腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效及对血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平的影响

目的:探讨腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效及对患儿血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2019年3月我院收治的203例新生儿黄疸患儿,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=105)和对照组(n=98)。对照组采用白蛋白治疗,观察组采用腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗。观察及对比两组治疗疗效,黄疸消退时间及黄疸指数水平,治疗前后胆红素各项指标、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子、转铁蛋白水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[92.38%(97/105) vs. 80.61%(79/98)](P0.05);黄疸消退时间及黄疸指数水平均显著低于对照组[(4.15±0.82) d vs.(5.31±0.92) d,(56.02±7.36)μmol/L vs.(82.86±9.32)μmol/L](P0.05);间接胆红素、结合胆红素、总胆红素水平均显著低于对照组[(108.75±6.21) d vs.(146.03±7.32) d,(7.49±0.85)μmol/L vs.(9.57±1.02)μmol/L,(117.80±6.52)μmol/L vs.(151.09±8.34)μmol/L](P0.05);γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子均显著低于对照组[(56.01±6.45) U/L vs.(89.56±10.73) U/L,(19.30±2.17) ng/L vs 26.78±3.67) ng/L](P0.05);而转铁蛋白水平均显著高于对照组[(1.96±0.27)g/L vs.(1.60±0.24)g/L](P0.05)。结论:腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效显著优于单用白蛋白治疗,其可有效改善患儿的黄疸临床症状,降低血清胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平。     

生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的临床疗效分析

目的:研究生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年3月至2017年3月我院收治的100例缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=50)和对照组(n=50)。对照组采用曲美他嗪治疗,观察组采用生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗。观察和比较两组的治疗疗效、治疗前后心功能指标(左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末径(LVESD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD))、肾功能指标(血肌酐(Scr),尿素氮(BUN))、心肌损伤标志物(血清胱抑素(Cys C)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、脑钠肽(BNP))水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[92.30%(48/52) vs.70.83%(34/48)](P0.05),LVEDD、LVESD水平均显著低于对照组[(51.21±8.54)mm vs.(56.63±10.83)mm,(42.91±6.30)mm vs.(45.86±7.32)mm](P0.05),LVEF水平均显著高于对照组[(46.02±7.85)%vs.(41.20±8.84)%](P0.05),Scr、BUN水平均显著低于对照组[(164.30±17.95)μmol/L vs.(211.75±19.31)μmol/L;(8.12±0.76)mmol/L vs.(11.74±1.72)mmol/L](P0.05)。血清Cys C、HCY、NT-Pro BNP水平均显著低于对照组[(0.90±0.21)mg/L vs 1.52±0.34)mg/L (12.34±3.89)μmol/L vs.(20.86±5.28)μmol/L,(298.47±78.41)ng/L vs.(402.35±92.76)ng/L](P0.05)。结论:生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的的临床疗效显著优于单用曲美他嗪治疗,其可有效改善患者心、肾功能,减轻心肌细胞损伤。     

