NOX家族蛋白的研究进展

NADPH氧化酶催化亚基gp91phox（NOX2）及其同源物NOX1、NOX3、NOX4、NOX5、DUOX1和DUOX2统称为NOX家族,它们作为NADPH酶的核心亚基,是该酶发挥作用的关键。NOX家族几乎存在于所有的细胞,吞噬细胞中NADPH氧化酶生成的ROS主要起细胞防御功能,与此不同的是非吞噬细胞中NADPH氧化酶产生的ROS作为信号分子,参与机体内信号转导途径,调节细胞分化、增殖、衰老和凋亡等活动;当NOX家族蛋白异常表达,ROS水平急剧增加时,则能诱导机体内多种疾病的发生。     

骨髓造血干细胞龛

造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cell,HSC）位于骨髓的造血微环境即龛（niche）中,它们与龛内特定的细胞相互作用以调节其自我更新和定向分化。研究发现,骨髓中的成骨细胞和内皮细胞与造血干细胞关系密切,分别构成了HSC龛中的成骨龛和血管龛,其中成骨龛维持静态的HSC微环境,而血管龛调控HSC的增殖、分化和动员等行为。对骨髓HSC龛的研究为将来临床治疗血液系统相关疾病提供了新的思路。     

敲减NADPH氧化酶4能降低STAT3活性抑制人黑色素瘤A375细胞的增殖

NADPH氧化酶参与细胞活性氧族（ROS）的生成过程,而ROS与肿瘤细胞增殖密切相关. 为了阐明NADPH氧化酶影响黑色素瘤A375细胞增殖的分子机制,本文首先应用荧光定量PCR和Western 印迹证实NOX4为人黑色素瘤A375细胞的NADPH氧化酶功能核心亚基;随后根据NOX4基因设计3条干扰序列和对照序列并连接到pSuper-retro-puro载体,经鉴定后转化E.coli DH5α感受态细胞、筛选有效干扰序列并用于逆转录病毒包装,病毒液感染A375细胞并经嘌呤霉素筛选10 d,构建了NOX4缺陷的A375稳转细胞珠（A375 NOX4Δ）,其NOX4的mRNA和蛋白表达分别下降了66.02%和77.35%,伴随NADPH氧化酶活性和ROS水平分别下降了79.17%和64.16%;MTT、EdU法检测显示,A375-NOX4Δ细胞的增殖能力比A375-WT细胞明显降低、倍增时间延长,增殖细胞数量下降了68.27%（P＜0.01）,呈现G1→S期阻滞;Western blot检测表明A375 NOX4Δ细胞的 cyclin D1、CDK4分别下降了55.7%（P＜0.01）和64.8%（P＜0.01）,而P53、P21分别增加了6.89 倍（P＜0.01）和3.27 倍（P＜0.01）,STAT3、P-STAT3分别下降了51.80%（P＜0.05）和82.58%（P＜0.01）;电泳迁移率变动分析（EMSA）表明,A375 NOX4Δ细胞的STAT3-DNA结合活性明显降低. 上述结果提示,敲减A375细胞的NOX4表达可能通过减少ROS生成使得STAT3磷酸化水平及其结合DNA的活性下降,最终导致A375-NOX4Δ细胞增殖减少、呈现G1→S期阻滞,这为黑色素瘤发病机制研究提供了新思路及可能的药物作用靶点.     

