不同饵料对魁蚶稚贝生长和存活的影响

在温度23.5～24.0 ℃和盐度29.5～30.0条件下,研究了球等鞭金藻、小球藻、牟氏角毛藻和新月菱形藻4种单细胞藻类单独及组合投喂24 d后对魁蚶稚贝生长与存活的影响.结果表明: 不同饵料投喂条件下,稚贝存活率均在95%以上,不同处理组间差异不显著.单一饵料投喂组中,球等鞭金藻组的稚贝生长最快,小球藻组的稚贝生长最慢.组合投喂组中,球等鞭金藻与其他3种单胞藻混合(1∶1)投喂组稚贝壳长及特定生长率均优于其他组,其中与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好,稚贝壳长和壳高的特定生长率分别为5.6%·d^-1和6.4 %·d^-1.研究结果可为魁蚶人工苗种培育技术的优化提供参考依据.
     

柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻生长特性及光合效率的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmusquadncauda）为研究对象,应用柳树（sn如babylonica）叶浸提液研究了其对四尾栅藻密度、细胞形态、叶绿素含量及光合效率的影响。结果表明：各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组四尾栅藻密度均低于对照组,且较高浓度浸提液处理组藻密度更低。浓度为10g／L、20g／L和30g／L的柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻的最大抑制率分别为47．0％、54．6％和62．3％。根据浓度一效应关系方程,计算出对应的柳叶浸提液96h对四尾栅藻的半效应浓度（EC,。值）为23．32g/L.加入柳树叶浸提液后,四尾栅藻细胞边缘变得不规则,细胞体变透明,部分细胞溶解。在柳树叶浸提液作用下四尾栅藻叶绿素a含量始终保持在很低的水平。lO∥L、20∥L和30∥L处理组叶绿素含量最低分别为173．12t,g／L、124．18斗∥L、37．62斗g／L。实验开始第ld后各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组Fv／Fm显著下降（P〈0．01）,第24d柳树浸提液浓度效应较为明显,大致是浸提液浓度越高,四尾栅藻PSⅡ最大光合效率越低。     

温度、盐度和pH对马氏珠母贝稚贝清滤率的联合效应

清滤率(Clearance rate, CR)与滤食性贝类生长发育密切相关,采用Box-Behnken设计(BBD)和响应曲面法,在实验室条件下研究了温度(18-34℃)、盐度(20-40)和pH(6.5-9.5)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)稚贝清滤率(CR)的联合效应,旨在建立温度、盐度和pH对马氏珠母贝稚贝清滤率的定量关系模型,并通过统计优化方法得出温度、盐度和pH的最佳组合。结果表明:温度的一次效应、温度和pH的互作效应、盐度和pH的互作效应以及温度、盐度和pH的二次效应对马氏珠母贝稚贝清滤率的影响均极显著(P<0.01);盐度的一次效应、pH的一次效应以及温度和盐度的互作效应对清滤率无显著影响 (P>0.05)。实验得出的清滤率模型决定系数为0.9950,预测决定系数为0.9284,表明该模型建立有效并可用于预测马氏珠母贝稚贝的清滤率。通过采用优化方法得出,在温度26.95℃,盐度29.69,pH8.09时,稚贝清滤率达到最大,最大值为1.4894×10^-3L/h,满意度为0.9886。研究结果可为马氏珠母贝滤食生理研究及稚贝培育提供理论依据。     

不同饵料和饥饿对魁蚶幼虫生长和存活的影响

在水温23.2-24.0℃,盐度29.5-30.0条件下,研究了5种单胞藻饵料和饥饿对魁蚶浮游幼虫生长与存活的影响.投喂不同饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻与4种单胞藻混合投喂试验组幼虫的特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例和壳长均显著高于单一投喂试验组,其中球等鞭金藻与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好;投喂单一饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻组幼虫的生长、眼点幼虫比例与存活率显著高于其它试验组.在饥饿试验中,不同饥饿天数条件下幼虫的存活率差异不显著;生长方面,饥饿1-2d较短时间与一直投喂对照组的幼虫相比较,特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例、壳长的差异不显著,但随着饥饿时间延长,幼虫的生长变慢且眼点幼虫比例下降,一直饥饿情况下幼虫的生长基本停滞.研究结果可以为魁蚶人工苗种繁育技术的改进提供参考依据.     