微创踝关节融合术治疗老年创伤性踝关节炎中的临床效果及对患者氧化损伤与骨代谢的影响

目的:研究微创踝关节融合术治疗老年创伤性踝关节炎中的临床效果及对患者氧化损伤与骨代谢的影响。方法:收集2014年3月至2015年3月我院收治的94例老年创伤性踝关节炎患者,按随机数表法分为实验组和对照组,每组各45例。两组患者在手术前均进行常规检查,对照组采用常规开放式踝关节融合术,实验组采用微创踝关节融合术。对比两组治疗后血清氧化损伤指标肌红蛋白(MYO)、缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)、总抗氧化能力(TAC)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,骨代谢指标碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)、降钙素(CT)水平,视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)、美国矫形外科足踝协会(AOFAS)评分及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,实验组血清MYO、IMA、MDA水平显著低于对照组[(20.48±2.59)ng/mL vs.(27.07±2.97)ng/m L,(65.68±8.20)U/L vs.(74.27±9.01)U/L,(5.01±1.03)nmol/L vs.(9.64±2.17)nmol/L](P0.05),血清TAC水平显著高于对照组[(11.40±2.50)kU/L vs.(7.36±1.03)kU/L](P0.05);血清ALP、BGP、CT水平均显著高于对照组[(103.28±12.47)U/L vs.(90.53±10.02)U/L,(11.08±1.42)ng/L vs.(8.01±1.23)ng/L,(61.39±5.87)ng/L vs.(50.28±4.92)ng/L](P0.05),ACP、PTH水平均显著低于对照组[(5.21±0.60)U/L vs.(8.03±0.92)U/L,(42.95±5.38)ng/L vs.(60.49±6.92)ng/L](P0.05);VAS评分显著低于对照组[(1.06±0.23)分vs.(3.79±0.67)分](P0.05),AOFAS评分显著高于对照组[(73.02±6.28)分vs.(65.58±5.13)分](P0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[6.66%(3/45) vs. 20.41%(10/49)](P0.05)。结论:微创踝关节融合术可调节老年创伤性踝关节炎患者的骨代谢,增强骨密度,减少术后不良反应,有利于改善患者预后。     

血清Cys C、RBP和尿mALB检测对肾小球滤过功能及肾功能损伤诊断分析

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)、视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol binding protein,RBP)及尿尿微量白蛋白(m Alb)检测对肾小球肾炎的滤过功能及肾功能损伤的诊断价值。方法:以我院2017年12月至2018年12月收治的42例肾小球肾炎患者作为观察组、39例健康体检合格者为对照组,比较两组血清Cys-C、RBP及m Alb水平,观察组不同预后者肾功能指标水平,观察组不同预后者血清Cys C、RBP及尿m ALB水平,两组血清Cys C、RBP及尿m ALB检出率。结果:观察组血清Cys C、RBP及尿m ALB水平均显著高于对照组[(2.73±0.72)mg/L vs(0.85±0.21)mg/L,(104.72±21.36)mg/L vs(37.69±8.91)mg/L,(39.51±4.02)mg/L vs(7.08±1.26)mg/L](P0.05);10例CRF/CKD和病情缓解或无进展24h尿蛋白水平无显著差异(P0.05),血肌酐、尿素氮显著高于病情缓解或无进展组[(105.76±12.37)μmol/L vs(92.09±11.01)μmol/L,(17.02±2.73)μmol/L vs(7.15±1.06)μmol/L](P0.05);CRF者血清Cys C、RBP及尿m ALB水平均显著高于病情缓解或无进展者[(3.91±0.56)mg/L vs (2.08±0.35)mg/L,(182.36±31.23)mg/L vs(47.08±9.35)mg/L,(258.68±70.27)mg/L vs (16.03±3.24)mg/L](P0.05);血清Cys C、RBP及尿m ALB阳性检出率分别为83.33%、76.19%、73.80%,联合检测率为92.85%,联合检出率显著高于单项指标检出率(P0.05)。结论:血清Cys C、视黄醇结合蛋白及尿m ALB三者联合检测有效率较高,可用作评估肾小球肾炎患者的滤过功能及肾功能损伤,观察患者预后。     

小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果分析及对血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的影响

目的:探讨小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果及对血清gaspase切割的细胞角蛋白18(CCCK-18)、补体C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3(CTRP-3)水平的影响。方法:选取2016年5月至2018年5月我院收治的160例基底节区高血压脑出血患者,按照随机数表法将其分为观察组(n=82)和对照组(n=78)。对照组采用传统大骨瓣开颅术治疗,观察组采用小骨窗显微手术治疗。观察和比较两组的临床疗效,血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间,治疗前后NIHSS、ADL评分、血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[95.12%vs. 79.48%](P0.05);血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间均显著优于对照组[(93.62±3.58)%vs.(85.40±2.19)%,(92.47±12.56)mL vs.(189.25±26.47) mL,(2.01±0.58) d vs.(8.69±2.03) d,(13.39±2.08) d vs.(19.45±3.76) d](P0.05);NIHSS评分显著低于对照组[(9.76±1.42)分vs.(20.57±3.26)分](P0.05);ADL评分显著高于对照组[(86.42±8.64)分vs.(75.39±7.02)分](P0.05);血清CCCK-18水平显著低于对照组[(201.76±32.59) U/L vs.(237.57±39.20) U/L,(29.59±5.19) ng/mL vs.(42.97±7.94)ng/mL](P0.05);CTRP-3水平显著高于对照组[(289.59±35.19)ng/mL vs.(232.97±27.94)ng/mL](P0.05);并发症总发生率显著低于对照组[3.65%(3/82) vs. 14.10%(11/78)](P0.05)。结论:小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效显著,可更有效清除血肿,缓解血肿压迫,改善神经功能,减少继发性损伤,安全性高,可能与其降低血清CCCK-18水平及升高CTRP-3水平有关。     

