酵母双杂交衍生系统

酵母双杂交系统是在酵母体内分析蛋白质蛋白质相互作用的基因系统,由Fields等人于1989年首次建立并得到广泛地应用。十余年来,随着酵母双杂交迅速推广,不断涌现出一些衍生系统,其中包括酵母双杂交的二元诱饵系统,逆向双杂交系统,非转录读出特点的双杂交系统(如Sos蛋白招募系统、PI3K介导的靶蛋白识别系统和断裂泛素为基础的双杂交系统)以及转录激活因子与其相关蛋白之间的相互作用的双杂交系统(如以polⅢ为基础的杂交系统和RTA系统)等。它们的建立在很大程度上克服了传统酵母双杂交系统的局限性,扩大了被研究的蛋白质的范围,提高了系统的灵敏度。     

酵母双杂交及其衍生系统

酵母双杂交系统是一种研究蛋白质相互作用的分子生物学方法,过去20多年里,大量衍生系统的出现使得这套双杂交技术体系更加完善和高效,成为研究蛋白质-配体相互作用的重要技术手段,广泛应用于功能基因组学、蛋白质组学、病理学等研究领域。对酵母双杂交及其衍生系统的基本原理和应用进展进行综述。     

逆向酵母双杂交系统的应用

198 9年Ｆｉｅｌｄｓ等提出了酵母双杂交系统来研究真核细胞的蛋白质之间的相互作用。这一崭新手段迅速发展成为一种常规的分子生物学技术 ,并得到了广泛的应用。近来 ,国外学者为拓宽传统的双杂交系统的应用范围 ,在原有的酵母双杂交的基础上发展了大量衍生系统 ,包括用于研究蛋白质与ＤＮＡ之间相互作用的单杂交系统 (ｏｎｅ ｈｙｂｒｉｄｓｙｓ ｔｅｍ) [1] ;研究两个蛋白质与第三个成分间相互作用的三杂交系统 (ｔｈｒｅｅ ｈｙｂｒｉｄｓｙｓｔｅｍ) [2 ] ,第三个成分可以是蛋白质、ＲＮＡ或小分子药物等[3 ] 。另外 ,在通过双杂交体系…     

Sos恢复系统--一种新型的酵母双杂交系统

Sos恢复系统是一种新型的不依赖转录激活机制的酵母双杂交系统,原理是通过蛋白质的相互作用将Sos富集在细胞膜上激活Ras信号通路,使得酵母温度敏感缺陷株可以在限制温度下生长。与传统的酵母双杂交系统相比,Sos恢复系统的主要优点在于被研究的蛋白质的相互作用发生在胞质而不是核中;而且,它更适合研究转录因子以及在胞质中行使生理功能的蛋白质。Sos恢复系统克服了传统的酵母双杂交系统的一些限制,大大拓展了酵母双杂交技术的应用范围。     

酵母双杂交及其衍生系统

蛋白质是基因的表达产物,由于蛋白质间的相互作用可以表现出基因的关联性,随着基因组序列的破译,研究蛋白质间的相互作用关系显得日益重要。详细介绍了目前在研究蛋白质间相互作用中十分重要的酵母双杂交系统及其多种衍生系统的原理及其理论与实践意义。     

双杂交和质谱技术在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用研究中的应用

基因的功能是由蛋白质来执行的,而蛋白质要通过与其他生物分子相互作用来完成其各种生物功能。因此,如果能够快速做出蛋白质在不同时间、空间和不同环境中的相互作用图谱,就会帮助我们了解这些蛋白质的功能,进而了解许多生命活动的机制。目前,用于大规模研究蛋白质间相互作用的方法主要有酵母双杂交系统及其衍生系统、亲和纯化与质谱分析联用技术,前者用于研究蛋白分子间的两两相互作用,后者用于研究蛋白质复合物间的相互作用。本文主要阐述了酵母双杂交、细菌双杂交、哺乳动物细胞双杂交、亲和纯化与质谱联用技术在大规模蛋白质相互作用研究中的应用。     

酵母三杂交系统的原理和应用

酵母双杂交系统自出现以来,广泛用于研究蛋白质之间的相互作用,它是一种具有高灵敏度的研究蛋白质之间关系的技术.在酵母双杂交系统基础上发展的酵母三杂交系统将应用范围扩展到蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-RNA、蛋白质-小分子化合物等更广阔的研究领域.本文着重介绍酵母三杂交系统的原理、应用及局限性.     

