人源抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体Fab段基因的获得和表达

运用噬菌体表面呈现（phage display）技术获得了人源抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因工程单克隆抗体Fab段基因及其表达。从狂犬病毒PM株Vero细胞疫苗免疫的人抗凝血中分离获得外周淋巴细胞,提取细胞总RNA,通过RTPCR方法,用一组人IgG Fab基因4特异性引物,从合成的cDNA中扩增了一组轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链先后克隆入噬菌体载体pComb3,成功地建立了抗狂犬病毒抗原的方法,对此抗体库进行富积筛选表达,成功地获得了抗狂犬病毒的人源单抗Fab段基因及其在大肠杆菌中的有效表达,对其中一株单抗G10进行了较为系统的分析,发现它与一株鼠源中和性狂犬病毒糖蛋白特异性单抗存在竞争,证实该单抗能识别狂犬病毒糖蛋白,其序列资料分析表明,该单抗为一株新的抗狂犬病毒人源基因工程抗体。     

牛精细胞表面凝集素受体的研究

外源凝集素能与细胞表面相应的受体特异性的结合,并导致细胞凝集,因而外源凝集素可用作细胞膜结构的探针,用来研究细胞膜的结构与功能。近年应用外源凝集素对精细胞膜上糖蛋白和凝集素受体的数目与功能状态的研究已取得很大进展,采用异硫氰基荧光素(FITC)或辣根过氧化物酶等标记凝集素来测定膜上凝集素受体的定位与分布,研究认为精细胞膜上受体与受精作用有密切关系。本文报道用具有血型专一性或无血型专一性或FITC标记的凝集素研究牛精细胞膜上凝集素受体的分布结果。     

可内化的人源抗Met基因工程抗体Fab的亲和力成熟与特性分析

应用噬菌体展示技术制备抗Met(HGF受体,一个与肿瘤发生、侵袭和转移相关原癌基因产物)特异性、高亲和力的全人Fab片段.Fab基因分三步合成,以从错配PCR突变库中筛选出的Fab基因可变区为模板,扩增VH和VL基因,分别与CH1、CL基因融合,合成Fd和L基因,再拼接合成Fab基因,克隆于pComb3XSS中,构建Fab次级抗体库.经细胞筛选和固相筛选,获得高亲和力阳性克隆.工程菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和蛋白质印迹分析,在25ku和27ku出现预期大小蛋白质条带.Fab分子经流式细胞术、免疫沉淀、细胞免疫荧光检测,结果表明,Fab能够与S114和MKN45细胞膜上的Met胞外区特异性结合,而与阴性细胞NIH3T3不结合.抗体内化分析显示,Fab能够与标记肥皂草毒素(ZAP)的抗人IgG结合,并进入细胞内,抑制Met阳性细胞的生长,揭示该抗体能够与Met特异性结合,并且被细胞内化.该抗体有望成为肿瘤临床诊断或治疗的候选分子.     

一种利用荧光标记检测氨肽酶N抑制剂与肿瘤细胞结合的方法

目的：建立利用荧光标记法检测氨肽酶抑制剂和肿瘤细胞结合的方法。方法：以异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）标记氨肽酶N抑制剂LYRM03和Bestatin,制备荧光探针F1TC—LYRM03、FITC—Bestatin,应用荧光显微成像观察和流式细胞仪检测标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC-Bestatin对肿瘤细胞的结合与氨肽酶N抑制活性的相关性。结果：化合物LYRM03和Bestatin具有肿瘤细胞的氨肽酶N抑制活性,荧光标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC-Bestatin能与肿瘤细胞有不同程度的结合。结论：标记化合物FITC—LYRM03、FITC—Bestatin和肿瘤细胞的结合与对肿瘤细胞的氨肽酶N抑制活性相一致。     

重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的肽质量图谱分析

重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体具有较好的特异性和抗原结合活性,为了更好的阐明毕赤 酵母表达的重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的性质,用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱(MALDI- TOF-MS)对重组Fab抗体的分子质量和肽质量图谱进行了分析。结果显示,毕赤酵母表达的重组 人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的分子质量为50678．49Da,与根据其一级结构计算的理论分子质量相 比多2763．84 Da,显示酵母表达的重组Fab抗体为糖蛋白。用胰蛋白酶酶解重组Fab抗体后进行 MALDI-TOF-MS分析显示,大部分的酶解肽段均能检测出来。结果表明毕赤酵母表达的重组Fab 抗体与预期的结构一致。     

