Effect of salinity on seed germination,ion content and photosynthesis of cotyledons in halophytes or xerophyte growing in Central Asia

Aims We investigated the impact of salinity on seed germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast structure and photosynthesis of the green embryos in desiccated seeds of the xerophyte Haloxylon persicum, xero-halophyte Haloxylon ammodendron and euhalophyte Suaeda physophora.Methods Seeds of H. persicum, H. ammodendron and S. physophora were collected from natural environment in Fukang, Xinjiang province. Pretreatment with 700 mM NaCl was carried out to stimulate the natural 'seed priming'; we analyzed the joint effect of salinity and different species on germination physiology and cotyledonal structure and photosynthetic function changes during germination and recovery stage.Important findings We found that seeds did not suffer ion toxicity for the two halophytes H. ammodendron and S. physophora, as evidenced by the high final germination after ungerminated seeds pretreated with 700 mM NaCl were transferred to distilled water, but the final germination of the xerophyte H. persicum was significantly lower than that of control. The Na + concentration in embryos increased under salinity for all species, while K + concentration decreased by salinity only for H. persicum and H. ammodendron, i.e. the concentration of K + in embryos of H. persicum and H. ammodendron decreased by 36% and 46%, respectively. For all species, whether dry intact seeds or cotyledons of dry seeds imbibed in deionized water and NaCl solution, had high chlorophyll content. Treatment with NaCl also caused chloroplast thylakoids to swell and chlorophyll content to decrease in seeds of H. persicum, but no significant change was observed in the more salt-tolerant species S. physophora and H. ammodendron. Fluorescence measurement showed that 700 mM NaCl decreased the Fv/Fm ratio of cotyledons in seeds for all species, especially for H. persicum and H. ammodendron. Photosynthetic oxygen releasing was detected from the seeds that were moistened with distilled water and 700 mM NaCl for 6 or 24 h and from the seeds that were initially moistened with 700 mM NaCl in darkness for 10 days, then transferred to distilled water for another 6 and 24 h. The results indicated that the chlorophyll in cotyledon of desiccated seed had photosynthetic function in early germination stage, even under high-saline condition. In addition, the photosynthesis of chlorophyll in the embryonic cotyledons of desiccated seeds during germination was similar to that in leaves of young seedlings for all species. In conclusion, the chloroplasts of the two halophytes were more salt resistant compared with the xerophyte H. persicum. The photosynthetic function of chlorophyll in cotyledons of mature seeds may be ecologically important for seedling development in early stage for plants growing in extremely saline or arid environments.     

Nutritional and osmotic roles of nitrate in a euhalophyte and a xerophyte in saline conditions

The effects of salinity and nitrogen (N) on growth and the role of NO3- in osmotic adjustment in the leaf-succulent euhalophyte Suaeda physophora and the stem-succulent xerophyte Haloxylon persicum were evaluated. Seedlings were exposed to 1 or 300 mm NaCl in 0.05, 1 or 10 mm NO3- -N treatments for 24 d. At 10 mm NO3-, 300 mm NaCl had no adverse effect on the concentration of NO3-, the content of organic N, and the estimated contribution of NO3- to osmotic potential in leaves of S. physophora, but markedly reduced these in stems of H. persicum. At 300 mm NaCl, more NO3- but less Cl- and Na+ were involved in osmotic adjustment in leaves of S. physophora compared with that in stems of H. persicum. The contribution of NO3- to osmotic potential was much higher in S. physophora, but lower in H. persicum, than that of amino acids at 300 mm NaCl. The nutritional and osmotic roles of NO3- -N seem to be more important in the euhalophyte S. physophora than in the xerophyte H. persicum under saline conditions. These characteristics may determine the natural distributions of the two species in saline or arid environments.     

Effects of saline‐waterlogging and dryness/moist alternations on seed germination of halophyte and xerophyte

In arid zones, precipitation distribution is extremely uneven, with saline‐waterlogging and dry–moist cycles appearing frequently, which negatively impact on seed germination and seedling establishment. The responses of two halophytes, Suaeda physophora and Haloxylon ammodendron, and a xerophyte, Haloxylon persicum, to saline‐waterlogging and dry–moist cycles were studied. The results showed that aeration increased seed germination for all species when seeds were submerged in NaCl, especially for xerophyte. Compared with S. physophora and H. ammodendron, seed germination, recovery germination, and total germination of H. persicum were much lower when seeds were submerged in 700 mm NaCl, especially for the recovery germination and total germination of nongerminated seeds when the seeds were desiccated and then transferred to distilled water. However, when the seeds were submerged in 700 mm NaCl with aeration, the seed germination, recovery germination, and total germination of nongerminated seeds transferred to distilled water increased dramatically for H. persicum. No adverse effect of desiccation was found on those values of nongerminated seeds pretreated in NaCl with or without aeration for the two halophytes. In conclusion, seeds of the two halophytes were more tolerant to waterlogging and dry–moist cycles than seeds of the xerophyte during emergence under saline conditions; these traits may be important for halophytes to survive extreme saline environments during the seed germination stage.     