砷暴露诱导人肝细胞氧化应激过程中NADPH氧化酶作用机制

目的：探讨砷暴露诱导细胞氧化应激的分子机制。方法：采用人正常肝细胞进行亚砷酸钠和砷酸钠的暴露处理,并设相应对照组,采用SOD模拟物MnTMPyP和还原型谷胱甘肽（reducedglutathione,GSH）预处理,检测细胞超氧阴离子（02。）和细胞整体ROS的水平。WestemBlot方法检测细胞氧化／抗氧化重要酶微粒体谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（microsomalglutathioneS-transferase-l,Mgst．1）、半胱氨酸双加氧酶l（cysteinedioxygenasel,Cd01）和NADPH氧化酶的催化亚基NOX4的表达。针对NADPH氧化酶,采用特异性抑制剂（diphenyleneiodoniumchloride,DPI）进行预处理,观察对砷暴露引起的细胞ROS水平及细胞凋亡的影响。结果：砷暴露能够显著诱导细胞超氧阴离子的产生,提高细胞整体ROS水平,其中三价砷（亚砷酸钠,A矿）诱导氧化应激作用显著强于五价砷（砷酸钠,As5＋）。亚砷酸钠能够显著提高NOX4的表达。针对NADPH氧化酶的抑制剂DPI能够显著抑制砷暴露引起的细胞ROS水平升高以及细胞凋亡的增加。结论：NADPH氧化酶是砷暴露诱导人肝细胞的作用靶点,砷能够通过NADPH氧化酶产生大量超氧阴离子,提高ROS水平,造成氧化应激,诱导人正常肝细胞凋亡。     

电离辐射及不同条件培养基诱发骨髓间充质干细胞基因组不稳定性的比较研究

为了探讨不同剂量电离辐射及其所致条件培养基对肺癌相关骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMMSCs)基因组不稳定性的影响,以A549和人BMMSCs为研究对象,采用X射线辐射和条件培养基转移的方法建立辐射旁效应模型,检测基因组不稳定性相关的细胞克隆存活率、微核率、53BP1 (tumor suppressor p53 binding protein 1)焦点数等指标,同时采用ELISA法检测旁效应条件培养液不同时间点ROS、NO、TGF-β1的水平。结果显示:与正常BMMSCs组相比, IR组、A549-medium组和BMMSCs-medium组的细胞增殖均减少(P0.05);细胞微核率和53BP1焦点数均增多(P0.05); IR组变化最明显,其次为A549-medium组。此外, A549-medium组中TGF-β1、ROS以及NO的水平与BMMSCs-medium组相比均显著升高(P0.05)。实验结果初步表明,辐射可能通过条件培养基中ROS、TGF-β1、NO等分子诱导未照射BMMSCs产生类似于直接辐射造成的基因不稳定性旁损伤效应,并且A549-medium组的旁损伤强于BMMSCs-medium组。     

质膜上的活性氧制造者--NOX家族

NADPH氧化酶特异存在于吞噬细胞质膜,能生成用于清除病原微生物的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）。NOX是NADPH氧化酶催化亚基gp91^phox的同源物,存在于多种非吞噬细胞。目前发现的NOX有NOX1、NOX3、NOX4及NOX5,虽然它们有一定的组织特异性,但与NADPH氧化酶一样均有催化生成ROS的能力。与吞噬细胞中NADPH氧化酶所制造的ROS不同,NOX所产生的ROS并不主要起细胞防御功能,而是作为第二信使,参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡的调节。此外,NOX对血管生成及骨吸收也有一定的影响,同时还可作为氧感受器调节促红细胞生成素（EPO）的产生。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ促进内皮细胞凋亡和NOX4表达

目的分析高浓度血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）时细胞内活性氧（ROS）、NOX4mRNA水平和细胞凋亡的变化。方法倒置显微镜下观察人脐静脉内皮细胞形态;免疫组化法检测人脐静脉内皮细胞Ⅷ因子相关抗原的表达;RT—PCR检测HUVECs中NOX4的表达;流式细胞仪检测各组细胞内ROS生成量和细胞凋亡率,Hoechst染色分析细胞凋亡。结果高AngⅡ刺激HUVECs时,NOX4mRNA表达上调,细胞内ROS生成增加,细胞凋亡增加。结论高AngⅡ上调HUVCEs内NOX4mR—NA表达并促进细胞内ROS生成和细胞凋亡。     