酵母双杂交系统

酵母双杂交系统是研究细胞内蛋白质之间相互作用的一种分子遗传学技术,用已知的蛋白质作为诱饵来筛选其可以相互作用的伙伴蛋白。本文简要叙述了酵母双杂交系统的原理、基本方法,以及这个技术的发展和应用。     

酵母三杂交系统的应用研究进展

介绍了酵母三杂交系统的原理、应用、前景和存在的不足.在酵母双杂交基础上发展起来的酵母三杂交系统,将应用范围扩大到研究蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-RNA、蛋白质-小分子药物间的相互作用.     

用于蛋白质间相互作用研究的新型双杂交系统

近年来,一些不依赖于转录因子活性的新型双杂交系统相继建立,如分离的泛素系统、蛋白质片段互补分析、阻遏物重构分析和SOS恢复系统等。同利用转录因子活性的酵母双杂交系统相似,这些方法也利用了一些活性蛋白的结构与功能特点来研究蛋白质间相互作用,这些活性蛋白不是转录因子,但也可在结构上进行分离可通过重构使其生物活性得以恢复。由于这些新型双杂交系统的各自特点,使得它们成为酵母双杂交系统的有益补充和研究蛋白质间相互作用的有力工具。     

A combined yeast/bacteria two-hybrid system: development and evaluation

Two-hybrid screening is a standard method used to identify and characterize protein-protein interactions and has become an integral component of many proteomic investigations. The two-hybrid system was initially developed using yeast as a host organism. However, bacterial two-hybrid systems have also become common laboratory tools and are preferred in some circumstances, although yeast and bacterial two-hybrid systems have never been directly compared. We describe here the development of a unified yeast and bacterial two-hybrid system in which a single bait expression plasmid is used in both organismal milieus. We use a series of leucine zipper fusion proteins of known affinities to compare interaction detection using both systems. Although both two-hybrid systems detected interactions within a comparable range of interaction affinities, each demonstrated unique advantages. The yeast system produced quantitative readout over a greater dynamic range than that observed with bacteria. However, the phenomenon of "autoactivation" by baits was less of a problem in the bacterial system than in the yeast. Both systems identified physiological interactors for a library screen with a cI-Ras test bait; however, non-identical interactors were obtained in yeast and bacterial screens. The ability to rapidly shift between yeast and bacterial systems provided by these new reagents should provide a marked advantage for two-hybrid investigations. In addition, the modified expression vectors we describe in this report should be useful for any application requiring facile expression of a protein of interest in both yeast and bacteria.     

发展中的酵母杂交体系

酵母杂交体系包括双杂交、反向双杂交和三杂交等体系。双杂交作为一种新兴的体内研究蛋白质之间相互作用的方法,已经得到了广泛的应用。而反向双杂交和三杂交系统是在双杂交基础上发展起来的两种新技术。反向双杂交除了筛选突变株,以获取蛋白质结合的信息外,还能发现可导致已知蛋白质间特异相互作用发生解离的肽类或其他小分子物质,进一步分析蛋白质间作用位点、调控。三杂交系统则在蛋白质与小分子配基之间以及多种蛋白质之间相     

Counter-selectable marker for bacterial-based interaction trap systems

Counter-selectable markers can be used in two-hybrid systems to search libraries for a protein or compound that interferes with a macromolecular interaction or to identify macromolecules from a population that cannot mediate a particular interaction. In this report, we describe the adaptation of the yeast URA3/5-FOA counter-selection system for use in bacterial interaction trap experiments. Two different URA3 reporter systems were developed that allow robust counter-selection: (i) a single copy F' episome reporter and (ii) a co-cistronic HIS3-URA3 reporter vector. The HIS3-URA3 reporter can be used for either positive or negative selections in appropriate bacterial strains. These reagents extend the utility of the bacterial two-hybrid system as an alternative to its yeast-based counterpart.     