两种梭梭根部输导组织坚韧度及其抗旱性

以梭梭和白梭梭一年生盆栽幼苗为试材,测定60％（对照）、40％和20％的土壤相对含水量（sRwc）处理20d后两种梭梭同化枝的电导率和含水量,地上和地下部水势,根部木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量,根肉质化程度和根长度。结果表明：两种梭梭同化枝含水量随着SRWC的下降均保持较高的水平;SRWC为40％和20％时,两种同化枝电导率的变化不显著,且均保持较低的值;两种梭梭地下部与地上部水势差值随土壤含水量的降低而增大;SRWC为40％的土壤条件促进两种梭梭的根系生长,20％的SRWC条件下仍保持与对照一样的水平;不同SRWC条件下,梭梭和白梭梭根部的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量的变化幅度均较小,且保持很高的水平,总含量分别为46．9％-53．3％和50．6％-57．6％。由此推断,在干旱胁迫下两种梭梭的根系依赖于较强的根部榆导组织坚韧度,往土壤深层扎根找水,适应干旱环境。     

准噶尔盆地梭梭土壤种子库基本特征

土壤种子库是种子的安全岛,是干旱荒漠区植被更新与恢复的基础。以梭梭为主的荒漠植被是准噶尔盆地绿洲区重要的生态屏障,但是,对于与梭梭种群自然更新紧密联系的土壤种子库特征的研究却相对缺乏。本研究通过野外采样、物理筛分并结合室内实验分析,对准噶尔盆地梭梭土壤种子库基本特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）梭梭种群平均土壤种子库密度从71~696 粒·m^-2,局部小环境甚至达到7 534 粒·m^-2;（2）变异系数分析表明,各种群土壤种子库密度变异系数均大于1,说明梭梭土壤种子库的数量分布是非常不均匀的;（3）梭梭种群土壤种子库中种子萌发率从2.08%到47.62%不等,平均约18%;（4）变异函数分析表明,梭梭土壤种子库中种子分布的空间变异较大。综上,准噶尔盆地梭梭土壤种子库密度大且种子萌发能力强,同时其时空分布差异明显,这些特征均将影响梭梭种群的分布格局和种群更新。     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)组织培养和快繁技术

为了优化梭梭分化苗生根的培养基配方和培养条件,以剪去幼根的梭梭无菌苗茎、叶部分作为外植体,通过芽生芽途径获得了梭梭再生苗,重点对生根培养基和培养条件进行了系统的研究,根据试验结果得出结论:梭梭腋芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg.L-1,壮苗培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg.L-1+GA3 1.0 mg.L-1,生根培养基为1/4MS+5%蔗糖+IBA0.2 mg.L-1+NAA 0.8 mg.L-1,生根率为74%。     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭与白梭梭利用降雨的差异

采用模拟降雨的方法,对梭梭和白梭梭的降雨再分配过程进行了研究,并对梭梭与白梭梭0～100cm的浅层根系分布进行了调查。回归分析发现,梭梭与白梭梭茎流率、穿透率、截留率与降雨量之间呈显著对数关系。在相同的降雨强度下,梭梭与白梭梭之间降雨分配无显著差异,但在不同降雨强度下梭梭和白梭梭各自的降雨再分配存在显著差异。20mm·h-1的降雨强度有利于产生更多的茎流,梭梭和白梭梭茎流率在降雨强度20mm·h-1的情况下是30mm·h-1的情况下的2.3倍和2.9倍。白梭梭根系主要分布在土壤表层,0～60cm的土壤深度内侧根数占0～100cm内总侧根数的86%。白梭梭在0～20、20～40、40～60cm土壤深度的水平侧根极显著高于梭梭,分别是梭梭的10.0倍、9.6倍和10.9倍。白梭梭水平侧根伸展距离极显著大于梭梭,白梭梭根系冠幅半径为7.1m,梭梭为2.3m。综上所述,白梭梭主要通过植株特殊形态结构增加茎流等降雨再分配和地下根系协同作用,来充分的利用降雨;梭梭浅层根系分布稀少,故其利用降雨的能力十分有限,而更趋向于利用地下水。     

Comparative Studies on Relation of Photosynthesis to Water Status of Two Species of Haloxylon Under Controlled Environments