果蝇生殖腺干细胞和它们的微环境

干细胞微环境是由容纳一个或多个干细胞,并控制干细胞自我更新和子代细胞产生的组织细胞以及细胞外基质组成。干细胞必须在微环境内才能增殖,才能保持自我更新的特性。通过对果蝇生殖腺干细胞微环境的结构及其产生的信号路径（该路径可以调节干细胞自我更新）的研究,发现微环境中支持细胞和它们发出的信号路径在调节干细胞的增殖和分化中起重要的作用。     

miR-221在肝癌干细胞亚群中的差异表达

目的：分离肝癌细胞系MHCC97中肝癌干细胞并分析肝癌细胞高表达miR-221在肝癌干细胞和非干细胞亚群中的表达差异情况,探讨miR-221表达水平与肝癌干细胞分化之间的关系。方法：利用流式细胞荧光激活分选法从肝癌细胞系MHCC97中分选出肝癌干细胞（hepatocareinoma stem cells,HSCs）和非干细胞（non-hepatocareinoma stem cells,non-HSCs）两个亚群。采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR（Real-time RT-PCR）检测miR-221在两个不同肝癌细胞亚群中的表达。结果：HSC亚群肝癌细胞仅占细胞总体的2.59%;HSC亚群细胞中miR-221的表达明显高于non-HSC亚群（P〈0.01）。结论：miR-221在HSC亚群肝癌细胞中的明显高表达,提示miR-221可能在维持HSC亚群肝癌细胞的干细胞特性方面具有重要意义。通过调控肝癌干细胞中miR-221的表达,可以促进其分化成熟,从而为肝癌治疗提供新的思路。     

红杉醇对高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞NOX4、eNOS表达的影响

目的：观察红杉醇（Scq）对高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：原代培养HUVECs,红杉醇（0．1,1,10μmol/L）预处理1h后,30mmol/L葡萄糖诱导内皮细胞损伤。5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）掺入法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,2’7’-二乙酰二氯荧光素（DCFH-DA）免疫荧光法检测细胞内活性氧簇（R0s）水平,比色法检测细胞-氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（MDA）及过氧化氢（H202）水平,real-timePCR和Westernblot检测细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNos）及NADPH氧化酶4（NOX4）mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：Seq预处理1h后能明显减轻高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞损伤,促进细胞增殖,降低胞内NOX4的表达及ROS、MDA及H202水平,上调eNOS的表达及NO水平。结论：Seq对高糖诱导的内皮细胞损伤具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化、上调eNOS的表达有关。     

Total body irradiation causes residual bone marrow injury by induction of persistent oxidative stress in murine hematopoietic stem cells

Ionizing radiation (IR) and/or chemotherapy causes not only acute tissue damage but also late effects including long-term (or residual) bone marrow (BM) injury. The induction of residual BM injury is primarily attributable to the induction of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) senescence. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IR and/or chemotherapy induces HSC senescence have not been clearly defined, nor has an effective treatment been developed to ameliorate the injury. Thus, we investigated these mechanisms in this study. The results from this study show that exposure of mice to a sublethal dose of total body irradiation (TBI) induced a persistent increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HSCs only. The induction of chronic oxidative stress in HSCs was associated with sustained increases in oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), inhibition of HSC clonogenic function, and induction of HSC senescence but not apoptosis. Treatment of the irradiated mice with N-acetylcysteine after TBI significantly attenuated IR-induced inhibition of HSC clonogenic function and reduction of HSC long-term engraftment after transplantation. The induction of chronic oxidative stress in HSCs by TBI is probably attributable to the up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), because irradiated HSCs expressed an increased level of NOX4, and inhibition of NOX activity with diphenylene iodonium but not apocynin significantly reduced TBI-induced increases in ROS production, oxidative DNA damage, and DNA DSBs in HSCs and dramatically improved HSC clonogenic function. These findings provide the foremost direct evidence demonstrating that TBI selectively induces chronic oxidative stress in HSCs at least in part via up-regulation of NOX4, which leads to the induction of HSC senescence and residual BM injury.     

