不同生态条件下羊草种群种子生产的探讨

本文以1982—1985年的野外定位调查为依据,定量分析了羊草种群种子生产的三个问题,即成穗率、结实器官性状及种子千粒重与生态条件的关系。放牧影响羊草种群的成穗率,但对籽粒的干物质生产过程有促进作用,停牧以后,即使经过数年割草,种群的种子生产仍有较强的恢复能力,与原放牧地有明显差异。长期割草对羊草种群的整个生殖生长过程均不利,停刈以后,经过数年休闲,种子生产能力仍很低,与原长期割草地几乎没有明显差异。由此反映出对种子生产的影响,长期割草较长期放牧更严重,并且自然恢复的速度缓慢。羊草种群各有性繁殖阶段的性状,均与光、温度和水分有比较密切的联系,但这些联系的密切程度,又因样地具体条件而有差异。     

不同放牧率对大针茅种群结构的影响

 采用连续放牧的方式研究了不同放牧率对大针茅(Stipa grandis)种群结构的影响。研究结果表明：在一定放牧率范围内,单丛分蘖密度随着放牧率的增加而增加,超过这个范围,单丛分蘖密度下降;单位面积生殖枝数、结实数和种子重随放牧率的增加而下降,种子千粒重在轻度和中度放牧率下最大;不同年龄株丛的分蘖密度存在很大差异,老龄株丛的分蘖密度最大,其次是成年株丛,幼龄株丛最小;轻度和中度放牧率能够刺激成年和老龄株丛分蘖,增加其单丛分蘖密度;老龄株丛在种群的有性生殖中占有重要地位,其生殖枝数目高于成年株丛。     

升马唐种群生态及其田间密度调控指标的研究

 研究表明,马唐的生育期为62—111天,需>0℃积温1380—2716。其生殖生长阶段对季节的温度要求严,营养生长阶段宽,生育期长短主要靠营养生长期的长短来调节。马唐种子休眠期一般为150天,休眠期长短和解除休眠速率与种子贮藏条件关系密切,以恒温贮藏最快。种子发芽起点温度为15℃,60%种子发芽的有效积温平均为555.13℃。马唐种子发芽对光照要求不敏感。在农田7cm土层内的种子均能出苗,但以1—4cm层最佳。马唐的再生能力强,试验表明,凡是带有须根和幼芽的任何断节都能发生新的植株。通径分析结果表明,马唐是我国北方夏播粮田的主要杂草。马唐群体水平(x,株／m2)与夏玉米籽粒减产率(y,%)间呈以下关系模式：(1)y=0.1532x1-5574(x≤20株／m2) (2)y=-18.400+11.315lnx(x>20株／m2)与夏玉米共同生长日数对作物籽粒减产率呈以下关系模式：y=54.5956／1+89.7962e-0.1184x根据推算,在石家庄地区夏播玉米田,马唐的允许存在密度即生态经济阈值为5.8株／m2。     

生境破碎化对苦豆子种子害虫种群数量及危害率的影响

苦豆子是一种典型的防风固沙先锋植物, 其生长分布呈典型的斑块化格局。于2017年6月至9月在宁夏灵武市宁东镇刘家寨地区选取了LJZ2017A(01—08斑块)和LJZ2017B(01—06斑块)两个样地共14个苦豆子植物斑块, 调查了各斑块内苦豆子种子害虫(豆荚螟)的种群数量及其危害率。结果表明: 在LJZ2017A样地斑块面积平均为1457.79 m2, 种子害虫数量平均为0.69只每荚, 密度为0.65只•m-2; 在LJZ2017B样地斑块面积平均为949.87 m2, 种子害虫数量平均1.46只每荚, 密度为1.30只•m-2。种子害虫对豆粒的危害率在LJZ2017B样地为49.91%, 明显高于LJZ2017A样地的24.50%。种子害虫密度与斑块面积的逐步回归分析显示随着斑块面积的增大而呈显著下降趋势(F =16.58, P = 0.0015, R=0.7617), 对豆粒的危害率随着生境破碎化程度增加呈增加趋势(F =7.45, P =0.0183, R=0.6189)。     