温度、盐度和食物条件对西藏拟溞摄食强度的影响

报道了不同温度、盐度和饵料条件下西藏拟溞的摄食强度、西藏拟溞对不同饵料生物蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidesa)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、新月拟菱形藻(Nitzschiella closterium)的选择性以及摄食节律。结果表明,在适温范围(2 20℃)内,西藏拟溞的滤水率、摄食率随着温度的升高而增加,14 16℃为西藏拟溞的适宜温度。在盐度20时,西藏拟溞的摄食率最高,幼、成溞对等鞭金藻的摄食率分别为1.88 ng C/(ind.h)和3.46 ng C/(ind.h)。西藏拟溞对角毛藻的滤水率和摄食率均随着龄期增加而增加,而对等鞭金藻呈相反趋势,但二者的日粮均随体长增大而减小。幼、成溞的滤水率和摄食率随食物密度变化的趋势基本一致,均是在盐藻密度为1×106 ind./L时均最高,分别为0.194、0.221 mL/(ind.h)和0.030μgC/(ind.h)和0.034μgC/(ind.h)。幼溞对6种藻的食物选择性为角毛藻小球藻盐藻扁藻金藻拟菱形藻;成溞为扁藻角毛藻盐藻金藻小球藻拟菱形藻。幼溞、成溞均对角毛藻和盐藻的选择性较好。西藏拟溞的幼溞和成溞对牟氏角毛藻的摄食有相同的节律,在15:00 17:00和01:00 03:00时有两个摄食高峰,在09:00 11:00和23:00 01:00有两个低谷。     

虾池拟柱胞藻爆发的生态因子调查

2002～2003年,在广东珠三角地区凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)低盐度养殖虾池水体生态的调查过程中发现部分虾池爆发拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii).在调查的低盐度虾池中,共统计20个拟柱胞藻爆发的虾池,其种群密度平均高达7.74×10⁷ filaments·L^-1,平均优势度达47.0%.虾池水体平均水温为30.3℃,pH为8.9,盐度1.4,透明度19cm,化学耗氧量为24.3mg·L^-1.拟柱胞藻爆发的虾池水体环境表现为高水温、高pH、高有机质、低盐度且水体不断被搅动;通常爆发在对虾养殖的中后期富营养化水体.调查发现大量的拟柱胞藻对虾池其它藻类和微生物菌群表现一定的抑制作用,蓝纤维藻和小环藻等少数藻种可与拟柱胞藻形成共优势种.拟柱胞藻为广东珠三角凡纳滨对虾低盐度虾池重要优势藻种,且以螺旋型为主.     

两种温度条件下苯酚对铜绿微囊藻大型变种生长的影响

模拟春秋季水温 (2 2℃ )和夏季水温 (3 0℃ )环境 ,用不同浓度的苯酚处理铜绿微囊藻大型变种。结果显示 :正常水体中该藻在 3 0℃比 2 2℃生长快。浓度C≤ 2 0 0 μg/mL的苯酚对它的生长有促进作用 ,而浓度C≥ 40 0 μg/mL的苯酚则抑制其生长 ,高浓度苯酚胁迫下的藻细胞光合速率 ,可溶性蛋白含量下降 ;细胞膜透性增大 ;超氧阴离子 (O 2 )和丙二醛 (MDA)相对含量升高 ;超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性降低 ,藻体自发荧光较对照减弱。表明该藻的生长更适合于夏季高温条件 ,且较高浓度苯酚对其有较强抑制作用。     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明:温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹潘种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母潘首次产出的最大幼潘数出现在25℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹潘产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

鲢滤食不同藻类的磷吸收及排泄过程研究

为探究滤食性鱼类对水体营养元素地球化学循环过程的影响开展了室内实验,研究了鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)对藻类的滤食效率,测定了滤食过程中鲢对磷的吸收和排泄,并分析了排泄对水体中氮、磷的影响。结果表明:(1)鲢通过滤食作用降低了藻类密度,且对不同藻类的滤食效率无显著差异;(2)在水体中,鲢滤食藻摄入磷并排泄溶解性磷(SRP),在食物充足时可维持水体总磷(TP)相对稳定,在食物不充足时,鲢消耗自身营养并持续排泄SRP,成为新磷源;(3)鲢摄入食物后以高氮磷比(N﹕P)向环境再供应无机营养,食物中大部分氮和少部分磷以无机营养形式排泄,使滤食组水环境N﹕P显著高于control组,其中滤食蓝藻组水环境N﹕P显著高于硅藻、绿藻组,提示鲢对藻的滤食促进水体营养向磷限制转换,尤其是滤食蓝藻可能加强这种趋势。总之,鲢不仅可通过摄食压力降低藻密度,同时能以高N﹕P排泄再分配营养影响藻生长,其对水体营养循环的作用值得关注。     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明： 温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹溞种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母溞首次产出的最大幼溞数出现在25 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹溞产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25 ℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.