The net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and water content of assimilating shoots of Haloscyion ammodendron and H. persicum were measured under different radiation intensities, temperatures changes and different water status. Their water potential under different water status was also measured. The experimental results showed. (1) The dependence of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate on radiation intensit in the two species of Haloscylon. The increase of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of H. arnrnodendron depending on radiation intensity was lower than that of H. persicurn. Two species of Haloxylon also maintained high transpiration rate under dark. (2) The average transpiration rate of H. persicurn was lower than H. arnrnodendron,showing that H. persicurn utilized water more efficiently than H. arnrnodendron. (3)The optimal temperature of photosynthesis of H. arnrnodendron was 24–32℃ and the optimal temperature of water utilization of H. arnrnodendron was 23. 5–25℃. (4) The water potential of H. amrnodendron was lower than –3.5 MPa whereas that of H. persicum was lower than –2.8MPa indicating that the two species of Haloscylon were under severe water stress ,and would lead to permanent wilting of their assimilating shoots.     

梭梭属两种植物的根结构和成分

利用半薄切片技术、ICP—OES和HPLC研究梭梭和白梭梭的根结构、根系中矿质元素与次生代谢产物含量,结果表明,梭梭和白梭梭根基本结构相同,均由表皮、皮层及维管柱组成,具异常维管组织,皮层薄壁细胞在根中比例较大：梭梭和白梭梭根系中Na和K元素含量较高;根系次生代谢产物中蒽醌、生物碱类物质的含量较高。     

民勤梭梭人工林天然更新的生态条件

针对民勤绿洲梭梭人工林天然更新不良现状,从群落天然更新的必要条件出发,通过对种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需生态条件的对比研究,对民勤梭梭人工林天然更新生态条件与限制因子进行了分析,结果表明:民勤多年(1971—2002年)平均降水量为116mm,是适宜梭梭生长的区域,但降雨的季节变化却影响到梭梭天然更新的进行;梭梭的更新与所处的立地类型关系密切,不同立地条件下梭梭人工林植株生长、母株结实状况和土壤水分都存在较大的差异,立地类型是影响梭梭人工林更新的另一影响因素。     

五种C4荒漠植物光合器官中含晶细胞的比较分析

 为了探讨荒漠植物适应干旱环境的机理, 选择光合器官发生很大变化的5种C₄荒漠植物进行了解剖结构的对比研究。结果表明, 这5种 植物中含晶细胞的数量、大小、形态和分布位置等存在差异。白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)和梭梭(H. ammodendron)的同化枝普遍具有含晶细 胞; 沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)的含晶细胞很少, 一般只分布在贮水组织或靠近栅栏组织处; 木本猪毛菜(Salsola arbuscula)的含晶细 胞也不多, 主要分布在栅栏组织和表皮细胞之间; 猪毛菜(S. collina)的含晶细胞更少, 仅在贮水组织中偶尔可见晶簇。比较梭梭、白梭梭和 沙拐枣同化枝不同部位的解剖结构发现, 梭梭同化枝基部含晶细胞最多, 中部次之, 顶部最少; 白梭梭同化枝顶部的含晶细胞数量较多, 中部 及基部较少; 沙拐枣同化枝顶部与基部的粘液细胞较多, 中部较少, 基部几乎没有栅栏组织, 而其维管组织较为发达。综合晶体的酸碱溶解性 及硝酸银组化分析结果, 并参照能谱仪的分析结果得知, 梭梭、白梭梭、沙拐枣和木本猪毛菜的叶片或同化枝中所含晶体的主要成分为草酸钙 。通过比较解剖结构发现, 梭梭和白梭梭的同化枝中含晶细胞最多, 其它3种植物的同化器官中含晶细胞较少, 而沙拐枣同化枝中有粘液细胞存 在。     

Effects of thermoperiod on recovery of seed germination of halophytes from saline conditions

Recovery of seed germination from NaCl salinity of desert shrubs (Haloxylon recurvum and Suaeda fruticosa, and the herbs Zygophyllum simplex and Triglochin maritima was studied under various thermoperiods. The percentage of ungerminated seeds that recovered when they were transferred to distilled water varied significantly with variation in species and thermoperiods. Zygophyllum simplex had little recovery from all NaCl concentrations in all thermoperiods. Haloxylon recurvum, S. fruticosa, and T. maritima showed substantial recovery. Percentage recovery was highest in S. fruticosa, followed by T. maritima, and H. recurvum. Thermoperiodic effects varied with the species investigated. There was little thermoperodic effect on the percentage recovery of S. fruticosa, except in the higher salinity treatment at higher thermoperiods. Variation in thermoperiod appears to play an important role in recovery of germination of halophytes from salt stress when seeds are transferred to distilled water.     