阿拉善荒漠不同密度白沙蒿人工种群生长、繁殖与土壤水分的关系

研究了阿拉善荒漠飞播建植的不同密度人工白沙蒿 (Artemisia sphaerocephala)种群的生长、繁殖与土壤水分的关系 ,主要结果是 :(1)不同密度白沙蒿人工种群的生长与繁殖特征存在明显差异 ,它反映在白沙蒿单株地上生物量、根量、生殖枝数和种子产量随着种群密度的增加而下降。 (2 )不同密度白沙蒿种群的存活率明显不同 ,当种群密度超过 3.1株 /m2时 ,个体植物生长发育不良 ,并出现密度制约死亡 (自疏 )现象 ,植株死亡率急剧上升。(3)不同密度白沙蒿草地不同深度土壤含水量存在明显差异 ,特别是 0～ 2 0和 2 0～ 4 0 cm两个土层的土壤含水量随种群密度的增加显著下降 ,与水资源容量相适应的白沙蒿种群密度约为 2 .1株 /m2 ,在该密度下土壤水分含量基本上能够满足白沙蒿的生理生态需水。 (4 )回归分析显示 ,白沙蒿单株地上生物量与0～ 2 0和 2 0～ 4 0 cm的土壤含水量呈显著正相关 ,而与 4 0 cm以下土层的土壤含水量无显著相关性 ,表明白沙蒿种群的生长主要受 0～ 4 0 cm土层土壤含水量的影响     

青藏高原东缘匍匐茎草本野草莓的分株种群特征及其沿海拔梯度的变化

对青藏高原东缘 5个不同海拔高度 ( 2 4 2 6m、2 75 0 m、32 0 0 m、3484m和 3944m)上旷地和林下遮荫条件下匍匐茎草本野草莓的分株种群特征进行了研究。结果显示 :无论在旷地或林下遮荫条件下 ,野草莓分株种群的密度随海拔升高显著减小 ,旷地条件下野草莓分株种群密度显著高于遮荫条件下的分株种群密度。不同海拔高度上 ,野草莓分株种群密度在不同光照条件下的变化存在显著差异。旷地条件下 ,随海拔升高其根冠比呈二次曲线变化。林下遮荫条件下 ,海拔 2 4 2 6m处的根冠比最低。光照条件的变化对野草莓分株种群的根冠比没有显著影响。运用空间自相关分析法 ( Moran` I)研究和 3944m处野草莓分株种群的空间分布格局 ,结果显示野草莓分株种群在多个尺度上呈现非随机分布格局 ,其中研究了海拔 348m处 d=1( 0 .2 m)尺度的集聚分布格局频率最高 ;与海拔 3484m相比 ,3944m处野草莓分株种群的集聚尺度更大。最后 ,结合克隆植物对环境的生态适应意义进行了讨论。     

长期放牧和氮添加对黄土高原典型草原长芒草种群生长的影响

种群是草原生态系统结构、功能形成和发展的基础。然而,长期放牧伴随着全球气候变化深刻影响着种群的生长和繁殖。长芒草(Stipa bungeana)是黄土高原典型草原的优势种,具有较高的生态和经济价值。该研究依托黄土高原典型草原长期滩羊轮牧实验平台,采用完全随机的裂区实验设计,以放牧率(0、2.7、5.3、8.7 sheep·hm–2)作为主因子,氮添加水平(0、5、10、20 g·m–2)作为副因子,探究放牧、氮添加及其交互作用对长芒草的形态性状、地上生物量及其占群落生物量比例的作用。结果表明:随放牧率的增加,长芒草的株高、冠幅直径、分蘖密度、实生苗密度、地上生物量和生物量占比呈“单峰”曲线变化趋势,种群密度降低。而氮添加增加长芒草的株高、冠幅直径、生殖枝密度、分蘖密度、地上生物量和生物量占比;实生苗密度随氮添加的增加呈先增后减的趋势。相比氮添加,放牧对长芒草地上生物量和生物量占比的总效应小,放牧对地上生物量有直接的负效应,并通过调控分蘖密度、种群密度及地上生物量影响其生物量占比;氮添加不仅对地上生物量有直接的积极效应,还通过株高、生殖枝密度对地上生物量有间接的正效应,同时通过调控种群密...     

