被视为“不可成药”分子,但仍成功开发变构抑制剂PT2385和PT2977,它们通过特异性拮抗HIF-2α/HIF-1β异二聚体形成发挥药理作用。临床前和临床试验表明,与标准药物相比,HIF-2α抑制剂在肾癌治疗方面效果更理想、耐受性更强。这些进展意味着HIF-2α抑制剂有望在肾癌临床治疗方面发挥重要作用。     

低氧后处理诱导的低氧诱导因子-1α表达上调减轻H9c2心肌细胞低氧/复氧损伤北大核心CSCD

本文旨在探讨低氧后处理(hypoxic postconditioning)对低氧/复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R)所致的心肌细胞损伤以及低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表达的影响,并分析二者之间可能的关系。利用H9c2心肌细胞株建立低氧/复氧和低氧后处理模型,通过测定细胞存活率、细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)的活性及caspase-3活性来观察低氧/复氧造成的H9c2细胞的损伤,用Westernblot检测H9c2细胞内HIF-1α的蛋白水平,用real-timePCR检测细胞内HIF-1α的mRNA水平。结果显示,低氧后处理提高了低氧/复氧H9c2细胞的存活率,降低了LDH及caspase-3活性。同时,低氧后处理增加了H9c2细胞内HIF-1α的蛋白水平。预先利用HIF-1α脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂DMOG上调HIF-1α的蛋白水平后,由低氧/复氧导致的H9c2细胞的损伤明显减轻,其效应与低氧后处理完全一致。对H9c2细胞内HIF-1α蛋白水平与细胞存活率进行相关性分析,结果显示二者呈显著正相关(r=0.743,P<0.01);而运用siRNA方法抑制细胞内HIF-1α基因表达后,显著削弱了低氧后处理减轻低氧/复氧细胞损伤的效应。以上结果提示,HIF-1α表达上调是低氧后处理减轻细胞低氧/复氧损伤的机制之一。     

低氧诱导因子-1α在低氧促成肌细胞增殖中的作用

目的:探讨低氧对大鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞(SkMs)增殖的影响及低氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)在低氧促成肌细胞增殖中的相关机制。方法:采用流式细胞仪观察了3、10%O2对SkMs细胞数量和增殖指数的影响;用RT-PCR方法检测了HIF-1αmRNA的表达,用Western blot方法检测了SkMs胞浆、胞核及总HIF-1α蛋白的水平。结果:低氧组较常氧组细胞数量和增殖指数增加(P0.05);HIF-1αmRNA、总蛋白水平在常氧组和低氧组中没有明显差异,常氧下胞浆中HIF-1α蛋白水平高于胞核内,低氧下HIF-1α蛋白水平在胞核内高于胞浆。结论:低氧能够促进SkMs增殖,HIF-1α可能是通过氧浓度调控的核转位的方式参与了低氧促SkMs的增殖。     

藏红花素抗心肌细胞低氧损伤作用及其机制研究

目的:探讨藏红花素(Crocin)对低氧心肌细胞的保护作用以及低氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)和脯氨酰羟化酶(PHDs)的调控机制。方法:采用氯化钴(CoCl2)方法建立心肌细胞低氧损伤实验模型。应用Western blot方法检测心肌细胞HIF-1α、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、诱导型NO合酶(iNOS)以及PHD1、2、3蛋白表达的变化。结果:与CoCl2低氧组比较,Crocin可显著提高低氧心肌细胞活力。Crocin可进一步促使心肌细胞HIF-1α、及其下游靶基因VEGF、iNOS蛋白表达增强。Crocin可促使心肌细胞PHD2蛋白表达明显增加,PHD3蛋白表达则明显减少。结论:Crocin对低氧心肌细胞具有明显的保护作用,其作用机制与Crocin激活HIF-1介导的低氧反应通路有关,PHDs参与了该反应的病理生理调控过程。     

细胞内低氧感受器:缺氧诱导因子-1脯氨酰羟化酶研究进展

哺乳动物细胞对低氧的适应性调节是通过改变一系列基因表达来实现的。调控这些基因表达最重要的转录因子是缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）,而能够直接感受氧分压、作为氧感受器的一种双加氧酶——脯氨酰羟化酶（PHD）则是调节HIF-1的关键分子。常氧状况下,HIF-1α的两个关键氨基酸残基Pro402和Pro564被PHD羟基化进而被蛋白酶水解,此时细胞内无HIF-1聚集,形成一种氧分压正常的信号状态。低氧状况下,PHD羟基化HIF-1α反应受阻,HIF-1聚集并入核诱导多种靶基因表达,启动低氧应答反应。本文就PHDs家族如何调控HIF-1α及PHD的调节剂研究进展进行综述。     

HIF-1α的泛素化和SUMO化修饰

低氧诱导因子-1（hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1）是异二聚体的转录因子,由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成,在细胞低氧应答反应中起核心作用,能调节100多种涉及低氧应激下细胞适应和存活的靶基因.泛素是一种由76个氨基酸残基组成的保守性多肽,广泛存在真核生物中.SUMO是泛素样蛋白家族成员,分子量约为12 kD的小蛋白,从拟南芥到人类普遍存在.泛素和SUMO可共价结合许多靶底物蛋白,对其进行翻译后修饰,该过程分别称为泛素化与SUMO化.近来研究显示,HIF-1α的翻译后修饰如泛素化、SUMO化可调节其的稳定性,从而改变HIF 1α的转录激活活性.本文主要就HIF-1α泛素化及SUMO化修饰等问题作一综述.     

