马尾松与芒萁鲜叶及凋落物水溶性有机物的溶解特征和光谱学特征

为探讨福建省三明市马尾松人工林淋溶液中水溶性有机物(DOM)的溶解特征和光谱学特征,以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)鲜叶、未分解层(L层)和半分解层(F层)凋落物为研究对象进行室内淋溶,对淋溶液中的水溶性有机碳(DOC)、水溶性有机氮(DON)与水溶性有机磷(DOP)含量和紫外光谱(SUVA)、荧光光谱指标和红外光谱(FTIR)等特征进行研究。结果表明,在24 h内,随着淋溶时间的延长,DOM含量呈现有波动的上升趋势;芒萁除鲜叶的DOC含量显著高于马尾松外(P0.01),其余DOM含量均小于马尾松。两植物F层DOM的SUVA值和腐殖化指标(HIX)都显著高于鲜叶和L层(P0.05),表明F层的芳香性化合物含量和腐殖化程度越来越高。DOM的同步荧光峰值显示淋溶液中含有类蛋白和类富里酸荧光团。两植物的红外光谱显示有5个相似的吸收谱带,强度最大的吸收来自于H键键合的-OH的伸缩振动,同一植物3种样品之间红外吸收的差异证明从鲜叶-L层-F层凋落物的共轭体系逐渐增大,结构更复杂。因此,随分解进程两植被DOM的化学结构越来越复杂;马尾松较芒萁含有更多的DON和DOP,这一方面为微生物提供了更多的养分,另一方面又增加了底物分解的难度。     

互花米草与短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量学特征

为了揭示植物枯落物分解过程中元素生态化学计量学特征,对闽江河口湿地互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程进行了测定.结果表明:整个分解期间内(2007年1-10月),在近潮沟生境和远潮沟生境,互花米草枯落物分解速率、氮磷养分含量低于短叶茳芏枯落物,但热值高于短叶茳芏枯落物;近潮沟生境,互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为70.5和34.7,2285.8和1210.7,32.8和35.4;远潮沟生境互花米草和短叶茳芏枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为72.7和33.2,2519.2和1167.0,34.0和35.9,两种生境下均表现为互花米草具有较高的C/N、C/P和较低的N/P;互花米草枯落物分解过程中具有较高的C/N和C/P,其分解速率较低.     

隔离降雨对亚热带米槠天然林土壤可溶性有机质数量及光谱学特征的影响

全球气候变化背景下区域降雨格局变化可能深刻影响土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的数量和质量.为了解亚热带森林土壤DOM对降雨减少的响应,通过6年不同强度(对照、-30%、-60%)的隔离降雨模拟试验,采用光谱技术,研究了降雨减少对亚热带米槠天然林不同深度土壤DOM数量和结构的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,隔离降雨使0～10 cm土层中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)含量显著降低,其中-30%处理DOC下降幅度小于DON, 而-60%处理DOC下降幅度大于DON,0～10 cm土层中DOC和DON含量都显著高于10～20 cm土层.-30%处理土壤DOM中源于微生物代谢的芳香类腐殖质和烷烃比例上升;-60%处理土壤DOM中微生物代谢产物的相对贡献率减少.除了隔离降雨后水分变化等直接影响外,微生物活性也是本试验区影响DOM数量和结构的重要因素.     

盐度对互花米草枯落物分解释放硅、碳、氮元素的影响

为了研究潮汐湿地盐度对枯落物分解过程中硅、碳、氮元素释放的影响,通过室内模拟不同盐度(0、5、15和30)对互花米草枯落物茎和叶分解释放过程中硅、碳、氮元素的动态变化进行测定。结果表明:(1)互花米草茎和叶枯落物失重率和分解速率均随盐度增加而降低。(2)互花米草茎和叶枯落物分解水体中硅含量均随着盐度升高而增加,并且盐度30处理下,枯落物分解硅释放量显著高于盐度0和5(P0.05)。而分解末期生物硅残留量则随盐度升高而降低。(3)不同盐度处理茎枯落物分解碳释放量无显著差异,但叶枯落物分解碳释放量在盐度5、15和30处理中显著高于淡水(P0.05)。(4)互花米草茎枯落物分解释放到水中的NH_4~+-N含量随着盐度的升高而减少,NO_3~--N含量与之相反。研究单因素盐度对枯落物分解及元素释放的影响,可以为预测潮汐湿地枯落物分解对盐水入侵的响应机制提供参考,为湿地生源要素生物地球化学循环过程研究提供基础依据。     