Genetic approaches to the identification of interactions between membrane proteins in yeast

The recent sequencing of entire eukaryotic genomes has renewed the interest in identifying and characterizing all gene products that are expressed in a given organism. The characterization of unknown gene products is facilitated by the knowledge of its binding partners. Thus, a novel protein may be classified by identifying previously characterized proteins that interact with it. If such an approach is carried out on a large scale, it may allow the rapid characterization of the thousands of predicted open reading frames identified by recent sequencing projects. Currently, the yeast two-hybrid system is the most widely used genetic assay for the detection of protein-protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid system has become popular because it requires little individual optimization and because, as compared to conventional biochemical methods, the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions can be completed in a relatively short time span. In this review, we briefly discuss the yeast two-hybrid system and its application to large scale screening studies that aim at deciphering all protein-protein interactions taking place in a given cell type or organism. We then focus on a class of proteins that is unsuitable for conventional yeast two-hybrid systems, namely integral membrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins, and describe several novel genetic systems that combine the advantages of the yeast two-hybrid system with the potential to identify interaction partners of membrane-associated proteins in their natural setting.     

Yeast two-hybrid: State of the art

Genome projects are approaching completion and are saturating sequence databases. This paper discusses the role of the two-hybrid system as a generator of hypotheses. Apart from this rather exhaustive, financially and labour intensive procedure, more refined functional studies can be undertaken. Indeed, by making hybrids of two-hybrid systems, customised approaches can be developed in order to attack specific function-related problems. For example, one could set-up a “differential” screen by combining a forward and a reverse approach in a three-hybrid set-up. Another very interesting project is the use of peptide libraries in two-hybrid approaches. This could enable the identification of peptides with very high specificity comparable to “real” antibodies. With the technology available, the only limitation is imagination.     

One- plus two-hybrid system, a novel yeast genetic selection for specific missense mutations disrupting protein/protein interactions

To facilitate analysis of protein/protein interaction interfaces, we devised a novel yeast genetic screening method, named the "one- plus two-hybrid system," for the efficient selection of missense mutations that specifically disrupt known protein/protein interactions. This system modifies the standard yeast two-hybrid system to allow the operation of dual reporter systems within the same cell. The one-hybrid system is first used to select the intact interacting partner (prey), resulting in the positive selection of informative missense mutants from a large library of randomly generated mutant alleles. Then in a second screening step, interaction-defective prey mutants for a given protein are selected using the two-hybrid reporter system among the isolated missense mutants. We used this method to characterize the interactions between unliganded nuclear receptors (NRs) and the conserved motif within the bipartite NR interaction domains (IDs) of the NR corepressor (N-CoR) and identified the specific residues of N-CoR-IDs required either generally for optimal NR binding or to interact with a particular NR. This efficient and rapid method should allow us to quickly analyze a large number of interaction interfaces.     

GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE PROTEINS IN YEAST

ABSTRACT

The recent sequencing of entire eukaryotic genomes has renewed the interest in identifying and characterizing all gene products that are expressed in a given organism. The characterization of unknown gene products is facilitated by the knowledge of its binding partners. Thus, a novel protein may be classified by identifying previously characterized proteins that interact with it. If such an approach is carried out on a large scale, it may allow the rapid characterization of the thousands of predicted open reading frames identified by recent sequencing projects. Currently, the yeast two-hybrid system is the most widely used genetic assay for the detection of protein–protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid system has become popular because it requires little individual optimization and because, as compared to conventional biochemical methods, the identification and characterization of protein–protein interactions can be completed in a relatively short time span. In this review, we briefly discuss the yeast two-hybrid system and its application to large scale screening studies that aim at deciphering all protein–protein interactions taking place in a given cell type or organism. We then focus on a class of proteins that is unsuitable for conventional yeast two-hybrid systems, namely integral membrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins, and describe several novel genetic systems that combine the advantages of the yeast two-hybrid system with the potential to identify interaction partners of membrane-associated proteins in their natural setting.     

酵母双杂交系统及其应用

酵母双杂交系统（yeast two-hybrid system)是直接于细胞内研究蛋白质间相互作用的一种灵敏度很高,且非常有效的遗传学方法,在不同研究领域中广泛应用,并不断完善及改进,发展出单杂交系统（one-hybid system)和三杂交系统（three-hybrid system)等一系列相关的技术,克服了原系统的局限,本文对双杂交系统的原理,发展概况,应用,存在问题和前景等进行了综述。