线粒体COⅠ基因在观赏鱼中物种鉴定与分类应用

观赏鱼种类繁多,形态各异,市场上多是以商品名命名,在物种鉴定分类上存在一定的难度。本研究基于线粒体COⅠ基因,探讨其在观赏鱼中物种鉴定与分类应用的可行性。通过PCR扩增,获取18种观赏鱼249个个体的COⅠ基因序列。基于Kimura双参数模型,利用MEGA软件计算18种观赏鱼种间和种内遗传距离,并构建系统进化树。结果显示,观赏鱼类的种间遗传距离明显大于种内遗传距离,线粒体COⅠ基因序列可以用于物种鉴定。在系统进化树中,系统进化关系跟传统分类方法所得数据一致性高。研究表明,观赏鱼线粒体COⅠ基因序列,在物种鉴定与进化分类上具有一定的应用价值。     

Fisher线性判别函数在基于COGs分类的基因组间距离研究中的应用

利用全基因组信息构建系统发育树.基于COGs类,对每一个基因组的每一个基因,都用一个17维的向量来描述其编码蛋白隶属于17个COGs类的程度;而与一个基因组的所有基因相对应的那些矢量就组成一个集合.接着,利用Fisher线性判别函数,寻找一组最优化的权重因子;在此基础上利用Fisher线性变换将上述各集合中每一个矢量进行线性变换.使得经Fisher线性变换后17个COGs类对基因组进化的重要程度得到更准确的反映.最后,用进行变换后的矢量组成的集合间的距离代替基因组之间的距离.使用这种方法,分别用38个和43个基因组做的进化树都支持了Woese的三界理论.该方法克服了其他基于全基因组信息构建系统发育树方法难以对大小相差很大的基因组进行比较的问题,并能减少基因横向迁移对基因组间距离的扭曲.     

小麂、赤麂、黑麂mtDNA序列变异性及反映的进化关系

利用已测定的鹿科麂亚科动物小麂、赤麂、黑麂的线粒体全基因组序列,统计它们各自连接在一起的13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个控制区序列的碱基长度和组成,计算rRNA基因遗传距离,估算分歧时间,比较蛋白编码基因的碱基水平和氨基酸水平上的差异,基于连接在一起的13个氨基酸序列,以羊为外群,通过邻位相连法和最大简约性法构建进化树,探讨小麂、赤麂、黑麂的进化关系。结果表明,小麂是较原始的物种,赤麂和黑麂较为近缘,是从类似小麂的祖先演化而来。     

山羊BMPR-IB基因密码子偏好性及聚类分析

[目的]利用生物信息学分析山羊BMPR-IB基因密码子使用特征,对不同物种BMPR-IB基因通过不同的聚类方法进行分析。[方法]利用Usage Codon在线程序和Codon W软件分析山羊和其他物种BMPR-IB基因对密码子偏好性的使用情况,通过欧式平方距离和最小进化法分别进行聚类分析。[结果]山羊BMPR-IB基因无G/C碱基的使用倾向,GCC、CTG、CAG、CCC、AGA、AGT、GTG和TGA为山羊BMPR-IB基因的偏好密码子,其余53种密码子的使用较为均衡。通过最小进化法建立起来的不同物种间的系统发育分析结果与动物学分类一致,且不同物种BMPR-IB基因编码蛋白表达水平存在种属差异。[结论]BMPR-IB基因偏爱使用以A或T结尾的密码子,基于欧式距离系数建立起来的聚类和最大似然法构建的聚类不一致,造成这种差异的原因可能是在进化过程中单基因突变所引起的。     

齿缘摄龟线粒体基因组全序列与系统进化

采用常规PCR扩增并测序获得了齿缘摄龟(Cyclemys dentata)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)全序列,并研究了其基因组结构特点;根据20种龟的线粒体基因组重链蛋白编码基因序列,分别利用最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian)构建系统进化树,探讨这些龟鳖物种之间的系统进化关系。结果显示,齿缘摄龟线粒体基因组全序列长为16489 bp(GenBank登录号为JX455823),A+T含量为61.51%,编码37个基因,包括13个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA,22个tRNA和1个控制区(Dloop),基因组成与其他龟鳖类动物相似;非编码区D-loop长973 bp,包含1个中央保守区(CD),2个扩展终止结合序列区(ETASs),3个保守盒(CSBs);构建的MP树、ML树和Bayesian树的拓扑结构相似,闭壳龟属7种龟聚为一枝,拟水龟属6种龟聚为一枝,齿缘摄龟与黑桥摄龟聚在一枝,3种进化树均支持这些龟鳖物种现有的分类学地位。     