吡格列酮联合阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病患者血清RBP4、Leptin、Visfatin水平的影响

目的:探讨吡格列酮联合阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果及对患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)、瘦素(Leptin)、内脂素(Visfatin)表达的影响。方法:选择2015年10月至2017年10月我院接诊的90例2型糖尿病患者为本研究对象,通过随机数表法将其分为观察组(n=46)和对照组(n=44)。对照组在常规治疗基础上给予阿卡波糖治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合吡格列酮治疗,两组均连续治疗12周。比较两组治疗前后血糖、动态血糖、胰岛细胞功能、血清RBP4、Leptin和Visfatin水平的变化和不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)均明显低于对照组[(6.58±1.30)mmol/L vs.(7.47±1.44)mmol/L,(9.20±1.22)mmol/L vs.(10.36±1.31)mmol/L,(5.23±0.46)%vs.(5.88±0.62)%](P0.05);观察组最大血糖波动幅度(LAGS)、平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)均明显低于对照组低,日平均达标率明显高于对照组[(7.43±1.26)mmol/L vs.(8.58±1.59)mmol/L,(3.39±0.42)mmol/L vs.(5.21±0.69)mmol/L,(90.34±2.40)%vs.(82.01±2.15)%](P0.05);观察组胰岛素β细胞(HOMA-β)明显高于对照组,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)明显低于对照组[(53.84±6.20) vs.(41.85±5.03),(2.84±0.40) vs.(3.72±0.72)](P0.05);观察组血清RBP4、Leptin、Visfatin水平均明显低于对照组[(8.30±1.20)mg/L vs.(10.57±1.65)mg/L,(8.23±1.42)μg/L vs.(10.84±1.79)μg/L,(17.40±2.42)μg/L vs.(24.03±3.06)μg/L](P0.05)。两组治疗期间均未发生头晕、低血糖等药物不良反应。结论:吡格列酮联合阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床效果显著由于单用阿卡波糖的患者,其可显著患者降低血糖水平和改善IR,其内在机制可能和降低血清RBP4、Leptin、Visfatin的表达相关。     