NADPH oxidase 4 mediates ROS production in radiation-induced senescent cells and promotes migration of inflammatory cells

Excessive DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (IR) to normal tissue cells is known to trigger cellular senescence, a process termed stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS). SIPS is often accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and this is reported to be important for the initiation and maintenance of SIPS. However, the source of ROS during SIPS after IR and their significance in radiation-induced normal tissue damage remain elusive. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of proteins mediates ROS production in SIPS-induced cells after IR and plays a role in SIPS-associated biological events. X-irradiation of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in cellular senescence and the concomitant increase of intracellular ROS. Among all six murine NOX isoforms (NOX1–4 and DUOX1/2), only NOX4 was detectable under basal conditions and was upregulated following IR. In addition, radiation-induced ROS production was diminished by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of NOX4. Meanwhile, NOX4 deficiency did not affect the induction of cellular senescence after IR. Furthermore, the migration of human monocytic U937 cells to the culture medium collected from irradiated MEFs was significantly reduced by NOX4 inhibition, suggesting that NOX4 promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Collectively, our findings imply that NOX4 mediates ROS production in radiation-induced senescent cells and contributes to normal tissue damage after IR via the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the exacerbation of tissue inflammation.     

Liver fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis are attenuated by GKT137831, a novel NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor in vivo

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in chronic liver injury and fibrosis. Homologs of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are major sources of ROS, but the exact role of the individual homologs in liver disease is unknown. Our goal was to determine the role of NOX4 in liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) with the aid of the pharmacological inhibitor GKT137831, and genetic deletion of NOX4 in mice. GKT137831 was either applied for the full term of BDL (preventive arm) or started at 10 day postoperatively (therapeutic arm). Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC) from control mice with and without BDL were analyzed and the effect of NOX4 inhibition on HSC activation was also studied. FasL or TNFα/actinomycin D-induced apoptosis was studied in wild-type and NOX4(-/-) hepatocytes. NOX4 was upregulated by a TGF-β/Smad3-dependent mechanism in HSC. Downregulation of NOX4 decreased ROS production and the activation of NOX4(-/-) HSC was attenuated. NOX4(-/-) hepatocytes were more resistant to FasL or TNFα/actinomycin D-induced apoptosis. Similarly, after pharmacological NOX4 inhibition, ROS production, the expression of fibrogenic markers, and hepatocyte apoptosis were reduced. NOX4 was expressed in human livers with stage 2-3 autoimmune hepatitis. Fibrosis was attenuated by the genetic deletion of NOX4. BDL mice gavaged with GKT137831 in the preventive or the therapeutic arm displayed less ROS production, significantly attenuated fibrosis, and decreased hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, NOX4 plays a key role in liver fibrosis. GKT137831 is a potent inhibitor of fibrosis and hepatocyte apoptosis; therefore, it is a promising therapeutic agent for future translational studies.     

MPTP/MPP＋诱导神经元凋亡的机制研究

1982年人们发现1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）能诱发PD,它的有效成分是1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP＋）。目前,MPTP/MPP＋广泛的被用作诱导PD实验模型的有效药物,可诱导神经元细胞发生凋亡性死亡。MPTP/MPP＋诱导细胞凋亡的机制牵涉Bcl-2、p53、caspase家族、JNK通路、ERK通路和PARP等多种机制,它们共同参与了MPTP/MPP＋诱导的细胞凋亡的调控和执行阶段。本文主要综述MPTP/MPP＋诱导的神经元细胞凋亡机制。     

5′-磷酸腺苷对小鼠脾细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的研究5′-磷酸腺苷（5′-AMP）体外抗氧化和对体外氧化损伤脾细胞的损伤修复能力。方法用化学比色法测定5′-AMP体外清除二苯代苦味酰基自由基（DPPH自由基）的能力;建立过氧化氢（H2O2）氧化损伤体外培养小鼠脾细胞模型,用MTT法检测5′-AMP修复受损伤脾细胞的作用,并分析其对细胞抗氧化体系及抗氧化能力的影响。结果5′-AMP具有剂量依赖性的体外抗氧化和清除活性氧能力,添加0.5mmol/L、1mmol/L、5mmol/L和10mmol/L5′-AMP均能显著修复H2O2诱导的脾细胞氧化损伤（P〈0.05）,总抗氧化能力和抗氧化酶类活力（P〈0.01）,5′-AMP添加量大于1mmol/L时,可显著降低丙二醛（MDA）含量（P〈0.01）。其细胞培养液的氧自由基（ROS）水平逐渐降低,5′-AMP添加量为10mmol/L时,ROS水平接近对照组水平。结论5′-磷酸腺苷能显著修复氧化损伤,具有显著的抗氧化作用。     