牛科动物HSL基因序列分析及其分子进化研究

在对牛科中4种动物即牦牛、瘤牛、普通牛和水牛HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行测定的基础上,与Gen-Bank中其他物种相应基因核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列进行了比对分析,并构建了牦牛与其他物种间分子系统进化树。结果表明:牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、猪、人、小鼠、大鼠7个物种HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列间保守性较高,同源性大小依次为99.8%、99.6%、97.4%、90.6%、88.4%、83.5%、82.3%。相应氨基酸序列间保守性更高,同源性分别为100%、100%、98.2%、94.0%、92.2%、89.8%、89.8%。牦牛与各物种该基因部分核苷酸序列间碱基变异类型主要表现为碱基转换和颠换,无碱基插入和缺失发生,碱基转换的频率高于颠换的频率;在核苷酸水平上的多数碱基替换都是同义替换;序列间单碱基变异位点大多出现在同一位点,多发生在密码子第3位,其次是第1位,最少发生在第2位,符合分子进化的中性学说。HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行多序列对位排列构建的各物种间分子系统进化树结果表明,普通牛和瘤牛首先聚为一类,再分别与牦牛、水牛、猪、人聚类,最后与大鼠、小鼠聚为一类。该聚类结果与动物学上的分类结果一致,表明HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列适合于构建物种间分子系统进化树。研究表明,牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离大小相近,牦牛和水牛间的遗传距离与普通牛、瘤牛和水牛间的遗传距离大小相当。牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离远小于它们各自与水牛这一物种的遗传距离,它们三者之间的亲缘关系也相对于它们各自与水牛间的亲缘关系都较近,故将牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛划分在同一个属——牛属(Bos)更为合理。     

基于5 993个核基因的被子植物系统发育关系研究

系统发育关系的构建对被子植物分类及进化研究非常重要。长期以来,被子植物系统发育的研究,大多使用质体基因、线粒体基因或少数保守的单拷贝核基因。该研究从已注释基因组或转录组中搜集88种被子植物(包含58目)的核基因集;通过对其进行同源基因聚类及去旁系同源基因,获得了5 993个一对一的直系同源基因家族(即对于每个基因家族,每种植物最多一条序列,最少包含50个物种);使用截取各种不同数目基因集的DNA或氨基酸序列,采用串联法(concatenation)和溯祖法(coalescence),共构建了20棵进化树。比较这些进化树,虽然大部分结果支持APG IV中描述的被子植物主要支系之间的关系[(真双子叶植物,单子叶植物),木兰类植物],但真双子叶植物内部各目分支的演化关系与APG IV有一个很大的不同,即认为檀香目和石竹目是蔷薇类植物的姊妹群。基于这些进化树,估算了被子植物各目分支的分化时间,结果表明被子植物的起源时间为237.78百万年前(95%置信区间为202.6～278.08),与主流观点认为的225百万年至240百万年前一致。以上结果为构建进化树提供了一种可行性策略,这种方法允许使用基因数目更多而计算速度更快。     

基于进化树、距离和特征的DNA条形码方法研究——以百花山地区草螟科为例

DNA条形码是一种快捷高效的分子鉴定新技术,近年来在动物分类学领域中得到迅速的发展和应用。在条形码的研究中有基于进化树、距离和特征3种常用的分析方法:第1种方法需要构建系统发育树,分析样本在树上的聚类情况;第2种方法依赖于物种种内和种间的序列差异;第3种则是通过一系列的诊断特征位点来鉴定物种。本研究扩增了北京百花山地区14种草螟科昆虫88个样本的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ,COⅠ)基因片段,分别基于进化树、距离和特征方法进行了分析,以探讨不同DNA条形码方法在草螟科物种鉴定中的可行性。结果表明:在使用邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)构建的系统发育树上,14个草螟物种各自聚成一个单系,均被成功区分。基于Kimura双参数模型计算遗传距离得出,种内和种内有一个明显的"barcoding gap",且ABGD软件对样本的划分完全符合形态鉴定结果。在所有的草螟物种中都找到了诊断核苷酸位点,基于特征来鉴定草螟物种的成功率为100%。结果显示,这3种方法对于本研究中所涉及的草螟都具有较好的区分,基于COⅠ基因的DNA条形码可以作为一种有效的工具在草螟科昆虫的物种鉴定中进行应用。     