鲑鱼降钙素联合糖皮质激素吸入治疗COPD合并骨质疏松的疗效及对血清PINP、β-CTX、MMP-9水平的影响

目的:研究鲑鱼降钙素联合糖皮质激素吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD)合并骨质疏松的疗效及对血清Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端肽(Amino terminal peptide of procollagen type I PINP)、β-胶原降解产物(β-Cterminal telopeptide of typeⅠcollagenβ-CTX)、基质金属蛋白酶(matrixmetalloproteinase-9 MMP-9)水平的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年4月我院收治的97例COPD合并骨质疏松患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组(47例)和对照组(50例),两组均采用常规治疗,对照组在此基础上采用糖皮质激素吸入治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上采用鲑鱼降钙素治疗。观察和比较两组患者的疗效,治疗前后肺功能指标(一秒钟用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in one second FEV1)、第一秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量百分比(Forced expiratory volume in the first second is the percentage of forced vital capacity FEV1/FVC)、血清PINP、β-CTX、MMP-9水平、腰椎骨密度、股骨颈股密度的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[91.48%(43/47) vs. 70.00%(35/50)](P0.05);FEV1、PO2、FEV1/FVC水平均显著高于对照组[(85.20±13.72)%vs.(70.62±11.37)%,(76.30±8.64)mmhg vs.(62.49±7.13)mmhg,(68.08±11.34)%vs.(60.84±9.75)%](P0.05);PINP、β-CTX、MMP-9水平均显著低于对照组[(17.02±3.67)mg/L vs.(14.86±3.13)mg/L,(93.20±8.01)ng/L vs.(117.39±11.42)ng/L,(47.24±3.75)ng/mL vs.(60.26±4.67)ng/mL](P0.05);腰椎骨密度、股骨颈股密度水平均显著高于对照组[(1.12±0.25)g/cm~2vs.(0.89±0.23)g/cm2,(1.14±0.23)g/cm~2vs.(0.90±0.21)g/cm~2](P0.05)。结论:鲑鱼降钙素联合糖皮质激素吸入治疗COPD合并骨质疏松的疗效显著优于单用糖皮质激素吸入治疗,其能够更有效改善患者肺功能,调节血钙,提高骨密度,缓解骨痛,可能与其降低血清PINP、β-CTX、MMP-9的水平有关。     

自体干细胞移植治疗失代偿期肝硬化的疗效及对肝脏储备功能、血清LPS、HGF水平的影响

目的:探讨自体干细胞移植治疗失代偿期肝硬化的疗效及对肝脏储备功能、血清内毒素(LPS)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)水平的影响。方法:选择2015年9月至2017年9月我院接诊的86例失代偿期肝硬化患者作为本研究对象,通过随机数表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组43例。对照组给予失代偿期肝硬化常规综合治疗,观察组在对照组基础上进行自体干细胞移植治疗。比较两组治疗前、治疗12周后实验室指标、终末期肝病模型系统评分(MELD)、血清LPS、HGF水平的变化以及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)水平均明显低于治疗前,白蛋白(ALB)较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),观察组ALT、AST、TBil均明显低于对照组,ALB水平明显高于对照组[(45.60±4.12)U/L vs.(56.84±6.20)U/L,(57.45±5.01)U/L vs.(68.99±6.84)U/L,(36.53±3.45)g/L vs.(30.42±2.89)g/L,(50.23±4.83)μmol/L vs.(62.30±6.76)μmol/L](P0.05);治疗后,两组MELD评分较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),观察组MELD评分明显低于对照组[(21.89±2.74)分vs(27.84±3.51)分](P0.05);治疗后,两组血清LPS较治疗前显著降低,HGF较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),观察组血清LPS明显低于对照组,HGF明显比对照组高[(0.43±0.05)ng/mLvs(0.60±0.09)ng/mL,(389.56±27.40)pg/mL vs(301.23±22.30)pg/mL](P0.05)。对照组和观察组治疗期间不良反应总发生率分别为8.89%(4/43)、13.95%(6/43),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:自体干细胞移植治疗失代偿期患者可明显改善肝功能、肝脏储备功能及血清LPS、HGF的表达,且安全性高。     

舒血宁注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠对脑梗死患者神经功能及血清IGF-1、vWF、HIF-1α水平的影响