米槠人促更新林与杉木人工林叶片及凋落物溶解性有机物的数量和光谱学特征

选取中亚热带米槠人促更新林(CCF)和杉木人工林(CLP)内的鲜叶、未分解层(L层)和半分解层(F层)凋落物为研究对象进行室内淋溶,对其淋溶液中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)和溶解性有机磷(DOP)含量,紫外吸收值(SUVA),腐殖化指标(HIX)和红外光谱(FTIR)等进行了比较分析,以揭示其淋溶液中溶解性有机物(DOM)的数量和光谱学特征。结果表明:随着淋溶时间的增加,不同样品的DOM含量呈现先上升后下降,或者有波动的上升的趋势,这是因为DOM的释放和反吸附共同控制着DOM的含量。两林分中,F层凋落物DOM的SUVA值显著高于鲜叶和L层凋落物(P0.05);从鲜叶到L层到F层凋落物,其HIX逐渐变大并且三者荧光强度最大值对应的波长由短波向长波移动,这是腐殖化程度越来越高、电子共轭体系逐渐增大的体现。两个林分6种样品的红外光谱显示了5个相似的吸收谱带,但不同样品各吸收带的相对比例不同,强度最大的吸收来自于H键键合的—OH的伸缩振动;同一林分内3种样品之间红外吸收的差异证明了鲜叶到L层再到F层凋落物,其DOM的芳香类物质含量逐渐升高,化学键力常数变小。总体上,与杉木人工林相比,米槠人促更新林的DOM养分含量更高,结构更复杂,因而更有利于有机质的积累。     

亚热带地区竞争型和忍耐型树种叶片可溶性有机质数量及光谱学特征

气候变化下,不同生态策略的树种对环境变化有着不同的响应能力,影响其叶片淋溶产生的DOM(Dissolved organic matter)的数量和质量,进而影响土壤的养分循环。通过探究亚热带地区不同生态策略树种叶片DOM数量及光谱学特征的差异,评估不同数量和结构特征DOM输入到土壤对养分循环的影响。本研究选取6种树种鲜叶进行浸提,其中竞争型(Competitive,C)和忍耐型(Stress-tolerant,S)各3种(树参(Dendropanax dentiger),黄绒润楠(Machilus grijsii),黄牛奶树(Symplocos cochinchinensis(Lour.)),细柄阿丁枫(Altingia gracilipes),丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)和罗浮栲(Castanopsis faberi))。通过溶解性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、溶解性有机氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)表征DOM的数量特征,通过紫外吸收值(Special Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption,SUVA),腐殖化指标(Humification index,HIX)和傅里叶红外光谱(Fouriertransform infrared,FTIR)等光谱指标表征DOM质量特征。结果表明:不同生态策略树种的叶浸提液中可溶性有机碳浓度无显著差异,但是C策略树种浸提液中可溶性有机氮浓度大于S策略的DON浓度。此外,S策略的芳香化指数(Aromatic index,AI)和腐殖化指数(HIX)均高于C策略。C策略树种的发射荧光强度也高于S策略,说明C策略树种DOM腐殖化程度较低,易分解物质含量高;S策略难分解物质多,腐殖化程度较高。傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,各树种叶浸提的DOM存在相似的吸收峰,其中以H键键合的—OH伸缩振动最强且C策略树种结果相对简单,验证了荧光光谱的结果。总体而言,与C策略相比,S策略树种叶片浸提的DOM结构更复杂,养分含量更高。这可能是因为,S策略树种对环境变化具有更高的适应性。由于其DOM结构相对复杂,输入土壤后减缓土壤碳周转速率,在未来气候变化情景下,S策略树种可能有利于土壤碳汇的形成。     