基于CO Ⅰ基因的龟鳖目动物鉴定与分类进化分析

为探索COⅠ基因条形码技术在龟鳖目物种分类与鉴定中的适用性,本研究应用通用引物PCR扩增获得龟鳖目动物9科26属45种共205个样品的634 bp COⅠ基因序列片段进行研究分析。结果显示,COⅠ基因在龟鳖目动物中存在少量的碱基插入和缺失,共计12种20个位点,物种占比34.28%;平均碱基含量(A+T)为55.42%,显著高于(G+C)的44.58%。通过Kimura's 2-parameter计算45个物种的种内遗传距离为0～0.023 98,平均为0.003 2;种间遗传距离为0.022 3～0.334 9,平均为0.1 637,种间平均遗传距离约为种内平均遗传距离的51.16倍;有3个物种的种内遗传距离大于Hebert推荐区分物种的最小种间遗传距离0. 02,其中1个物种的种内遗传距离大于45个物种的种间最小遗传距离0.022 3。同科内不同属间及同目内不同科间的遗传距离分别为0.146 7、0.212 7,显示物种间遗传距离随着分类阶元的上升而逐步扩大。系统进化树聚类结果显示,不同个体依据亲缘关系程度不同分别聚为独立的一支,没有出现物种交叉分布,能准确反映个体间的亲缘关系。结果表明利用COⅠ基因鉴定龟鳖目物种具有可行性,但科内属间及以上分类阶元进化节点自展率不高,无法通过COⅠ基因明确其进化关系,须结合其他DNA指标加以确认。     

葡萄、桃和可可基因组的进化分析

本研究以葡萄、桃和可可为研究对象,基于比较基因组学,利用基因同源共线性方法对基因组内的结构和基因组间同源信息进行比对分析,确定了物种基因组内和基因组间的同源片段。通过统计3个物种基因组间的同源共线基因的保留情况发现,葡萄基因组的保留情况最好,桃次之(为73.4%),可可最差(为68.9%),其丢失均可能是由于双子叶植物共有的三倍化导致基因组稳定性遭到破坏。另外,共线基因间的同义核苷酸替换率的频数分布证实,葡萄、桃和可可仅经历过一次古老的全基因组三倍化,并未经历最近的全基因组加倍,且可可基因组进化最快,葡萄基因组进化最保守;3个物种的分歧时间分别为:葡萄(~110 Mya)、可可(~90 Mya)、桃(~80 Mya)。本研究将为3个物种及双子叶植物基因组的结构、功能和进化等研究提供重要的理论依据。     

Measuring genome conservation across taxa: divided strains and united kingdoms

Species evolutionary relationships have traditionally been defined by sequence similarities of phylogenetic marker molecules, recently followed by whole-genome phylogenies based on gene order, average ortholog similarity or gene content. Here, we introduce genome conservation--a novel metric of evolutionary distances between species that simultaneously takes into account, both gene content and sequence similarity at the whole-genome level. Genome conservation represents a robust distance measure, as demonstrated by accurate phylogenetic reconstructions. The genome conservation matrix for all presently sequenced organisms exhibits a remarkable ability to define evolutionary relationships across all taxonomic ranges. An assessment of taxonomic ranks with genome conservation shows that certain ranks are inadequately described and raises the possibility for a more precise and quantitative taxonomy in the future. All phylogenetic reconstructions are available at the genome phylogeny server: .     

用系统进化树重建方法确定HCV基因分型的最佳区域

从系统进化树重建原理出发,比较了HCV常用的几个基因分型区域的分型效果,包括5′UTR、core、E1、E2和NS5B区,探讨最能代替全基因组基因分型的区域.结果发现以5′UTR区建树,基因分型不完全正确而以core区、E1区、E2区及NS5B区建树,基因分型均完全正确,但同一基因型间的核苷酸演化距离存在差异.计算5条1a型序列的core区、E1区、E2区、NS5B区的核苷酸演化距离并和全基因组序列核苷酸演化距离比较,结果发现NS5B蛋白区基因分型最能反映病毒株的演化关系.确定NS5B区为丙型肝炎病毒基因分型的最佳区域.     