目的:研究舒血宁注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠对脑梗死患者神经功能及血清胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)、血浆血管性病友因子(v WF)、缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)水平的影响。方法:收集2014年3月至2016年3月我院收治的120例脑梗死患者,按抽签法分为对照组和实验组,每组各60例。两组均采用基础治疗,对照组在此基础上采用胞磷胆碱钠治疗,每次2粒,每天3次;实验组在对照组的基础上采用舒血宁注射液治疗,每次5 m L,加入0.9%生理盐水250 m L中混合后进行静脉滴注,每天1次。两组治疗疗程均为2周。对比两组治疗前后神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、日常生活能力(ADL),血清IGF-1、v WF、HIF-α水平的变化,不良反应的发生情况及治疗疗效。结果:治疗后,实验组总有效率显著高于对照组[91.66%(55/60) vs. 71.66%(43/60)](P0.05),NIHSS评分显著低于对照组[(7.01±1.23)分vs.(10.52±1.98)分](P0.05),ADL评分显著高于对照组[(68.16±5.62)分vs.(56.20±5.13)分](P0.05);血清IGF-1水平显著高于对照组[(174.29±27.35)IU/mL vs.(152.08±25.29)IU/mL](P0.05),血清v WF、HIF-α水平显著低于对照组[(5.63±1.21)mg/L vs.(11.92±1.35)mg/L,(14.21±3.11)μmol/L vs.(20.16±3.89)μmol/L](P0.05);两组不良反应的发生率比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:舒血宁注射液联合胞磷胆碱钠治疗脑梗死的临床疗效显著优于单用胞磷胆碱钠治疗,其可有效改善患者的神经功能,恢复脑组织功能,可能与其效减轻炎症反应及抑制氧化应激反应有关。     

胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗COPD合并肺动脉高压的疗效及对患者血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平的影响

目的:探讨胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺动脉高压的疗效及对患者血清血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH)、内源性分泌型晚期糖基化终末产物受体(esRAGE)、糖类抗原125(CA125)水平的影响。方法:选择2016年1月至2017年12月我院接诊的65例COPD合并肺动脉高压患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组35例和对照组30例。对照组在常规治疗基础上给予辛伐他汀治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予胸腺五肽治疗,两组均连续治疗4周。治疗后,比较两组血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平、免疫功能、肺功能、血气分析指标的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组血清PAF-AH、esRAGE水平明显高于对照组,而血清CA125水平明显低于对照组[(187.20±15.10)ng/mL vs.(135.13±11.42)ng/mL,(0.32±0.08)ng/L vs.(0.26±0.05)ng/L,(21.06±3.27)U/mL vs.(30.49±4.23)U/mL](P0.05);观察组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+明显高于对照组[(69.56±7.89)%vs.(57.56±6.05)%,(43.30±5.11)%vs.(37.86±4.53)%,(2.14±0.30) vs.(1.82±0.26)](P0.05);观察组血清第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)明显高于对照组,肺动脉收缩压(PASP)明显比对照组低[(2.17±0.34)L vs(1.84±0.29)L,(67.34±8.28)%vs.(60.37±6.05)%,(36.23±3.15)mmHg vs.(42.85±3.88)mmHg](P0.05);观察组动脉血压分压(PaO_2)明显高于对照组,二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)明显低于对照组[(89.45±7.40)mmHg vs.(80.23±6.82)mmHg,(33.83±3.11)mmHg vs.(40.02±3.86)mmHg](P0.05)。两组不良反应的总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胸腺五肽联合辛伐他汀治疗COPD合并肺动脉高压患者效果显著优于单用辛伐他汀治疗,可更有效改善患者肺功能和肺动脉高压状态,其内在机制可能和调节血清PAF-AH、esRAGE、CA125水平及缓解气道炎症反应相关。     

Ultrasonography of the normal kidney in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): morphologic and Doppler findings

The purpose of this study was to obtain sonographic measures of normal kidneys in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The kidneys of 27 healthy female cynomolgus monkeys were examined with two-dimensional, duplex and power Doppler under sedation or general anesthesia. Except for shape and sinus echogenicity, the kidneys of the cynomolgus monkey are morphologically similar to those of humans. Left kidney volume estimations (mean, 5.1 cm3) were significantly smaller (P<0.001) than those of the right (mean, 5.9 cm3), and both increased significantly with increasing body weight (P<0.05, r = 0.408). The mean resistive index (RI) of ketamine-sedated monkeys was 0.54, with an upper limit of 0.74 for the renal artery. The mean RI under general anesthesia was 0.65, with an upper limit of 0.77. Morphologic and Doppler ultrasound assessments of the kidneys can be consistently performed in the conscious cynomolgus monkey, and anesthesia can have hemodynamic effects that alter the Doppler arterial waveform.     