人源抗滋养层细胞表面抗原?鄄2基因工程抗体Fab的制备及特性分析

应用噬菌体抗体库技术制备全人源抗滋养层细胞表面抗原-2(Trop-2)特异性Fab抗体片段．抗体库经细胞筛选和固相抗原筛选,获得特异性的阳性克隆．阳性载体经核酸序列分析后,构建工程菌,经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析,呈现28 ku和32 ku大小的两条蛋白质条带．Fab分子经流式细胞术、细胞免疫荧光检测,结果表明,Fab能够与BxPc3细胞膜蛋白特异性结合,而与NIH3T3细胞不结合．免疫共沉淀与质谱分析结果表明,该Fab分子能够与Trop-2蛋白特异性结合．免疫组化显示,该抗体可结合胰腺癌细胞膜蛋白,在细胞培养液中加入Fab,能够抑制BxPc3细胞的生长．以上研究结果提示,该抗体有望成为胰腺癌临床影像诊断或治疗的候选分子．     

内毒素结合肽模拟肽P11的体外活性研究

目的对从噬菌体展示随机肽库筛选获得的内毒素结合肽模拟肽进行体外拈抗内毒素活性鉴定。方法采用FMOC固相合成法化学合成内毒素结合肽模拟肽P11,并进行拮抗内毒素活性和细胞毒性测定。结果亲和ELISA检测显示P11与LPS有较高的亲和力,通过生长曲线和流式细胞学分析细胞周期显示P11对人U937细胞生长无明显影响。流式细胞检测显示P11呈剂量依赖性抑制FITC—LPS与人外周血单核细胞（PBMC）结合。细胞因子生成抑制实验显示10μg/mlP11可显著抑制LPS诱导PBMC和U937细胞TNF—αmRNA转录和蛋白表达。结论体外活性鉴定结果表明化学合成的模拟肽P11可抑制LPS诱导的炎性反应。     

抗CD20嵌合抗体片段Fab′突变体的表达和活性研究

利用PCR方法从抗CD20单链抗体（ScFv）表达载体上扩增抗CD20抗体轻链可变区基因（V^L）、重链可变区基因（V^H）,同时在抗体的可变区引入突变,然后将V^H、V^L基因重组到Fab′表达载体pYZF1中,构建抗CD20嵌合抗体Fab′片段表达载体,并在大肠杆菌16c9中进行高效可溶性分泌表达。经大量的筛选,获得一个产量和活性均有所提高的突变克隆。其突变位点在轻链可变区的CDR1区,即G77→A（Ser→Asn）。突变的抗体的表达量为每克干菌3.8 mg,而未突变抗体的表达量为每克干菌1.3 mg。突变体的亲和力常数K_a为2.2×10⁹ L/mol,约为突变前的2倍。竞争性免疫荧光抑制实验表明,突变的Fab′片段能竞争性抑制鼠源性抗CD20抗体HI₄₇和CD20表达细胞Raji细胞的结合,使HI₄₇的结合阳性率由98%下降至37.55%,体外细胞生长抑制试验亦证明突变的Fab′片段的抑制活性明显高于未突变的抗体。     

T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白分子-4在免疫应答中作用及其与免疫疾病的关系

T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白分子(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule,TIM)基因是近年发现的新的基因家族。TIM家族蛋白在调节免疫应答中发挥重要作用。TIM-4是TIM家族一个成员,是一种I型跨膜糖蛋白分子。TIM-4仅表达在活化的树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)和巨噬细胞的表面,它是TIM-1的体内天然配体。TIM-1与TIM-4相互作用可调节T细胞活化增殖,调节Th1/Th2细胞平衡。此外,TIM-4可与磷脂酰丝氨酸结合,促进巨噬细胞对凋亡细胞的吞噬作用。因而,TIM-4与一些过敏疾病和自身免疫疾病存在相关性。     

少突胶质细胞和视神经损伤

少突胶质细胞在中枢神经系统中具有重要和广泛的生理功能。视神经损伤后,出现髓鞘脱失、少突胶质细胞死亡和髓鞘再生等病理改变,产生的髓鞘碎片能抑制视神经轴索再生。少突胶质细胞的抑制特性由特定的抑制分子介导,目前已鉴定的抑制分子主要有Nogo、髓鞘相关糖蛋白（myelin—associated glycoprotein,MAG）、少突胶质细胞髓鞘糖蛋白（oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein,OMgp）等,它们通过同一受体复合体传导抑制信号。阻滞抑制分子及其受体,或调整神经元的内在生长状态以克服抑制分子的抑制作用,可以促进视神经损伤后再生。本文就这方面的进展作一综述。     