Phylogenetic Inference with Weighted Codon Evolutionary Distances

We develop a new approach to estimate a matrix of pairwise evolutionary distances from a codon-based alignment based on a codon evolutionary model. The method first computes a standard distance matrix for each of the three codon positions. Then these three distance matrices are weighted according to an estimate of the global evolutionary rate of each codon position and averaged into a unique distance matrix. Using a large set of both real and simulated codon-based alignments of nucleotide sequences, we show that this approach leads to distance matrices that have a significantly better treelikeness compared to those obtained by standard nucleotide evolutionary distances. We also propose an alternative weighting to eliminate the part of the noise often associated with some codon positions, particularly the third position, which is known to induce a fast evolutionary rate. Simulation results show that fast distance-based tree reconstruction algorithms on distance matrices based on this codon position weighting can lead to phylogenetic trees that are at least as accurate as, if not better, than those inferred by maximum likelihood. Finally, a well-known multigene dataset composed of eight yeast species and 106 codon-based alignments is reanalyzed and shows that our codon evolutionary distances allow building a phylogenetic tree which is similar to those obtained by non-distance-based methods (e.g., maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) and also significantly improved compared to standard nucleotide evolutionary distance estimates.     

植物物种的快速鉴定与iFlora: DNA条形码在马先蒿属中的应用

DNA条形码技术就是利用一段较短的标准DNA序列对物种进行快速鉴定。与基于植物外部形态特征的传统分类鉴定方法相比, DNA条形码具有高效、准确,且易于实现自动化和标准化的特点。马先蒿属（Pedicularis L.）植物具对生（轮生）叶的种类70%以上分布在中国,近缘种间形态上非常相似,鉴定较为困难。研究选取马先蒿属具对生（轮生）叶类群43种164份样品,利用叶绿体基因（rbcL、matK、trnH psbA）和核基因（ITS）条形码片段,采用建树法和距离法检验4个条形码对这些物种的鉴定效果。结果表明,ITS片段用于建树法和距离法的鉴别率分别为81.40%和89.57%,其鉴别率高于3个叶绿体基因片段和任一基因片段的组合条码。另外,利用ITS成功解决了一些疑难种的分类问题。DNA条形码在马先蒿属研究中的实用性为新一代植物志（iFlora）实现物种的快速和准确鉴定提供了有力支持,并能为分类学、生态学、进化生物学、居群遗传学和保护遗传学等分支学科的研究提供重要信息。     

Construction of phylogenetic profiles based on the genetic distance of hundreds of genomes

Phylogenetic profiles have been widely applied in functional genomics research, especially in the prediction of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). A key issue in phylogenetic profiling is how to effectively select reference organisms from the available hundreds of genomes. In this study, we performed an assessment of reference organism selection based on the genetic distance between the target organism and 167 reference organisms. We found that inclusion of reference organisms from all distance levels had better performance in the prediction of PPIs than that at each distance level. The PPI prediction reached an optimal level when 70% of the reference organisms at all distance levels were selected; and this performance was similar to that in the optimal condition based on the taxonomy tree in our previous study. Because measurement of genetic distance is direct and simple compared to the topology of the taxonomy tree, we suggest selecting reference organisms based on genetic distance in the construction of phylogenetic profiles.     

Assessment of protein distance measures and tree-building methods for phylogenetic tree reconstruction

Distance-based methods are popular for reconstructing evolutionary trees of protein sequences, mainly because of their speed and generality. A number of variants of the classical neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm have been proposed, as well as a number of methods to estimate protein distances. We here present a large-scale assessment of performance in reconstructing the correct tree topology for the most popular algorithms. The programs BIONJ, FastME, Weighbor, and standard NJ were run using 12 distance estimators, producing 48 tree-building/distance estimation method combinations. These were evaluated on a test set based on real trees taken from 100 Pfam families. Each tree was used to generate multiple sequence alignments with the ROSE program using three evolutionary models. The accuracy of each method was analyzed as a function of both sequence divergence and location in the tree. We found that BIONJ produced the overall best results, although the average accuracy differed little between the tree-building methods (normally less than 1%). A noticeable trend was that FastME performed poorer than the rest on long branches. Weighbor was several orders of magnitude slower than the other programs. Larger differences were observed when using different distance estimators. Protein-adapted Jukes-Cantor and Kimura distance correction produced clearly poorer results than the other methods, even worse than uncorrected distances. We also assessed the recently developed Scoredist measure, which performed equally well as more complex methods.     

