mTOR信号通路与衰老及衰老相关重大疾病

衰老引起多器官功能衰减,导致各种衰老相关代谢、心血管重大疾病发生和发展.哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白/雷帕霉素机能靶蛋白(mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路作为生长、发育、代谢、免疫、癌症等生理活动的主要调控者,通过影响细胞自噬、内质网应激、线粒体等形成复杂调控网络,在衰老与长寿中发挥关键作用.mTOR信号通路与许多衰老相关重大疾病(如代谢综合征、心血管疾病、神经退行性病变、肿瘤等)的发生发展密切相关,故以mTOR为靶点的药物开发与应用是未来延缓衰老及治疗衰老相关疾病的热点之一.     

mTOR信号通路与衰老相关疾病

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在调节细胞的生长、增殖和存活中起着重要的作用。mTOR信号通路失调与许多衰老相关重大疾病如神经退行性病变、代谢综合征、肿瘤、心血管疾病等的发生发展密切相关,故对mTOR信号通路在衰老及衰老相关疾病中的作用机制的研究,对于揭示衰老及衰老相关疾病的发生机制具有重要意义,并为研发以mTOR信号通路为靶点的抗衰老及衰老相关疾病的治疗药物提供新策略。     

靶向mTOR的抗肿瘤与抗衰老药物研究进展

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在调节细胞生长、增殖、存活、血管生成、蛋白质合成、细胞周期中发挥着重要的作用。mTOR信号通路异常与肿瘤及衰老密切相关,已成为相关疾病治疗的靶点。该文综述了mTOR对肿瘤和衰老调控的研究进展,对于揭示肿瘤及衰老相关疾病的发生机制具有重要意义,并为研发以mTOR信号通路为靶点的抗肿瘤、抗衰老的治疗药物提供了新的思路和方法。     

果蝇微小RNA及其在衰老过程中的作用

微小RNA（microRNA, miRNA）是一类长度在22 nt左右的内源非编码小RNA,广泛存在于动物、植物、病毒等多种有机体中,是机体正常衰老与疾病的重要调控因子。本文对果蝇不同生长时期miRNA的表达模式、主要衰老相关信号通路以及与衰老相关的miRNA进行了综述。在果蝇的不同发育时期均有特定的miRNA发挥重要作用,其表达模式与功能相关;miRNA参与了主要衰老分子信号通路的调控,如胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子（IIS）通路和雷帕霉素靶蛋白（TOR）通路。研究表明,miRNA通过调控衰老相关信号通路中的靶基因,进而促进或延缓果蝇衰老,如miR-34, miR-8, miR-14, miR let7和miR-277等。因此,研究参与衰老调控的miRNA,为阐明衰老机制及抗衰老药物的设计奠定了基础。     

运动通过调节SCFAs延缓衰老及其作用机制的研究进展

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)作为肠道菌群的代谢产物,其水平失衡与衰老以及增龄相关疾病的发生发展关系密切。本文通过归纳、总结近年运动与老年人产SCFAs菌群相关的研究,系统论述运动对SCFAs的影响,以及SCFAs介导运动延缓衰老可能的作用机制。结果显示：运动能优化老年人肠道菌群组成,使产SCFAs菌群占比增加,促进SCFAs产生;运动调控SCFAs延缓衰老的分子机制可能涉及炎症反应、糖脂代谢及细胞自噬等多个方面。(1)炎症状态缓解：SCFAs激活GPR41/GPR43或HDAC抑制NF-κB通路,降低炎症因子水平,缓解炎性衰老。(2)改善糖脂代谢：SCFAs一方面通过GPR41/GPR43受体促进PYY、GLP-1和瘦素释放,加速血糖被骨骼肌或脂肪组织摄取利用;另一方面介导AMPK通路抑制肝脏糖异生,同时通过AMPK通路上调脂肪组织UCP-1/UCP-2等产热蛋白或ATGL等脂解蛋白表达,促进脂肪氧化与分解。(3)影响细胞自噬：SCFAs可经由AMPK/mTOR或PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路调控细胞自噬,改善衰老相关疾病病程。本文以SCFAs为切入点,对运动调控SCFAs表达进而延缓衰老...     

miRNAs与衰老相关信号通路的研究进展

miRNAs是一类负调控基因表达的内源性非编码小分子RNA,在细胞衰老过程中发挥重要作用. 细胞衰老是指可增殖细胞在各种应激下出现细胞周期阻滞,并且丧失增殖能力,进入一种不可逆的、相对稳定的状态. p53、p21、p16、SIRT1、胰岛素/IGF-1及mTOR等蛋白是衰老相关信号通路中的重要分子,参与细胞衰老过程. 研究表明,miRNAs可以通过调控这些衰老相关蛋白所在的信号通路,促进或延缓细胞衰老. 本文综述细胞衰老相关的miRNAs,以及它们对衰老相关信号通路的影响,为深化认识衰老和衰老相关疾病的分子机制奠定基础.     

lncRNA在细胞衰老中的作用

衰老是身体器官系统功能逐渐衰退的复杂的生物学过程,能诱发多种老年病。 长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA, lncRNA）是长度大于200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,在多种生理学和病理学过程中发挥重要作用。 细胞衰老是重要的衰老生物学过程之一,已经发现大量的lncRNA参与了细胞周期、端粒长度和表观遗传学等的调控,并影响关键的细胞周期过程,如细胞的衰老、增殖、分化、静止等;同时,lncRNA还参与了衰老相关重要信号通路的调控,如p53/p21、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）、视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白（Rb）/p16和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/苏氨酸蛋白激酶（PI3K/Akt）信号通路,它们均与许多衰老相关重大疾病密切相关。 本文综述了最近发现的与细胞衰老相关的lncRNA的功能和作用机制,并总结了lncRNA参与调控的细胞衰老信号通路,最后讨论了lncRNA未来的研究方向。     

mTOR与S6K在衰老进程中的作用

衰老进程受到多个基因以及信号通路的调节.哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白mTOR与核糖体S6K蛋白激酶不仅调节细胞的多种生理功能,在衰老进程中也发挥着重要作用.最近的实验表明,抑制mTORC1或S6K的活性可以延长小鼠的寿限.mTOR通路通过多种方式在衰老进程中发挥作用,包括细胞自噬、代谢副产物的积累以及影响组织干细胞的数量等等.而S6K在衰老进程中的作用并不十分清晰.目前mTOR和S6K已成为研究热点,通过对这两个分子在衰老进程中作用的研究,有望找到延长寿限的方法并揭示其中的机理,本文对此作一综述.     

mTOR信号通路与调节

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白mTOR是一种非典型丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,可整合细胞外信号,磷酸化下游靶蛋白核糖体p70S6激酶,如S6K1及4E—BP1,影响转录与翻译,从而参与调控细胞生长、增殖等过程。近年来研究发现,调控mTOR通路可以干预某些疾病的病理过程。mTOR研究的新发现,可望为今后相关疾病的治疗提供新的靶点。     

Sestrins在AMPK/mTOR调控细胞能量代谢中的作用研究进展

一磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是细胞内两个重要的能量感受分子。AMPK主要调控分解代谢,而mTOR主要影响合成代谢,两者在调控细胞代谢平衡过程中发挥重要作用。Sestrins是新近发现的一类进化高度保守的应激诱导蛋白,可保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤。此外,Sestrins还能调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路活性,从而影响组织细胞的能量代谢稳态,但其机制尚不明确。本文将主要针对Sestrins与AMPK/mTOR信号通路之间的调控关系以及对细胞能量代谢影响的最新研究进展加以综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.