Membrane glycoproteins involved in neurite fasciculation

Lectin affinity chromatography combined with mAb production was used to identify chick neural cell surface molecules related to L1 antigen, a mouse neural glycoprotein implicated in cell-cell adhesion (Rathjen, F. G., and M. Schachner, 1984, EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J., 3:1-10). A glycoprotein, G4 antigen, isolated by mAb G4 from adult chick brain is described which comprises a major 135-kD component, a minor doublet at 190 kD, and diffusely migrating bands at 80 and 65 kD in SDS PAGE. This molecule is structurally related to mouse L1 antigen according to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence (50% identity) as well as the behavior of its components in two-dimensional IEF/SDS PAGE gels. A second chicken glycoprotein, F11 antigen, was isolated from adult chick brain using mAb F11. This protein has also a major 135-kD component and minor components at 170 kD and 120 kD. Both immunotransfer analysis with polyclonal antibodies to mAb G4 and to mAb F11 isolate and the behavior on IEF/SDS PAGE gels indicates that the major 135-kD component of F11 antigen is distinct from G4 antigen components. However, the 135-kD component of F11 antigen shares with G4 antigen and the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) the HNK-1/L2 carbohydrate epitope. In immunofluorescence studies, G4 and F11 antigenic sites were found to be associated mainly with the surface of process-bearing cells, particularly in fiber-rich regions of embryonic brain. Although Fab fragments of polyclonal antibodies to mAbs G4 or F11 immunoaffinity isolate only weakly inhibit the Ca2+-independent aggregation of neural cells, they strongly inhibit fasciculation of retinal axons. Together these studies extend the evidence that bundling of axons reflects the combined effects of a group of distinct cell surface glycoproteins.     

Rapid lateral diffusion of the variant surface glycoprotein in the coat of Trypanosoma brucei

The membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfVSG) is anchored in the plasma membrane of Trypanosoma brucei by a dimyristoylphosphatidylinositol residue connected via a glycan to the COOH-terminal amino acid. The glycoprotein molecules are tightly packed, forming a coat that is impenetrable to lytic serum components. Lateral diffusion of mfVSG was measured by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. mfVSG labeled on the cell surface with rhodamine-conjugated anti-VSG Fab fragments showed a diffusion coefficient of 1 X 10(-10) cm2/s at 37 degrees C and of 0.7 X 10(-10) cm2/s at 27 degrees C. About 80% of the molecules were mobile. Affinity-purified mfVSG molecules implanted into the plasma membrane of baby hamster kidney cells exhibited a similar mobility to that found in the trypanosome coat [D = (0.4-0.7) X 10(-10) cm2/s at 4 degrees C]. Phospholipid mobility in the plasma membrane of trypanosomes was characterized by a diffusion coefficient of 2.2 X 10(-9) cm2/s at 37 degrees C. It is concluded that mfVSG mobility in the surface coat of the parasite is rapid and comparable to that of other membrane-bound glycoproteins but slower than that of phospholipids.     

Influence of products of bacterial origin on the expression of surface molecules in monocyte-derived and endothelial cells

AIM: To study the influence of lypopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli O55:B5) and lysate of Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes - group A, type M1, strain 40/58) on the level of expression of important surface molecules of monocyte-derived cells from continuous cell line THP-1 and endothelial cells from continuous cell line EA.hy 926. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression of surface molecules HLA-DR, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD54 was assessed using FITC- or PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies (Beckman Coulter, USA). Intensity of fluorescence was measured by flow cytometer Epics Altra manufactured by Beckman Coulter (USA). RESULTS: Studied components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria stimulated expression of CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD54 molecules on cells from THP-1 line; incubation of cells from EA.hy 926 line in the presence of the same bacterial components increased expression levels of CD54 and HLA-DR molecules. CONCLUSION: Endothelial cells of EA.hy 926 line was less sensitive to LPS of E. coli and lysate of S. pyogenes compared to monocyte-derived cells of THP-1 line. Usage of THP-1 cells allowed to reveal differences between effects of components of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The stimulating effect of LPS was more pronounced compared to effect of S. pyogenes lysate in relation to expression of HLA-DR, CD11b, and CD54 molecules, whereas lysate of S. pyogenes better stimulated expression of CD14, CD16, and CD32 molecules.     

