精河株斑点热立克次体在非洲钝缘蜱体内的分布

本文报告用乙二醇甲基丙烯酸(GMA)包埋、切片和姬姆萨染色观察精河株斑点热立克次体在非洲钝缘蜱(Ornithodoros moubata)体内的分布情况。接种立克次体后2天,即可从蜱的血淋巴涂片中查见立克次体,但各器官和组织的切片6天后才开始出现阳性,尤以中肠最迟。叮咬感染的蜱的中肠感染较早也较严重。无论接种或叮咬感染,除睾丸和精子外,所查的器官和组织包括涎腺、基节器、中肠、直肠、卵巢以及雄蜱的附腺和贮精囊等切片中都查见立克次体。有的蜱感染很严重,立克次体充满了许多器官和组织的细胞。     

登革Ⅱ型病毒在白纹伊蚊体内分布的研究

利用蚊虫连续石蜡切片免疫组织化学技术,对登革Ⅱ型病毒(DEN-2)感染白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus后的散播时间、程度及组织器官的感染顺序进行监测,以了解DEN-2在媒介白纹伊蚊体内的分布规律。结果表明：大剂量感染登革Ⅱ型病毒后,在蚊虫消化道的主要部位以及大多数组织器官包括神经及内分泌系统在内,如涎腺、脑、神经节等亦检测到病毒抗原。登革Ⅱ型病毒一旦感染并逸出中肠会迅速侵染其它组织。从各组织感染率的高低推断,病毒逸出中肠后通过血淋巴传播到其它组织的顺序通常为：前肠、涎腺、咽部神经节、脑及食管下神经节、后肠及复眼的小眼等。     

黄斑伊蚊感染及传播登革病毒的实验研究

通过直接叮吸微量培养板中细胞培养液的方法感染蚊虫,首次证明黄斑伊蚊(Aedes(Stegomyia)flauopictus)传播登革病毒,蚊体感染率为24.6%,涎腺感染率为2.1%.上述结果表明黄斑伊蚊是登革热的潜在媒介,但媒介效能较低.     

家蚕蛹-成虫变态期中肠和涎腺超微结构变化与功能

为进一步明确家蚕Bombyx mori变态期间消化系统的生理功能以及溶茧酶的来源器官,通过透射电镜观察和酶活性检测,对家蚕蛹 成虫变态期中肠和涎腺的超微结构、水解酶活力以及中肠内容物的变化进行了观察和分析。结果表明: 蛹第7日到羽化前1日家蚕中肠细胞和刚羽化成虫的涎腺细胞中,均可观察到大量的分泌泡、分泌颗粒、微绒毛等分泌细胞的结构特征以及活跃的分泌现象。潜成虫的中肠和涎腺中都存在活性较高的水解酶活力,其中每毫克中肠组织中蛋白酶活力、酯酶活力和纤溶酶活力分别为726 U、751 U和263 U,每毫克涎腺组织中上述3种酶的活力分别为603 U、523 U和147 U,说明中肠和涎腺可能都具有分泌溶茧酶的功能。家蚕蛹期中肠内容物的主要成分是蛋白质、脂质和糖,三者占内含物总量的95%以上,其中蛋白质含量占78.8%～80.2%。中肠内容物的重量在刚化蛹时为20.1～21.9 mg/头,化蛹后7日内无明显变化,化蛹第9日内容物重量减少63.01%～66.17%,到成虫羽化时已所剩无几,可能是因内容物被消化吸收所致。据此推测,在家蚕变态期中肠还具有贮存和释放营养物质的功能,而溶茧酶的另一个功能可能是分解消化中肠内容物。     

家蚕中的5-氧脯氨酸酶及保幼激素类似物对它的影响

本工作首次在家蚕Bombyx mori的马氏管、中肠、丝腺及脂肪体等组织中测到了γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶——5-L-氧脯氨酸酶的活力.该酶以马氏管中活力最高,在蚕的中肠、血淋巴中均存在有游离的5-氧脯氨酸.观察了保幼激素类似物(JHA)处理后,家蚕中肠、丝腺和脂肪体中5-L-氧脯氨酸酶活力的变化,同时观察了血淋巴中5-氧脯氨酸含量的变化.对该酶及γ-谷氨酰循环在蚕体中氨基酸转运上的可能作用进行了讨论.     

家蚕中的5-氧脯氨酸酶及保幼激素类似物对它的影响

本工作首次在家蚕Bombyx mori的马氏管、中肠、丝腺及脂肪体等组织中测到了γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶——5-L-氧脯氨酸酶的活力.该酶以马氏管中活力最高,在蚕的中肠、血淋巴中均存在有游离的5-氧脯氨酸.观察了保幼激素类似物(JHA)处理后,家蚕中肠、丝腺和脂肪体中5-L-氧脯氨酸酶活力的变化,同时观察了血淋巴中5-氧脯氨酸含量的变化.对该酶及γ-谷氨酰循环在蚕体中氨基酸转运上的可能作用进行了讨论.     