松嫩平原羊草种群营养繁殖的季节动态及其生物量与密度关系的分析

本文根据野外定位定期观测,分析了羊草[Aneurolepidium chinense(Trin.)Kitag.]种群和羊草个体群营养繁殖的特点。结果表明,在整个生长季,羊草能不断地进行营养繁殖。在移植当年,羊草分蘖株个体群的营养繁殖潜力比实生苗个体群的更大,两个实验个体群的数量均符合于逻辑斯谛曲线增长。生殖生长对羊草的营养繁殖有较大的影响。天然割草场上的羊草种群在生物量达最高时期,种群植株的大小受密度的制约,平均单株重量与密度之间遵循-0.6699 幂的规律性变化。综合分析表明,在松嫩平原天然割草场上,羊草种群依靠营养繁殖更新延续、自我调节,但该种群尚未达到环境所能容纳的最大数量。     

棉田绿盲蝽种群密度的调查方法

本文比较研究了棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)种群的调查方法。全株调查法中,目测法调查到的绿盲蝽种群密度最高,显著高于扫网法和盆拍法。局部调查法发现,蕾上的绿盲蝽种群数量显著高于叶片和花上;蕾上种群数量与整株密度之间呈显著正相关关系(y=1.18 x+3.69)。间接调查法表明:在苗期和蕾期,叶片受害等级和绿盲蝽种群密度之间呈显著正相关关系(苗期:y=25.28 x+8.20;蕾期:y=43.99 x+27.58)。     

Sampling techniques for estimating the population density of Apolygus lucorum in cotton fields

本文比较研究了棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)种群的调查方法.全株调查法中,目测法调查到的绿盲蝽种群密度最高,显著高于扫网法和盆拍法.局部调查法发现,蕾上的绿盲蝽种群数量显著高于叶片和花上;蕾上种群数量与整株密度之间呈显著正相关关系(y=1.18x+3.69).间接调查法表明:在苗期和蕾期,叶片受害等级和绿盲蝽种群密度之间呈显著正相关关系(苗期:y=25.28x+8.20;蕾期:y=43.99x+27.58).     

Influence of management on the seed production and seed bank of calcareous fen species

Abstract. The dynamics of the seed production and seed bank of two dominant perennial species of calcareous fens were investigated in response to different mowing frequency, fallow or pasture. The production of fertile shoots responded strongly to management practices. On sites where mowing alternated with fallow, autumn mowing led to an increase of fertile shoot density in Schoenus ferrugineus and a decrease in Molinia caerulea in the subsequent season. Repeated annual mowing after long-term fallow raised the density in Schoenus and inhibited initiation of flowering shoots in Molinia. Seed set and viability were influenced mainly by climatic or other factors. Variation of seed production between sites and in consecutive years at the same site could thus be large. The relationship between total seed production and seed bank was weak, but it improved when germination rates were included in the calculation. As the seed bank was generally smaller than the viable seed production, low survival and a high turnover of seeds in the upper soil layers is assumed for both species. Implications for recruitment strategies are discussed.     

High species richness in an Estonian wooded meadow

Abstract. A wooded meadow at Laelatu in western Estonia was found to be very rich in vascular plants. The maximum number of species found was 25 in a 10 cm x 10 cm plot, 42 in a 20 cm x 20 cm plot and 63 in a 1 m² plot. Species richness is related to the management history of the site. The highest richness was found in sites with the most regular long-term mowing. Species density was lower in the case of fertilization or temporary cessation of mowing. The richest community had an LAI of 2.8 and an above-ground dry biomass of 175 g/m². With increasing height of the herb layer the number of species decreases. Small disturbances cause a remarkable decrease in species density.     

Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of trees at different successional stages in a temperate forest in northeastern China