Neuregulin-1 alleviate oxidative stress and mitigate inflammation by suppressing NOX4 and NLRP3/caspase-1 in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is reported to be cardioprotective through the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). NOX4-induced ROS activated NLRP3 inflammasome and exacerbates MIRI. This study aims to investigate whether NRG-1 can suppress NOX4 by ERK1/2 and consequently inhibit the NLRP3/caspase-1 signal in MIRI. The myocardial infarct size (IS) was measured by TTC-Evans blue staining. Immunohistochemical staining, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting were used for detection of the factors, such as NOX4, ERK1/2, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β .The IS in the NRG-1 (3 μg/kg, intravenous) group was lower than that in the IR group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed NRG-1 decreased 4HNE and NOX4. The RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that NRG-1 mitigated the IR-induced up-regulation of NOX4 and ROS production. Compared with the IR group, the NRG-1 group exhibited a higher level of P-ERK1/2 and a lower level of NLRP3. In the Langendorff model, PD98059 inhibited ERK1/2 and up-regulated the expression of NOX4, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β, which exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, NRG-1 can reduce ROS production by inhibiting NOX4 through ERK1/2 and inhibit the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway to attenuate myocardial oxidative damage and inflammation in MIRI.     

The inhibition of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway enhances TGF-beta-induced apoptosis in rat hepatoma cells through inducing oxidative stress coincident with a change in the expression pattern of the NADPH oxidases (NOX) isoforms

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces apoptosis in hepatocytes, through a mechanism mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Numerous tumoral cells develop mechanisms to escape from the TGF-beta-induced tumor suppressor effects. In this work we show that in FaO rat hepatoma cells inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the tyrphostin AG1478 enhances TGF-beta-induced cell death, coincident with an elevated increase in ROS production and GSH depletion. These events correlate with down-regulation of genes involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis, such as gamma-GCS and MnSOD, and elevated mitochondrial ROS. Nonetheless, not all the ROS proceed from the mitochondria. Emerging evidences indicate that ROS production by TGF-beta is also mediated by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) system. TGF-beta-treated FaO cells induce nox1 expression. However, the treatment with TGF-beta and AG1478 greatly enhanced the expression of another family member: nox4. NOX1 and NOX4 targeted knock-down by siRNA experiments suggest that they play opposite roles, because NOX1 knockdown increases caspase-3 activity and cell death, whilst NOX4 knock-down attenuates the apoptotic process. This attenuation correlates with maintenance of GSH and antioxidant enzymes levels. In summary, EGFR inhibition enhances apoptosis induced by TGF-beta in FaO rat hepatoma cells through an increased oxidative stress coincident with a change in the expression pattern of NOX enzymes.     

高脂饮食和地塞米松联合诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型

目的用高脂饲料＋地塞米松（dexamethasone,DEX）隔日腹腔注射建立实验性胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,研究该模型糖代谢、脂代谢和激素水平等方面的变化。方法采用Wistar雄性大鼠,分为正常对照组、高脂组、DEX组（1mg/kg,i.p.）和高脂＋DEX组（1mg/kg,i.p.）,连续观察8周,每周测定大鼠空腹血糖,分别于造模第2周和第8周测糖耐量,8周后处死大鼠,测定胸腺、脾脏、肝脏等脏器重量。结果高脂饲料能加重腹腔注射DEX造成的空腹血糖升高,造模第8周空腹血糖（7.7±0.7）较空白组（6.5±0.6）显著升高。使模型动物糖耐量明显异常,肝糖原、肌糖原含量显著增加,血浆胰岛素及游离脂肪酸水平显著升高,各脏器指数明显增加。结论高脂＋DEX隔日腹腔注射能成功诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,这种造模方法较单纯注射DEX或单纯高脂饲养成模率高,造模周期短。