骶神经电刺激对急性脊髓损伤大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的影响*

目的:观察骶神经根电刺激对急性完全性脊髓损伤大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的影响。方法:56只Wistar大鼠分为正常组(SG=8只)、脊髓损伤组(CG=24只)和骶神经电刺激组(EG=24只)。CG、EG (分别设24、48和72 h 组,8只/组)。CG、EG大鼠均于全麻下用Fehlings法98 g动脉瘤夹横行钳夹行脊髓损伤并植入骶神经刺激电于右侧骶3神经孔。CG不进行干预,EG行骶神经电刺激。刺激参数:电压4 V,波宽210 μs,频率15 Hz,刺激10 s,间歇20 s。每次持续10 min,间歇10 min,共2 h。早8:00-10:00,晚6:00-8:00两次。分组采集标本,进行HE染色光镜、透射电镜组织学观察、Western blot 方法检测组织锌指蛋白A20、NOD2和CD68蛋白表达量。结果:① 肠道形态学观察:光镜和电镜观察脊髓损伤后黏膜结构破坏明显,肠腔细菌和杂质进入破损的肠黏膜上皮细胞、M细胞和经细胞间连接缝隙进入黏膜下,引起局部炎症反应;经电刺激后均有了很大程度改善。② 锌指蛋白A20:与SG相比,CG各小组A20表达均明显降低(P＜0.01);与SG、CG相比,EG各小组A20的表达均明显升高(P＜0.01)。NOD2:与SG比,CG各组NOD2的表达明显升高(24 h、72 h P＜0.05;48 h P＜0.01);与CG比,EG 48 h、72 h NOD2的表达明显降低( 48 h P＜0.01,72 h P＜0.05);与SG相比,EG各组NOD2表达均无统计学意义。CD68:与SG、EG比,CG各组CD68的表达均明显升高(P＜0.01);与SG相比,EG24 h、48 h组NOD2表达明显升高(P＜0.01),72 h组无统计学意义。结论:电刺激S3神经根能保护肠黏膜机械屏障,减少病原体入侵,改善肠黏膜免疫屏障功能。     

脂多糖致急性肺血管内皮屏障功能失调小鼠FLI-1蛋白表达的变化及其意义

目的: 观察感染性急性肺损伤(ALI)肺血管内皮屏障功能失调小鼠肺组织中弗里德白血病病毒插入位点1(FLI-1)蛋白表达的变化,以探讨FLI-1在感染性ALI肺血管内皮屏障功能失调发生发展中的意义。方法: SPF级雄性ICR小鼠60只,腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS,7.5 mg/kg)复制ALI模型,在给予LPS 0 h、12 h、24 h、48 h后,检测小鼠肺血管内皮屏障通透性和肺湿干重比,ELISA法检测肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和IL-6含量,Western blot法检测肺组织FLI-1和Src酪氨酸激酶(SRC)蛋白的表达。结果: 与0 h组比较,12 h组、24 h组肺血管内皮屏障通透性分别升高74.3%和162.4%,而48 h组较24 h组降低27.0%(P均＜0.05);与0 h组比较,12 h组、24 h组肺湿干重比分别升高50.1%和122.9%,而48 h组较24 h组降低10.7%(P均＜0.05);与0 h组比较,12 h、24 h肺泡灌洗液IL-6和TNF-α含量均显著升高,而48 h肺泡灌洗液IL-6和TNF-α含量较24 h分别下降28.3%和21.6%(P均＜ 0.05);与0 h组比较,12 h组、24 h组肺组织FLI-1蛋白表达水平分别下调20.4%和56.9%,而48 h组较24 h组上调18.2%(P均＜0.05);与0 h组比较,12 h组、24 h组肺组织SRC蛋白表达水平分别上调76.8%和176.7%,而48 h组较24 h组下调33.4%(P均＜0.05);肺血管内皮屏障通透性与FLI-1蛋白表达水平呈显著负相关(r= -0.8992,P＜0.01),而与SRC蛋白表达水平呈显著正相关(r=0.8918,P＜0.01),肺组织FLI-1与SRC蛋白表达呈显著负相关(r=-0.8087,P=0.0014)。结论: FLI-1可能参与LPS诱导的急性肺损伤肺血管内皮屏障功能失常过程。     

腹腔感染大鼠肠粘膜通透性改变与I-FABP表达关系

目的:观察腹腔感染大鼠肠屏障损伤后肠道通透性的改变与I-FABP表达的关系.方法:清洁级健康的成年雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为空白对照组(仅行简单的剖腹手术)和腹腔感染(采用CLP盲肠结扎穿孔法制作腹腔感染模型)术后12h、24 h、36h、48 h组,每组8只,相应时间点处死大鼠后,测定血浆D-乳酸和I-FABP含量.结果:腹腔感染后12h,大鼠血浆D-乳酸含量开始增加(P＜0.05),血浆I-FABP含量也开始增加(P＜0.01);血浆D-乳酸含量在24 h达到最高值(P＜0.01),血浆I-FABP含量在36h达到最高值(P＜0.01).大鼠血浆D-乳酸水平与I-FABP具有显著相关性(r=0.626,P＜0.01).结论:腹腔感染状态下,肠屏障严重受损,肠粘膜通透性的改变与血浆I-FABP水平具有显著的相关性.     

