束缚应激对大鼠同型半胱氨酸代谢的影响

为了探讨束缚应激对大鼠血清含硫氨基酸代谢的影响,根据同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,将32只雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组(control)、束缚应激组(RS)、1%蛋氨酸组(1%Met)和1%蛋氨酸+束缚应激组(1%Met+RS)。采用高压液相色谱法检测血清中的Hcy、半胱氨酸(Cys)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定血清中蛋氨酸(Met)和牛磺酸(Tau)含量。结果显示,RS组大鼠血清Hcy、Cys和GSH含量随着束缚时间延长而降低,且较对照组和1%蛋氨酸组有显著性差异(p<0.05);RS组大鼠血清Met和Tau含量较对照组和1%蛋氨酸组则显著升高(p<0.05)。束缚应激可能降低血清抗氧化能力和总Hcy水平。     

温度和盐度对西藏拟溞抗氧化酶和脂质过氧化作用的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了温度(T=16、19、22、25、28℃)、盐度(S=5、10、15、20、25)对西藏拟溞总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:温度和盐度能够诱导西藏拟溞抗氧化应激反应,胁迫24h后,SOD、GPX活性及MDA含量在28℃、盐度20时均达到最高值,分别为(37.18±1.97)U mg-1μg-1、(75.1±9.96)U mg-1μg-1和(12.24±2.12)nmol mg-1μg-1;48h后,高温低盐组(25—28℃、5—10)和高温高盐组(25—28℃、20—25)SOD、GPX活性及MDA含量显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),在28℃,盐度5时均达到最大值,分别为(19.25±3.48)U mg-1μg-1、(59.95±4.66)U mg-1μg-1和(4.98±0.66)nmol mg-1μg-1;温度、盐度以及这两个因子之间对西藏拟溞体内SOD、GPX活性和MDA含量均有极显著影响(P0.01)。     

薄芝糖肽对小鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察薄芝糖肽注射液对四氯化碳(CCl4)肝中毒小鼠的抗氧化作用.方法小鼠腹腔注射40% CCl4液体石蜡诱发急性肝损伤.然后治疗组给予薄芝糖肽注射液,以盐水代替薄芝糖肽注射液作为阴性对照,以联苯双酯代替薄芝糖肽注射液作为治疗阳性对照.以血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和肝组织中脂质过氧化产物(MDA)、抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量作为观测指标.结果注射CCl4各组小鼠都出现ALT活力急剧升高,肝组织中MDA含量明显增多,同时GSH含量明显减少,证实急性肝损伤模型成立,并且表明与过氧化作用有关.经薄芝糖肽治疗的小鼠,ALT活力在几天之内恢复到正常水平,与盐水对照组差异显著(p＜0.05);薄芝糖肽一方面抑制CCl4诱导的MDA含量升高,同时又可抑制GSH含量的减少(p＜0.05).结论用CCl4造成实验性小鼠肝损伤,小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶大幅度升高,肝组织中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛明显增高的同时,抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽含量明显降低.经薄芝糖肽注射液治疗,可使ALT在几天之内降至正常,同时使肝组织中抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽含量明显回升,使过氧化产物得到尽快清除.提示薄芝糖肽具有直接或间接的抗氧化作用.     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏氧化损伤与金属硫蛋白含量的变化

为观察镉对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)肝脏脂质过氧化产物和金属硫蛋白含量的影响,将黑斑蛙暴露于10.0mg·mL-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,分别测定了黑斑蛙在暴露4、10d和30d时肝脏组织中镉(Cd)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、金属硫蛋白(MT)和过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量。实验结果表明,黑斑蛙肝脏中镉的积累量、GSH和MT含量均随着镉暴露时间的延长而显著升高,具有明显的时间-效应关系;在镉暴露的第10天,肝MDA含量明显高于对照组。提示镉可对黑斑蛙肝脏造成氧化损伤,而GSH、MT含量的升高则可能是机体抗氧化损伤的机理之一。     

水温对中华鲟血清活性氧含量及抗氧化防御系统的影响

本文通过对12℃、21℃、26℃、31℃水温环境中的中华鲟的血清活性氧(ROS)含量、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的测定,表明水温对中华鲟体内自由基水平及其抗氧化防御体系有着显著的影响.在鲟鱼存活的水温范围内,中华鲟依靠自身的抗氧化防御系统,可以抵御活性氧含量的变化可能产生的损害,但这种抵御作用因水温的不同而表现出不同的特点.结果表明,随着水温的升高,血清ROS和MDA含量显著升高,ROS和MDA均与水温有显著的正相关性;GSH含量随水温先升高后降低,21℃时含量最高;26℃和31℃中的SOD活力要显著高于其他温度组;GSH和SOD与水温(T)具有显著的相关性:SOD=-7.7972 17 228 T-0.2821 T2(r=0.8923,p<0.01),GSH=-146.58 32.3951 T-0.7427 T2(r=0.8661,p<0.01).在试验期间,各温度组的中华鲟的血清CAT活性并没有发生显著变化.血清MDA含量和血清ROS含量之间具有显著的正相关关系,高温(26℃和31℃)状态下ROS产生增加而造成脂质过氧化反应增加,其增加程度要显著高于其他温度组,产生一定程度的氧化应激;而低温和适温环境虽然存在ROS随水温升高而升高的规律,但血清SOD活性和血清ROS含量之间存在显著的正相关关系.试验结果表明,在一定的温度范围内,中华鲟体内的抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶系统维持着体内自由基的"自稳态",使机体的脂质过氧化反应处于较低的状态.     