低氧诱导因子-1：细胞适应氧供应改变的关键蛋白

2019年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予威廉·凯林(William Kaelin Jr)、彼得·拉特克里夫爵士(Sir Peter Ratcliffe)和格雷格·赛门扎(Gregg Semenza),以表彰他们在细胞感知和适应缺氧机制上做出的重要贡献.低氧诱导因子-1 (hypoxiainducible factor-1,HIF-1)在细胞适应氧供应改变中起关键作用,可作为转录因子改变基因表达,通过提高机体携氧能力、增加血液供应、改变代谢方式等途径来适应缺氧环境.而HIF-1的功能也受到各种机制调控:泛素化-蛋白酶体途径降解和转录因子活性抑制. HIF-1与抑癌蛋白(protein von Hippel-Lindau,pVHL)、脯氨酸羟化酶(proline hydroxylase,PHD)、HIF抑制因子(factor inhibiting HIF,FIH)等构成了严密有序的调节网络.本文总结了3位诺贝尔奖获得者的研究成果,并结合最新的研究进展,系统阐述了HIF-1表达量调节机制和HIF-1介导的细胞适应缺氧环境机制.     

Adrenomedullin promotes human endothelial cell proliferation via HIF-1α

Adrenomedullin (ADM) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are important pro-proliferation genes in response to hypoxic stress. Although it was reported that ADM is a target gene for HIF-1, recent studies also showed that ADM regulates HIF-1 expression and its activity; however, the mechanism of action remains unknown. Two stable human endothelial cell lines with HIF-1α knockdown by hy926-siHIF-1α or HMEC-siHIF-1α were established. mRNA and protein expression of ADM and HIF-1α in EA.hy926 and HMEC1 cells were examined under hypoxic stress. Upon ADM treatment, cell proliferation was investigated and the expression profiles of HIF-1α and its target genes (VEGF, PFKP, PGK1, and AK1) were examined. Furthermore, the proline hydroxylase (PHD) mRNA level and its activity were investigated. We observed that mRNA and protein expression of ADM in hypoxia are earlier events than HIF-1α in EA.hy926 and HMEC1 cells. ADM-promoted cell proliferation of endothelial cells, which was HIF-1α dependent. We also found that ADM up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1α- and HIF-1-targeted genes, and ADM up-regulated the protein expressions of HIF-1α through down-regulation of PHD mRNA expression and PHD activity.     

Inhibition of a prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) by substrate analog peptides

Oxygen dependent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is triggered with hydroxylation by proline hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) under normoxic conditions. Some of previously developed PHD2 inhibitors show a considerable potency against factor inhibiting HIF (FIH), the HIF asparagine hydroxylase. For specific inhibition of PHD2, we have synthesized peptides containing 556-575 residues of HIF-1α with modifications at the Pro-564 and examined their inhibitory effect against PHD2. Adopting fluorescence polarization-based assays, we evaluated inhibitory potency of the peptides and selected potent inhibitors. These PHD2 inhibitor peptides showed no significant potency against FIH, demonstrating their specific inhibitory effect on PHD2.     

Differential and Reciprocal Regulation between Hypoxia-inducible Factor-α Subunits and Their Prolyl Hydroxylases in Pulmonary Arteries of Rat with Hypoxia-induced Hypertension

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits (HIF-1α,HIF-2α and HIF-3α),which play a pivotalrole during the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH),are regulated through post-U'anslational hydroxylation by their three prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHD 1,PHD2 and PHD3).PHDs could also be regulated by HIF.But differential and reciprocal regulation between HIF-α and PHDs duringthe development of HPH remains unclear.To investigate this problem,a rat HPH model was established.Meanpulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly after 7 d of hypoxia.Pulmonary artery remodeling indexand right ventricular hypertrophy became evident after 14 d of hypoxia.HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA increasedslightly after 7 d of hypoxia,but HIF-3α increased significantly after 3 d of hypoxia.The protein expressionlevels of all three HIF-α were markedly upregulated after exposure to hypoxia.PHD2 mRNA and proteinexpression levels were upregulated after 3 d of hypoxia;PHD 1 protein declined after 14 d of hypoxia withoutsignificant mRNA changes.PHD3 mRNA and protein were markedly upregulated after 3 d of hypoxia,then themRNA remained at a high level,but the protein declined after 14 d of hypoxia.In hypoxic animals,HIF-lotproteins negatively correlated with PHD2 proteins,whereas HIF-2α and HIF-3α proteins showed negativecorrelations with PHD3 and PHD 1 proteins,respectively.All three HIF-α proteins were positively correlatedwith PHD2 and PHD3 mRNA.In the present study,HIF-α subunits and PHDs showed differential andreciprocal regulation,and this might play a key pathogenesis role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.