Aims Spatial distribution of adult trees in a forest community is determined by patterns of both seed dispersal and seedling recruitment. The objectives of our study were to understand the processes of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of dominant tree species in a temperate forest of northeastern China and to identify the factors constraining seed dispersal and seedling establishment at different stages of forest succession.Methods During three summer and autumn sessions between 2006 and 2008, altogether 113080 seeds from 22 different tree species were collected in three large field plots representing different forest types in the Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. The spatial distribution of seed abundance was analyzed using a Syrjala test. Regeneration success of nine major tree species was assessed using variables defining 'limitations' in 'seeds' and 'seedling establishment'.Important findings We found that seed production fluctuated between years and varied greatly with forest types. Four tree species, Acer spp., Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis and Betula spp., had the greatest seed production and the widest range of seed dispersal, whereas Quercus mongolica showed the most sustained seed production pattern. The spatial patterns of seed abundance differed significantly among forest types and years. The tree species investigated in this study differed in the degree of seed limitation, as well as in limitation of seedling establishment. There were both negative and positive correlations between seed density and seedling density, depending on site and parental tree density. Seeds of 16 tree species were found in the Populus davidiana–Betula platyphylla forest (PBF) plot, 11 in the conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF) plot but only 8 in the broad-leaved-Korean pine mixed forest (BKF) plot. The number of seed-contributing species was not only greater in the secondary forests (CBF and PBF plots) than in the primary forest (BKF plot) but was also more variable during the 3 years of assessment. Results from the correlations between seed density and seedling occurrence and that between parental tree density or seed weight and dispersal limitation confirm our intuitive expectations, i.e. heavy seeds had greater dispersal limitation but higher establishment success than light seeds.     

影响黄帚橐吾种子生产的因素Ⅰ.生境和花序结构

 通过对黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)自然种群在不同生境和种群密度下的种子生产的研究,结果显示：1）黄帚橐吾的种子生产无论是在种群水平,还是在总花序上同一部位头状花序水平,均受到生境条件的影响,其种子数量、种子均重和种子总重量等特征在不同生境间表现出沙地＞滩地＞坡地,在同一生境内则为高密度种群＞低密度种群和植被盖度较低＞植被盖度较高的趋势（滩地例外）;2）种子生产中的种子数量和种子总重与总花序大小、头状花序数量以及无性系株大小多呈显著正相关,与个体密度无关,但种子均重与上述因素（除无性系株大小外）的关系不显著;3）在总花序内不同部位头状花序间表现出的种子生产变化趋势（顶部＞基部）不受生境条件、种群密度等因素的影响; 4）种子生产在总花序上所表现出的这种部位依赖性可能是由于不同部位头状花序间开花时序上的差异引起种子从母体获取资源上的不同所致。     

内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响

基于17 yr的野外实验数据,研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态,探索了功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系,分析了结构参数怎样影响功能参数.结果显示:在17 yr的割草演替过程中,群落的结构与功能均发生了变化.随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行,群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化,根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一、二年生植物、高丛生禾草和矮丛生禾草所取代.到17 yr末,群落变成根茎禾草、矮丛生禾草、高丛生禾草共同建群的群落.在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关,但在刈割群落中二者则不相关.年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%,而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子.群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力,在刈割干扰的前几年,依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节,保持相对稳定的水平,当刈割进行5 yr之后,群落结构的变化积累到一定程度,净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平,此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平.因此,群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的,而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的.群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定,但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退.     

内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响(英文)

基于17 yr的野外实验数据,研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态,探索了功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系,分析了结构参数怎样影响功能参数。结果显示:在17 yr的割草演替过程中,群落的结构与功能均发生了变化。随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行,群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化,根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一、二年生植物、高丛生禾草和矮丛生禾草所取代。到17 yr末,群落变成根茎禾草、矮丛生禾草、高丛生禾草共同建群的群落。在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关,但在刈割群落中二者则不相关。年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62％,而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子。群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力,在刈割干扰的前几年,依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节,保持相对稳定的水平,当刈割进行5 yr之后,群落结构的变化积累到一定程度,净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平,此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平。因此,群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的,而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的。群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定,但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退。     

Flowering and seed production success along roads with different mowing regimes

Question: Which one of the two mainly used mowing regimes along road verges, mowing once or twice a year is a better option regarding flowering and seed‐producing success of grassland species and plant species in general? Location: Southeast Finland. Methods: Plant species composition, flowering and seed production success were studied in road verges (1) mown once in August and (2) mown at the end of June and August. Flowering shoots were counted and phenological phases were estimated four times during a growing season. Results: The numbers of flowering or seed‐producing species and shoots indicated that mowing once a year corresponding to the timing of traditional management was markedly better than mowing twice a year. The difference between the management groups was greatest at the end of July when the number of flowering species was 43% and the number of flowering and seed‐producing shoots 76% less after the first mowing than in the still unmown sites. The species avoided early cutting either through the timing of flowering or due to their growth form. Early season mowing had no effect on the occurrence and seed‐producing success of grassland species and the first flowering species. Seed production of grasses succeeded poorly in the verges mown twice. Conclusion: Mowing once in August resulted in higher seed production in general, but mowing twice a season might be a better way to manage young verges on nutrient‐rich soils. The useful qualities of the management options should be considered locally when planning road verge management.     