Metabolic adaptation of the renal carbohydrate metabolism. I. Effects of starvation on the gluconeogenic and glycolytic fluxes in the proximal and distal renal tubules

Summary The influence of starvation on renal carbohydrate metabolism was studied in the proximal and distal fragments of the nephron. Starvation induced a double and opposite adaptation mechanism in both fractions of the renal tubule. In renal proximal tubules, the gluconeogenic flux was stimulated progressively during a period of 48 hours of starvation (2.15 fold), due, in part, to a significant increase in the fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities although with different characteristics. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity from this tubular fragment increased only at subsaturating subtrate concentration (68%) which involved a significant decrease in the Km (35%) for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate while there was no change in Vmax. This behaviour clearly indicates that it is related to modifications in the activity of the preexistent enzyme in the cell. Proximal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity increased proportionally at both substrate concentrations (86 and 89% respectively) which brought about changes in Vmax without changes in Kin, all of which are in accordance with variations in the cellular levels of the enzyme. In the renal distal tubules, the glycolytic capacity drastically decreased throughout the starvation time. At 48 hours 65% of inhibition was shown. We have found a short term regulation of phosphofructokinase activity by starvation which involves an increase in Km (2.2 fold) without changes in Vmax, as a result of these kinetic changes, an inactivation of phosphofructokinase was detected at subsaturating concentration of fructose 6-phosphate. On the contrary, this nutritional state did not modify the kinetic behaviour of renal pyruvate kinase. Finally, neither proximal glycolytic nor distal gluconeogenic capacities and related enzymes activities were changed during starvation.     

Anatomy and ultrasonography of the normal kidney in brown lemurs: Eulemur fulvus

The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomy and obtain echographic measurements of normal kidneys in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus). The anatomical findings show that brown lemur kidneys are comparable to those of rats except for an elongated papilla. The kidneys of 16 (7 females and 9 males) lemurs were examined with two‐dimensional and power Doppler ultrasonography under general anesthesia. Morphometrically, the left and right kidney surface areas are comparable (3.29 and 3.51 cm²). Kidney area has a significant linear correlation with body weight. Echo‐Doppler findings show that the mean renal arterial blood flow speeds for the left and right kidneys are comparable (0.70 and 0.73 m/s). However, flow speed is higher in the male (0.79 m/s) than in the female (0.60 m/s). The renal arterial diameters are between 1.0 and 1.8 mm. The fact that anesthesia can have hemodynamic effects on renal vasculature should be taken into consideration when assessing these echographic results. Am. J. Primatol. 71:647–653, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

脂代谢紊乱在肾脏衰老和肾纤维化中的作用

肾间质纤维化是终末期肾脏病的病理基础,肾脏衰老是肾间质纤维化的危险因素。越来越多的研究证明,脂代谢紊乱会导致肾脏衰老和肾间质纤维化。脂代谢紊乱引起的脂质堆积,会造成脂毒性和细胞应激性损伤,从而诱发衰老与细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）的分泌。维持脂代谢稳态有助于减轻肾脏衰老与肾间质纤维化的发生发展。脂代谢途径的关键酶和调控蛋白有望成为改善肾脏衰老和肾间质纤维化的潜在靶点。本综述概括了脂代谢紊乱在肾脏衰老和间质纤维化中的作用,并对脂代谢中肾脏衰老和间质纤维化的预防靶点和策略进行了总结,为治疗肾纤维化发现新靶点提供了参考。     

Comparison of the course of biomarker changes and kidney injury in a rat model of drug-induced acute kidney injury

Objective: To aid in evaluating the performance of biomarkers, we measured kidney injury biomarkers in rat models of drug-induced acute kidney injury.

Methods and results: Rats were treated with site-specific nephrotoxins, puromycin, gentamicin, cisplatin, or 2-bromoethylamine. Fifteen biomarkers (β-2-microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, cystatin-C, KIM-1, GST-α, GST-μ, NGAL, osteopontin, EGF, TIMP-1, VEGF, albumin, RPA-1, and urinary total protein) were examined in comparison with BUN, serum creatinine, and NAG. Some biomarkers, which were different depending in each nephrotoxin, showed ability to detect the prodromal stage of drug-induced kidney injury. Characteristic changing patterns of biomarkers were also found depending on the specific lesion site in the kidney.