Recognition properties of a panel of human recombinant Fab fragments to the CD4 binding site of gp120 that show differing abilities to neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Six recombinant human Fab fragments that were derived from the same human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual and are directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein were studied. A range of neutralizing activity against the HIV-1 (HXBc2) isolate was observed, with Fab b12 exhibiting the greatest potency among the Fabs tested. The neutralizing potency of Fab b12 was better than that of monoclonal whole antibodies directed against the third variable (V3) region of gp120. To explore the basis for the efficient neutralizing activity of b12, the recognition of a panel of HIV-1 gp120 mutants by the six Fabs was studied. The patterns of sensitivity to particular gp120 amino acid changes were similar for all six Fabs to those seen for anti-CD4bs monoclonal antibodies derived from HIV-1-infected individuals by conventional means. In addition, recognition by Fab b12 demonstrated an atypical sensitivity to changes in the V1 and V2 variable regions. Next, the binding of the Fabs to monomeric gp120 and to the envelope glycoprotein complex was examined. Neither the binding properties of the b12 Fab to monomeric gp120 nor the ability of the Fab to compete with soluble CD4 for monomeric gp120 binding appeared to account for the greater neutralizing potency. However, both quantitative and qualitative differences between the binding of b12 and that of less potent Fabs to the cell surface envelope glycoprotein complex were observed. Relative to less potently neutralizing Fabs, Fab b12 exhibited a higher affinity for a subpopulation of cell surface envelope glycoproteins, the conformation of which was best approximated by the mature gp120 glycoprotein. Apparently, subtle differences in the gp120 epitope recognized allow some members of the group of anti-CD4bs antibodies to bind to the functionally relevant envelope glycoprotein complex and to neutralize virus more efficiently.     

Adhesion-mediating molecules of human monocytes

Adhesion of monocytes to each other and to T cells and substrates is increased by phorbol esters. In the presence of these compounds monocyte aggregation was almost completely inhibited (greater than 90%) by monoclonal antibody 60.3. This antibody recognizes GP90 (CD18), a leukocyte surface glycoprotein which is separately and noncovalently associated to either GP160 (CD11a), GP155 (CD11b), or GP130 (CD11c). Anti-LFA-1 antibody (CD11a) was only partially inhibitory (35%) while antibodies 60.1 (CD11b) and anti-Leu-M5 (CD11c) had a minimal inhibitory effect (10%). Antibody LB-2 recognizing a single glycoprotein distinct from the GP90-GP160 complex and expressed on activated B and T cells, monocytes, and vascular endothelial cells was partially inhibitory (22%). Monoclonal antibodies anti-C3bR (CD35), T29/33 (CD45, leukocyte common antigen 200). TA-1 (CD11a), OKM1 (CD11b), F10-44-2 (brain-leukocyte antigen), OKM5 (monocyte-endothelial cell antigen) and to class I or class II molecules exerted no inhibition on the monocyte aggregation. Fab fragments of antibody 60.3 efficiently inhibited not only monocyte aggregation in the absence or presence of phorbol esters but also adhesion of these cells to autologous or allogeneic T lymphocytes and, to a lesser extent, to plastic surfaces. It is thus concluded that GP90, either alone or associated to the larger glycoproteins, and LB-2 antigen mediate monocyte adhesion.     

The cell surface glycoprotein Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) mediates neutrophil adhesion and modulates degranulation independently of its quantitative cell surface expression

It has previously been shown that during degranulation Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)--a glycoprotein that plays a central role in neutrophil adhesion-is up-regulated on PMN surfaces. It has been assumed that this quantitative change in adhesion Ag expression on the cell surface would in turn lead to increased cellular adhesiveness. In contrast, we found that at an incubation temperature of 16 degrees C, stimulated neutrophil adhesion to plastic tissue culture dishes in the presence of FMLP (2.5 x 10(-6) M), TNF (10 ng/ml), or PAF (1 x 10(-4) M) occurred without cellular degranulation or Mac-1 surface up-regulation as measured cytofluorometrically. As shown by functional inhibition studies employing monoclonal antibodies 60.3 (anti-CD18) and 60.1 (anti-CD11b), adhesion at 16 degrees C, where no CD11b/CD18 up-regulation was seen, is mediated by CD11b/CD18 just as it is at 37 degrees C, where degranulation and CD11b/CD18 up-regulation could be demonstrated. The physiologic importance of these findings was underscored by experiments done on endothelial monolayers, which showed that PMN association with endothelial cells is absolutely independent from the quantitative up-regulation of Mac-1 on PMN surfaces. When neutrophils were stimulated at 37 degrees C by endotoxin, an agent that does not induce aggregation (a form of intercellular adhesion), Mac-1 surface expression increased only after cells had become adherent, whereas cells held in suspension to prevent cell-substrate adhesion neither degranulated nor up-regulated their Mac-1 surface expression. Thus, not only is adherence independent of degranulation and Mac-1 cell surface up-regulation, but both degranulation and Mac-1 surface up-regulation appear to depend on the process of adhesion. Correspondingly, incubation of neutrophils with antibodies 60.1 and 60.3 inhibited not only adhesion of cells stimulated with FMLP at 37 degrees C but degranulation as well. These results indicate that Mac-1 influences degranulation as well as it controls adhesion not by its mere quantity on the cell surface, but rather by an yet undefined molecular modulation.     