Seed mix design and first year management influence multifunctionality and cost‐effectiveness in prairie reconstruction

Agricultural intensification continues to diminish many ecosystem services in the North American Corn Belt. Conservation programs may be able to combat these losses more efficiently by developing initiatives that attempt to balance multiple ecological benefits. In this study, we examine how seed mix design and first year management influence three ecosystem services commonly provided by tallgrass prairie reconstructions (erosion control, weed resistance, and pollinator resources). We established research plots with three seed mixes, with and without first year mowing. The grass‐dominated “Economy” mix had 21 species and a 3:1 grass‐to‐forb seeding ratio. The forb‐dominated “Pollinator” mix had 38 species and a 1:3 grass‐to‐forb seeding ratio. The grass:forb balanced “Diversity” mix, which was designed to resemble regional prairie remnants, had 71 species and a 1:1 grass‐to‐forb ratio. To assess ecosystem services, we measured native stem density, cover, inflorescence production, and floral richness from 2015 to 2018. The Economy mix had high native cover and stem density, but produced few inflorescences and had low floral richness. The Pollinator mix had high inflorescence production and floral richness, but also had high bare ground and weed cover. The Diversity mix had high inflorescence production and floral richness (comparable to the Pollinator mix) and high native cover and stem density (comparable to the Economy mix). First year mowing accelerated native plant establishment and inflorescence production, enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services during the early stages of a reconstruction. Our results indicate that prairie reconstructions with thoughtfully designed seed mixes can effectively address multiple conservation challenges.     

Mowing strategies for controlling Cirsium arvense in a permanent pasture in New Zealand compared using a matrix model

Defoliation has frequently been proposed as a means of controlling Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Californian thistle, Canada thistle, creeping thistle, perennial thistle), an economically damaging pastoral weed in temperate regions of the world, but its optimization has remained obscure. We developed a matrix model for the population dynamics of C. arvense in sheep‐grazed pasture in New Zealand that accounts for the effects of aerial shoot defoliation on a population's photosynthetic opportunity and consequential overwintered root biomass, enabling mowing regimes varying in the seasonal timing and frequency of defoliation to be compared. The model showed that the long‐term population dynamics of the weed is influenced by both the timing and frequency of mowing; a single‐yearly mowing, regardless of time of year, resulted in stasis or population growth, while in contrast, 14 of 21 possible twice‐yearly monthly mowing regimes, mainly those with mowing in late spring, summer, and early autumn, resulted in population decline. Population decline was greatest (with population density halving each year) with twice‐yearly mowing either in late spring and late summer, early summer and late summer, or early summer and early autumn. Our results indicate that mowing can be effective in reducing populations of C. arvense in pasture in the long term if conducted twice each year when the initial mowing is conducted in mid spring followed by a subsequent mowing from mid summer to early autumn. These mowing regimes reduce the photosynthetic opportunity of the C. arvense population and hence its ability to form the overwintering creeping roots upon which population growth depends.     

Differential and reversible responses of common fen meadow species to abandonment

Abstract. We studied the effects of abandonment on two common fen plant species. In mown and a chronosequence of abandoned fen meadows spanning 35 yr, we measured fitness traits of the sedge Carex davalliana and the forb Succisa pratensis. Cessation of mowing had little effect on fitness traits and seed production of C. davalliana, but seedling density decreased more than threefold. Population density of S. pratensis decreased with increasing community biomass, but was not affected by the cessation of mowing. However, flowering frequency increased threefold and seed production was 20% higher in fallow meadows. Consequently, seedling density of S. pratensis increased nearly threefold after abandonment. However, these changes were not dependent on the age of the fallow. In a common garden and germination experiment, we found no differences in either species between plants from fallows and mown fen meadows, except for the height of the flowering stalk of S. pratensis. The combined results from the common garden experiment and the field studies indicate that changes in fitness traits observed in fallows were mostly phenotypic and likely to be reversible. If other species react in similar ways, there is a high potential for re‐establishing traditional fen meadow communities from fallows by mowing.