灭幼脲对小地老虎、粘虫及黄粉(虫甲)幼虫内部器官和组织的作用及毒理

小地老虎[Agrotis ypsilop (Rottemberg)]、粘虫[Mythimna separata(Walker)]及黄粉(虫甲)(Tembrio molitor L.)的幼虫经灭幼脲处理后,含几丁质组分的体壁表皮层、气管壁内膜和中肠围食膜等组织,分泌激素的咽侧体、前胸腺等内分泌腺体,以及代谢器科管脂肪体,都分别出现明显可辨的组织学改变和病理症状,同是地表现一些差异程度并不显著的现象.根据中毒症状和组织学的改变,本文详细分析和讨论了死幼脲处理后对上述两种夜蛾幼虫和一种拟步(虫甲)幼虫的毒理学基础.     

致倦库蚊对登革Ⅱ型病毒的中肠感染屏障作用

为探讨致倦库蚊对登革Ⅱ型病毒的中肠感染屏障作用,通过病毒分离、逆转录聚合酶链反应、透射电镜等技术进行了相关研究。结果表明：吸食感染性血液后,登革Ⅱ型病毒能侵染白纹伊蚊中肠上皮细胞并大量复制,但不能侵染致倦库蚊中肠上皮细胞。以上研究证明致倦库蚊对登革Ⅱ型病毒存在中肠感染屏障。     

Dissemination barriers to Ross River virus in Aedes vigilax and the effects of larval nutrition on their expression

Effects of larval nutrition on vector competence of the mosquito Aedes vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Townsville, north Queensland, for Ross River virus (RR) were examined. Larvae were reared on three different diets to create three significantly different size classes of adult mosquito. These were fed on serial dilutions of RR and then sampled on alternate days so the progression of the virus through the mosquito could be examined. No differences of vector competence could be attributed to larval nutrition. Barriers to infection and the correlation between infection rate, viral titre and transmission of RR by Ae. vigilax were also examined. The mesenteronal barrier was the only infection barrier expressed. No correlation between viral titre and transmission was detected, but a strong correlation was found between salivary gland infection and transmission rate. From this it was possible to estimate that 98.7+/-1.3% of Ae. vigilax with infected salivary glands transmit RR.     

禽流感病毒跨种属感染人的机制研究进展

禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,简称AIV)不仅引起禽类感染和流行,而且可以打破种属屏障(speciesbarrier)、引起人或其他哺乳动物感染和传播。近年来对人呼吸道抗禽流感病毒感染的非特异屏障机制、禽流感病毒对人感染的机制研究不断取得新的进展。     

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha mediates blood-brain barrier damage in HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system

The pathogenesis of brain inflammation and damage by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is unclear. Because blood-brain barrier damage and impaired cerebral perfusion are common features of HIV-1 infection, we evaluated the role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in mediating disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Levels of TNF-alpha were more elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in serum of HIV-1 infected patients and were mainly detected in those patients who had neurologic involvement. Intrathecal TNF-alpha levels correlated with signs of blood-brain barrier damage, manifested by high CSF to serum albumin quotient, and with the degree of barrier impairment. In contrast, intrathecal IL-1beta levels did not correlate with blood-brain barrier damage in HIV-1 infected patients. TNF-alpha seems to be related to active neural inflammation and to blood-brain barrier damage. The proinflammatory effects of TNF-alpha in the nervous system are dissociated from those of IL-1beta.     

大黄防治胃肠黏膜屏障损伤的研究进展

临床上许多疾病的发生、发展与预后都与胃肠黏膜屏障损伤有关,机体在应激状态下,胃肠黏膜屏障功能破坏,细菌、内毒素易位入血,形成肠源性感染,引起全身炎症反应(SIRS),最终引发多器官功能障碍综合症(MODS)。肠道黏膜屏障主要由四部分组成:即肠道黏膜的机械屏障、化学屏障、生物屏障和免疫屏障。中药大黄具有通里攻下、清热解毒、活血化瘀的功用,发挥着多环节、多靶点的作用。已有研究表明:大黄对胃肠黏膜屏障各层结构均有明显保护作用,本文现将胃肠黏膜屏障损伤发生机制和大黄防治机理作一综述。     