Conclusion: These data suggested that establishment of a suitable biomarker panel would facilitate detection of site-specific kidney injury with high sensitivity.     

Physiological and Metabolic Implications of V-ATPase Isoforms in the Kidney

Not all vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPases (V-ATPases) are alike; those responsible for H⁺ movement across plasma membranes contain some different, tissue-specific subunit isoforms. This brief review outlines those that have special relevance to the kidney, and illustrates their importance by describing various human diseases where loss of local proton pump function not only confers a severe phenotype, but has revealed related tissues where these same isoforms are expressed, signifying their physiological importance.     

The central and renal hemodynamic effects of amino acid infusion in the study of renal reserve in the baboon

Normal human renal function is characterized by a large renal reserve. Recruitment of this reserve is a compensatory and pathological response to renal injury. This study was designed to assess the renal reserve and central hemodynamics of young female baboons and, in doing so, the appropriateness of the use of these animals in a model of human renal disease. Eight female baboons completed the protocol. PAH and inulin clearances were measured before and after an amino acid infusion. Central hemodynamics were measured with arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate increased by 42% after amino acid infusion (P = .025). Expansion of renal function was not consistent among individual baboons; two of the eight animals did not demonstrate renal reserve. Central hemodynamics were unaffected by the protocol.     

Advantages and limitations of the use of isolated kidney tubules in pharmacotoxicology

Among the cellular models used in in vitro renal pharmacotoxicology, isolated kidney tubules, used as suspensions mainly of proximal tubules, offer important advantages. They can be prepared in large amounts under nonsterile conditions within 1–2 h; thus, it is possible to employ a great number of experimental conditions simultaneously and to obtain rapidly many experimental results. Kidney tubules can be prepared from the kidney of many animal species and also from the human kidney; given the very limited availability of healthy human renal tissue, it is therefore possible to choose the most appropriate species for the study of a particular problem encountered in man. Kidney tubules can be used for screening and prevention of nephrotoxic effects and to identify their mechanisms as well as to study the renal metabolism of xenobiotics. When compared with cultured renal cell, a major advantage of kidney tubules is that they remain differentiated. The main limitations of the use of kidney tubules in pharmacotoxicology are (1) the necessity to prepare them as soon as the renal tissue sample is obtained; (2) their limited viability, which is restricted to 2–3 h; (3) the inability to expose them chronically to a potential nephrotoxic drug; (4) the inability to study transepithelial transport; and (5) the uncertainty in the extrapolation to man of the results obtained using animal kidney tubules. These advantages and limitations of the use of human and animal kidney tubules in pharmacotoxicology are illustrated mainly by the results of experiments performed with valproate, an antiepileptic and moderately hyperammonemic agent. The fact that kidney tubules, unlike cultured renal cells, retain key metabolic properties is also shown to be of the utmost importance in detecting certain nephrotoxic effects.     

Gross,histological and ultrastructural morphology of the aglomerular kidney in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus

Histologic evaluation of the renal system in the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus reveals a cranial kidney with low to moderate cellularity, composed of a central dorsal aorta, endothelial lined capillary sinusoids, haematopoietic tissue, fine fibrovascular stroma, ganglia and no nephrons. In comparison, the caudal kidney is moderately to highly cellular with numerous highly convoluted epithelial lined tubules separated by interlacing haematopoietic tissue, no glomeruli, fine fibrovascular stroma, numerous capillary sinusoids, corpuscles of Stannius and clusters of endocrine cells adjacent to large calibre vessels. Ultrastructural evaluation of the renal tubules reveals minimal variability of the tubule epithelium throughout the length of the nephron and the majority of tubules are characterized by epithelial cells with few apical microvilli, elaborate basal membrane infolding, rare electron dense granules and abundant supporting collagenous matrix.