水土保持林恢复土壤可溶性碳氮组分动态与三维荧光特征分析

为探究水土保持林恢复过程中土壤可溶性碳氮含量变化及其有机组成特性,揭示水保林土壤固存可溶性有机质的效应及机制。选取了黄土丘陵区恢复12-45a的人工柠条、刺槐林以及撂荒地,分析了土壤可溶性碳氮含量及其三维荧光光谱特征与特性参数的动态变化。结果表明：随恢复年限的增加,3种植被土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）、有机氮（DON）、无机氮（DIN）的含量均呈增加趋势,并且相同恢复年限下DOC、DON、DIN含量总体表现为撂荒 < 柠条 < 刺槐;但柠条和刺槐林土壤DOC：DON及二者占总有机碳、全氮比例并未持续增加,到恢复45a时DOC占总有机碳比例以及DOC：DON均以撂荒地最高,刺槐林最低,DON占全氮比例则表现相反。三维荧光结合平行因子分析得出所有样地土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）主要有大分子腐殖物质（C1）、低分子量类富里酸（C2）、类色氨酸（C3）及农业措施输入的腐殖物质（C4）4个组分,并且以C1组分占比最大,平均达37.4%。随恢复年限增加,3种植被土壤DOM中C3组分占比升高,C2和C4组分占比降低,C1组分占比在柠条和刺槐林中升高,在撂荒地中则降低。不同植被土壤可溶性有机质荧光指数（FI）、新鲜度指数（β：α）及自生源指数（BIX）差异不显著,分别为1.63、0.58、0.59;不同恢复年限撂荒地腐殖化指数（HIX）没有差异,但柠条和刺槐林显著高于撂荒且随恢复年限增加先增大后稳定。综上,水保林持续恢复可以显著提升土壤可溶性碳氮含量,也使土壤可溶有机质组成趋向复杂和相对稳定,利于累积固持,特别以刺槐林效应最明显。     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤可溶性有机质数量与光谱学特征的影响

选取中亚热带福建三明格氏栲天然林及其转换而成的木荷、锥栗及福建柏等3种人工林表层土壤(0—10 cm)可溶性有机质(DOM)为对象,对其数量和光谱学特征进行了研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤DOM的影响。结果表明,天然林转换成上述3种人工林后,0—5 cm土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度显著降低(P0.05),降低程度分别为66.1%,69.9%及29.4%,可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度也有所下降;除福建柏外,其余两种人工林5—10 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均低于天然林。各林分0—5 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均高于5—10 cm土层。两个土层中,天然林土壤DOM的芳香化及腐殖化程度均显著高于人工林(P0.05),但荧光效率值低于人工林;荧光光谱图显示,天然林土壤DOM在芳香性脂肪族及木质素类复杂结构荧光基团处的吸收大于人工林;各林分土壤DOM傅里叶红外光谱出现吸收谱带的位置相似,其中吸收强度最大的为形成氢键的—OH的伸缩振动,此外还有芳香性CC伸缩振动、有机羧酸盐COO-反对称伸缩振动、碳水化合物中烷氧基C—O的振动等,人工林土壤DOM中碳水化合物的比例增加是其结构简单的主要原因。土壤DOM中结构复杂、分子量大的组分不易向下迁移;天然林与人工林间土壤DOM数量及光谱学特征的差异主要与凋落物输入及营林措施的干扰有关;本研究所涉及的3种人工林中,福建柏更有利于土壤养分的累积。     

森林凋落物淋溶中的溶解有机物与紫外-可见光谱特征

对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolat)人工林新近凋落物、半分解层(F层)和分解层(H层)凋落物进行室内模拟淋洗实验,研究了凋落物淋溶过程中溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度变化及紫外-可见(UV-Vis.)光谱特征.结果表明,格氏栲和杉木人工林新近凋落物淋出液的DOC浓度较低,F层淋出液的DOC浓度较高;格氏栲凋落物淋出液的DOC浓度基本上随淋溶次数的增加而降低,杉木的则先升后降.淋出液中溶解有机物(DOM)的紫外吸收值均随波长的增加而减小,且UV-Vis.吸收曲线均在200nm附近出现吸收峰,不同来源DOM的E240/E420存在显著差异;同一样品各次淋出液的DOC浓度与E200有很好的线性关系(P2＞0.90),据此,可用E200值估算DOC浓度.     

胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解对土壤活性有机碳含量及其三维荧光特性的影响

通过室内试验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地碱蓬、芦苇、互花米草枯落物的分解过程,测定土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳)含量变化,并利用三维荧光技术对可溶性有机碳(DOC)进行光谱分析.结果表明: 土壤活性有机碳含量呈先增加后降低最终趋于稳定的变化趋势;不同枯落物类型和添加方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响不同,表现为碱蓬＞互花米草＞芦苇,且原状混合＞表面覆盖;光谱分析表明,分解过程各三维荧光光谱的荧光峰数量、荧光中心位置和荧光强度都存在一定差异,添加枯落物后土壤未发现类酪氨酸峰;芳香类蛋白物质占比最高,腐殖质类物质次之.枯落物分解是以微生物分解作用为主导、枯落物性质为本质要素、多重因子综合作用的结果,其对提高土壤活性有机碳含量、增强土壤碳库的稳定性具有促进作用;该过程通过改变DOC的结构和化学组分,提高其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,增强生物可降解性和可利用性,促进微生物内源DOC的产生,加快湿地土壤碳循环.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.