On the maximum likelihood method in molecular phylogenetics

Summary The efficiency of obtaining the correct tree by the maximum likelihood method (Felsenstein 1981) for inferring trees from DNA sequence data was compared with trees obtained by distance methods. It was shown that the maximum likelihood method is superior to distance methods in the efficiency particularly when the evolutionary rate differs among lineages.     

Phylogeny reconstruction: increasing the accuracy of pairwise distance estimation using Bayesian inference of evolutionary rates

Distance-based methods for phylogeny reconstruction are the fastest and easiest to use, and their popularity is accordingly high. They are also the only known methods that can cope with huge datasets of thousands of sequences. These methods rely on evolutionary distance estimation and are sensitive to errors in such estimations. In this study, a novel Bayesian method for estimation of evolutionary distances is developed. The proposed method enables the use of a sophisticated evolutionary model that better accounts for among-site rate variation (ASRV), thereby improving the accuracy of distance estimation. Rate variations are estimated within a Bayesian framework by extracting information from the entire dataset of sequences, unlike standard methods that can only use one pair of sequences at a time. We compare the accuracy of a cascade of distance estimation methods, starting from commonly used methods and moving towards the more sophisticated novel method. Simulation studies show significant improvements in the accuracy of distance estimation by the novel method over the commonly used ones. We demonstrate the effect of the improved accuracy on tree reconstruction using both real and simulated protein sequence alignments. An implementation of this method is available as part of the SEMPHY package.     

Testing the reliability of genetic methods of species identification via simulation

Although genetic methods of species identification, especially DNA barcoding, are strongly debated, tests of these methods have been restricted to a few empirical cases for pragmatic reasons. Here we use simulation to test the performance of methods based on sequence comparison (BLAST and genetic distance) and tree topology over a wide range of evolutionary scenarios. Sequences were simulated on a range of gene trees spanning almost three orders of magnitude in tree depth and in coalescent depth; that is, deep or shallow trees with deep or shallow coalescences. When the query's conspecific sequences were included in the reference alignment, the rate of positive identification was related to the degree to which different species were genetically differentiated. The BLAST, distance, and liberal tree-based methods returned higher rates of correct identification than did the strict tree-based requirement that the query was within, but not sister to, a single-species clade. Under this more conservative approach, ambiguous outcomes occurred in inverse proportion to the number of reference sequences per species. When the query's conspecific sequences were not in the reference alignment, only the strict tree-based approach was relatively immune to making false-positive identifications. Thresholds affected the rates at which false-positive identifications were made when the query's species was unrepresented in the reference alignment but did not otherwise influence outcomes. A conservative approach using the strict tree-based method should be used initially in large-scale identification systems, with effort made to maximize sequence sampling within species. Once the genetic variation within a taxonomic group is well characterized and the taxonomy resolved, then the choice of method used should be dictated by considerations of computational efficiency. The requirement for extensive genetic sampling may render these techniques inappropriate in some circumstances.     

An Algorithm for Cladistic Taxonomy—Method of Maximal Same Step Length

This paper deals with the numerical cladistic taxonomy. A method for constructing evolutionary tree (method of maximal same step length) is proposed in the applications and practice of cladistic taxonomy. Its algorithm runs as follows: 1) According to the order of evolution, characters are coded with nonnegative integers, producing the original data matrix. 2) Calculate the same step coefficients Sij (i≠j) by the formula (3) and form the coefficient matrix. 3. Find the maximal value S_pq of the same step coefficients in the coefficient matrix. 4) According to the maximal same step length S_pq, the most recent common ancestor CTU, of CTUp and CTUq can be determinated by (2). 5) draw the cladistic edges of cladogram representing the evolutionary relationship from OTUT to OTUp and OTUq. If the number of CTUs in the data matrix≤2, go to (2), otherwise stop. An example of 6 species from the family Campanulaceae is given for illustration (See Table 1). In general case, the evolutionary length of the cladogram obtained by this method is shorter than that by monothetic and other methods. Its algorithm is easily performed and is especially suitable for computerizing.相似文献