Identification and characterization of carbohydrate molecules in mammalian cells recognized by dengue virus type 2

The interaction between cell surface receptors and the envelope glycoprotein (EGP) on the viral membrane surface is the initial step of Dengue virus infection. To understand the host range, tissue tropism, and virulence of this pathogen, it is critical to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of EGP with receptor molecules. Here, using a TLC/virus-binding assay, we isolated and characterized a carbohydrate molecule on mammalian cell surfaces that is recognized by dengue virus type 2 (DEN2). Structural determination by immunochemical methods showed that the carbohydrate structure of the purified glycosphingolipid was neolactotetraosylceramide (nLc4Cer). This glycosphingolipid was expressed on the cell surface of susceptible cells, such as human erythroleukemia K562 and baby hamster kidney BHK-21. All serotypes of DEN viruses, DEN1 to DEN4, reacted with nLc4Cer, and the non-reducing terminal disaccharide residue Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1- was found to be a critical determinant for the binding of DEN2. Chemically synthesized derivatives carrying multiple carbohydrate residues of nLc4, but not nLc4 oligosaccharide, inhibited DEN2 infection of BHK-21 cells. These findings strongly suggested that multivalent nLc4 oligosaccharide could act as a competitive inhibitor against the binding of DEN2 to the host cells.     

A cell surface glycoprotein involved in the compaction of embryonal carcinoma cells and cleavage stage embryos

Fab fragments of rabbit anti-embryonal carcinoma cells IgG dramatically perturb cell-cell interactions between embryonal carcinoma cells and between early mouse embryo blastomeres. These antibodies prevent compaction of preimplantation embryos (or trigger their decompaction) and have similar effects on embryonal carcinoma cells. They probably act through the masking of specific molecules (Fab targets) involved in the mechanisms of recognition between cells during compaction. Fab target molecules have been extracted from embryonal carcinoma cell membranes and purified using their property to inhibit the effects mediated by anti-embryonal carcinoma Fab. The solubilization of the Fab targets could be achieved using both detergent extraction and trypsin treatment of membranes. In the latter case, a glycoprotein of 84,000 daltons could be purified which has all the properties expected from the Fab target and accounts for most of the Fab-inhibiting activity of embryonal carcinoma cell membranes.     

Crystallization of a soluble form of the rat T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 complexed with Fab from the W3/25 monoclonal antibody

The structure of the T-lymphocyte cell surface glycoprotein CD4 is of considerable biological and medical interest. Recombinant rat CD4 expressed in soluble form in mammalian cells and complexed with W3/25 monoclonal Fab fragments formed crystals that diffract to 3.5 A and have the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2 or P2(1)2(1)2(1). The unit cell has dimensions a = 317 A, b = 161 A and c = 41.8 A and the asymmetric unit consists of two CD4:Fab complexes. These crystals are of suitable quality for X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Lateral diffusion of CD4 on the surface of a human neoplastic T-cell line probed with a fluorescent derivative of the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)

The envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of HIV-1 was labeled with fluorescein by using 6-[4,6-dichlorotriazinyl]aminofluorescein. The labeled glycoprotein was found to bind to CD4-positive CEM cells. Monoclonal antibody OKT4a but not OKT4 blocked this binding. Similar specific binding of fluorescein-labeled gp120 with CD4 was observed in a solid-phase ELISA where sCD4 was attached to a polystyrene plate. The syncytium formation induced by HIV-1-infected cells on CEM cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of fluorescein-labeled gp120. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements showed that the diffusion coefficient (D) of CD4 molecules complexed with fluorescein-labeled gp120 was approximately 5 x 10(-10) cm2sec-1, with nearly 61% of the receptor molecules being mobile. Binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody to the CD4-gp120 complex reduced the mobile fraction significantly. Diffusion of CD4 labeled with OKT4 IgG was markedly inhibited with reductions in both D and the mobile fraction, but such inhibition was not observed with OKT4 Fab. It appears that crosslinking of multiple molecules of CD4 by OKT4 antibody is required to reduce CD4 mobility. This suggests that the receptor might be present on the membrane plane as molecular clusters containing at least two molecules of CD4.