广东省屏障设施小鼠群中小鼠肝炎病毒感染情况

目的了解我省屏障设施小鼠群中小鼠肝炎病毒（MHV）感染情况。方法收集2003-2007年实验动物小鼠血清样品的监测数据,并对MHV感染情况有关数据进行分析。结果在6个屏障设施内抽检小鼠,5个屏障设施内抽检的样品检出MHV毒抗体阳性,检出率分别为1.4%,2.4%,2.8%,2.6%,13.2%。品系方面主要分布在BALB/c,BALB/c-nu/nu,NIH三个品系,检出率分别为3.6%,14%,7.1%。结论屏障设施小鼠群中小鼠肝炎病毒感染较为普遍。     

Neutrophils promote mononuclear cell infiltration during viral-induced encephalitis

Neutrophils are the first infiltrating cell population to appear within the CNS during infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV). To determine whether neutrophils play a role in limiting acute JHMV infection, mice were depleted of neutrophils. Infection of neutropenic animals resulted in increased levels of virus replication and mortality compared with control mice. Furthermore, neutropenia resulted in significantly reduced mononuclear leukocyte infiltration possibly due to reduced loss of blood brain barrier integrity during acute JHMV infection. These data suggest that infiltrating neutrophils are crucial for limiting virus replication during acute JHMV infection, contribute to the loss of blood brain barrier integrity and play a role in shaping adaptive immunity within the CNS.     

Immunohistochemical localization of blood-retinal barrier breakdown sites associated with post-surgical macular oedema

Summary Post-surgical macular oedema results from blood-retinal barrier breakdown, but it is not accompanied by structural abnormalities in the retinal vessels or retinal pigmented epithelium. Previous studies, using horseradish peroxidase in a primate model, suggested that leakage occurs primarily through this epithelium. This study was conducted to localize sites of the barrier breakdown in humans following different types of intra-ocular surgery and to compare them with eyes affected with ocular inflammatory disease, ocular infection, and choroidal melanoma. Paraffin sections of eyes were immunohistochemically stained for albumin to localize extravascular albumin, which was graded in a masked study. With aphakia/pseudophakia, penetrating keratoplasty, ocular inflammatory disease, ocular infection, and choroidal melanoma, barrier breakdown occurred primarily at the inner blood-retinal barrier (retinal vasculature), but leakage also occurred at the outer barrier (retinal pigmented epithelium). After retinal re-attachment surgery, the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers were equally compromised. Vascular leakage in the optic nerve head coincided with barrier failure in these disorders. The widespread pattern of blood-retinal barrier compromise with leakage at multiple sites suggests that soluble mediators are likely to play a role in postsurgical macular oedema, ocular inflammatory disease, and choroidal melanoma.     

The effect of the physiological age of Dermacentor marginatus (Ixodidae) ticks on their infection with and the infiltration of the tick-borne encephalitis virus into the saliva

The decisive effect of physiological age of ticks on the infection of their saliva was revealed by means of parenteral infection of D. marginatus females with tick-borne encephalitis virus. The virus was not found in the saliva of young individuals of instar II. Maximum number of cases of saliva infection was recorded in mature ticks of instar III (50%). It was established that the infection of saliva did not depend on the amount of virus in the tick's body. Less susceptibility to the virus of young individuals, associated probably with the way of infection, was noted. Under light microscopy there were observed no significant age differences in salivary glands of ticks of instars II and III. The infection of saliva of young individuals is, apparently, opposed by the barrier of fat body on the way of virus to salivary glands, depending on the age of ticks. The barrier is supposed to have an influence under natural transphase infection of ticks.     

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Disrupts Cell-Cell Junctions and Affects the Epithelial Permeability Barrier Functions

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic flavivirus, which causes viral encephalitis leading to death in about 20–30% of severely-infected people. Although JEV is known to be a neurotropic virus its replication in non-neuronal cells in peripheral tissues is likely to play a key role in viral dissemination and pathogenesis. We have investigated the effect of JEV infection on cellular junctions in a number of non-neuronal cells. We show that JEV affects the permeability barrier functions in polarized epithelial cells at later stages of infection. The levels of some of the tight and adherens junction proteins were reduced in epithelial and endothelial cells and also in hepatocytes. Despite the induction of antiviral response, barrier disruption was not mediated by secreted factors from the infected cells. Localization of tight junction protein claudin-1 was severely perturbed in JEV-infected cells and claudin-1 partially colocalized with JEV in intracellular compartments and targeted for lysosomal degradation. Expression of JEV-capsid alone significantly affected the permeability barrier functions in these cells. Our results suggest that JEV infection modulates cellular junctions in non-neuronal cells and compromises the permeability barrier of epithelial and endothelial cells which may play a role in viral dissemination in peripheral tissues.