辐射所致小鼠肾脏氧化损伤及川芎嗪的保护作用

目的:研究川芎嗪对辐射所致小鼠肾脏氧化损伤的预防和治疗作用。方法:采用60Co-γ射线5 Gy全身单次照射小鼠造模,在照射前和照射后分别于每天腹腔注射川芎嗪130 mg/kg,连续给药10 d,进行预防和治疗,并设对照组,观察肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的变化。结果:与阴性对照组比较,照射可显著增加肾组织中MDA的含量(P<0.05),降低SOD、CAT的活性(P<0.05),升高GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),降低GSH含量(P<0.05),使肾组织T-AOC下降(P<0.05),。与照射组比较,给予川芎嗪预防和治疗后,均可降低肾组织MDA含量(P<0.05),升高肾组织T-AOC(P<0.05),且治疗组优于预防组,与阴性对照组无显著性差异。同时,预防组可使SOD活性和GSH含量升高(P<0.05),治疗组可使SOD和CAT活性增高(P<0.05),但均对GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:川芎嗪具有很好的抗氧化作用,无论预防和治疗均可降低辐射所致小鼠肾脏的氧化应激损伤,并且治疗效果优于预防效果。     

水分胁迫对刺槐叶和根谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的影响

在人工控水条件下,采用土壤最大持水量70%、55%、40%的水分处理模拟环境中的正常水分、轻度和重度水分胁迫处理,测定了刺槐叶片和根系中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量以及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以探讨水分胁迫条件下刺槐谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的保护作用.结果显示:各水分处理的刺槐叶片GSH和AsA含量及GR 和SOD活性均明显高于根,根中GSH-Px活性只有在重度水分胁迫处理下大于叶片.随水分胁迫加剧,刺槐GSH含量在叶片中先升高后降低,在根中不断升高;AsA含量在叶中持续降低,在根中先升高后降低;GR活性在叶片和根系中都会降低,GSH-Px和SOD活性在叶中先升高后降低,在根中均持续升高.研究表明,刺槐谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的GSH和GSH-Px对干旱胁迫诱发的活性氧清除起主要作用,同时提高GSH含量和GSH-Px活性是刺槐应对干旱胁迫的重要措施.     

镉长期暴露对黑斑蛙的氧化胁迫和抗氧化能力的影响

在实验条件下,将黑斑蛙暴露于12．5mg／L和25．0mg／L浓度的镉溶液中30d,分别测定了黑斑蛙在暴露10、20和30d时肝、肾组织中镉（Cd）含量、过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,以探讨镉对机体的脂质过氧化作用及机体的抗氧化损伤机制。实验结果表明,不同剂量组黑斑蛙肝、肾镉含量、MDA含量均随着镉暴露时间的延长而升高,且肝MDA含量与镉在肝中的蓄积量呈显著正相关（R^2=0．8643,n=9）。肝脏GSH含量随镉暴露时间的延长而被显著诱导,且与MDA含量呈显著正相关（R^2=0．5933,n=9）;肾GSH含量则随暴露时间的延长而显著下降,与MDA含量呈显著负相关（R^2=0．8609,n=9）。不同剂量组肝SOD活性随镉暴露时间的延长而升高,肾SOD活性在高剂量组随镉暴露时间的延长表现为先升高后回落下降的趋势。可见,在镉的长期暴露下,细胞膜过氧化增强是镉伤害机体的主要原因,而GSH含量、SOD活性的升高则可能是机体抗过氧化的机理之一。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物对肉鸡抗氧化能力及代谢激素的影响

以雄性罗斯肉鸡为动物模型,探讨蛋氨酸(DLM)及其液体羟基类似物(HMTBA)对机体抗氧化能力及代谢激素水平的影响差异。结果显示,与对照以及DLM相比,饲粮添加HMTBA显著提高了肉鸡体增重、腿肌重、腿肌率、胸肌重(p<0.05);饲粮添加HMTBA能显著升高肉鸡血浆、肝脏以及肌肉组织的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),提高还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽的比率(GSH/GSSG)及增强抗氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(p<0.05);可显著降低全血自由基(ROS)含量和肝脏、肌肉组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量(p<0.05);饲粮添加0.24%的HMTBA显著增加了血浆T3、T4、FT3含量(p<0.05)。结果表明,HTMBA较DLM更能有效地改善机体氧化还原状态,增强抗氧化能力,进而调控代谢激素,提高机体游离甲状腺激素的水平,促进肉鸡生长和肌肉沉积。     

复方中药提取物对大鼠不同状态下脑组织自由基代谢影响的研究

目的:探讨复方中药提取物对大鼠脑组织自由基代谢和抗氧化系统能力的影响机制。方法:选取70只健康Wistar大鼠,随机分为2组(n=35):对照组(N)和服药组(M)。适应性喂养1周,服药组大鼠连续服用8周的复方中药提取物,9周后将2组大鼠分别于安静状态、定量负荷、力竭运动即刻、力竭恢复12 h、力竭恢复24 h状态下处死。分别测定上述2组大鼠在不同功能状态下脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性。结果:五种状态下,服药组MDA含量均显著低于对照组,GSH-PX、GSH、SOD、T-AOC活性均不同程度的高于对照组。结论:复方中药提取物可降低不同功能状态下大鼠脑组织中的MDA含量,提高其脑组织GSH-PX、GSH、SOD、T-AOC活性。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.