我国以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布

以我国最新出版的《中国植被图集》为基础,应用地理信息系统GIS软件ARC/ INFO(NT版)和数字化仪,提取以梭梭属植物为优势的现存荒漠植被地理分布信息,制作地理分布专题图;在生态信息系统(GREEN)软件支持下,定义地理气候适应参数区间,生成以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布图;将现存和潜在的分布图叠加并对照比较,揭示以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布特征,预测适宜以梭梭属植物为优势的荒漠植被发展的地理空间。结果表明:以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域包括新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区、甘肃省、青海省等省(区) ,以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域仅限于新疆维吾尔自治区;以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布与现存的以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的行政区域一致,分布的地貌也基本相同,但两者之间在地理分布边界和面积上存在较大差异。以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以梭梭柴为优势的荒漠植被的分布北界约0 .9个纬度,南界超出约0 .4个纬度;东界超出约5 .9个经度,西界超出约3.5个经度;以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的北界约1个纬度;南界超出约0 .9个纬度;东界超     

Effect of Salinity on Germination and Seedling Growth of twoAtriplexspecies (Chenopodiaceae)

Salinity is one of the environmental factors that has a criticalinfluence on the germination of halophyte seeds and plant establishment.Salinity affects imbibition, germination and root elongation.However, the way in which NaCl exerts its influence on thesevital processes, whether it is through an osmotic effect ora specific ion toxicity, is still not resolved. Dimorphic seedsof the halophytesAtriplex prostrataandA. patulawere treatedwith various iso-osmotic solutions of NaCl and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). For each treatment, imbibition, germination rate,percent germination, germination recovery and nuclear area ofroot tip cells were compared. Higher concentrations of NaCl(-1.0 MPa) were more inhibitory to imbibition, germination andseedling root elongation than iso-osmotic PEG solutions. Allseeds recovered from a pre-treatment with -2.0 MPa NaCl andPEG solutions, except large seeds ofA. prostratawhich failedto germinate following transfer from -2.0 MPa NaCl. NaCl causeda greater increase in nuclear volume than iso-osmotic PEG solutions.These data suggest that the influence of NaCl is a combinationof an osmotic effect and a specific ion effect.Copyright 1998Annals of Botany Company Atriplex patula,Atriplex prostrata,cytophotometry, osmotic potential, salinity, seed germination.     

Influence of Salinity and Temperature on the Germination of Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex. Boiss.

The stem succulent perennial halophyteHaloxylon recurvum Bungeex. Boiss. grows and produces seed under highly saline conditionsand seeds are deposited in saline soils. Experiments were conductedto determine the effect of salinity and temperature on the germinationof seeds. Results indicate that seeds can germinate at veryhigh salt concentrations (500 mM). However, highest germinationpercentages were obtained in distilled water. Cooler thermoperiodspromoted germination, while high temperatures significantlyinhibited the germination of seeds at all NaCl concentrationstested. Rate of germination decreased with increases in salinity.At higher thermoperiods the rate of germination was significantlylower in comparison to lower thermoperiods. Seeds recover afterbeing transferred to distilled water and recovery was higherfrom higher salinity concentrations and lower thermoperiods.Final recovery germination percentages in high salt treatmentswere significantly lower than non-saline controls, indicatingthat exposure to high concentration of NaCl permanently inhibitedgermination. Germination; halophyte; Haloxylon recurvum recovery of germination; salinity; temperature     

准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭群落对气候变化的响应

以新疆准噶尔盆地南缘的天然梭梭群落为研究对象,从群落组成、梭梭幼苗天然更新状况及梭梭种群年龄结构等方面,分析不同立地条件下梭梭群落的特征．结果显示：由于气候变化,3月下旬到4月初、春雨普遍偏少且雨日间隔较长,气温随之急速上升且呈强烈波动,导致浅土层迅速变干,引起初萌的植物幼苗大量天亡,梭梭幼苗的正常补充机制因而受到严重威胁,导致准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭种群的年龄结构普遍呈现衰退,群落显现逆行演替特征。观察表明,当地表存在稀疏的灌草和枯落层、或有适度沙层覆盖的龟裂土等类生境,仍较常见梭梭实生苗的存在,使此类局地梭梭幼苗补充机制得以维持,种群结构仍呈增长趋势。     

固沙树种梭梭在不同水分梯度下的光合生理特征

对不同水分梯度下梭梭光合作用的研究发现,地下水位、土壤含水量、灌水量对梭梭的光合具有明显的影响。在1．4m、2．4m、3．4m地下水位下,梭梭的光合速率、呼吸作用、量子效率随水位的降低而降低,光补偿点随水位的降低而增大;在滴灌供水时,梭梭的光合速率较对照明显提高,且灌水量越大,梭梭的光合速率越高;半流动沙丘、丘间低地、粘土沙障固定沙丘退化梭梭的光合作用的强弱同其林地土壤水分的高低基本一致。7月,不同水分梯度下的梭梭光合作用均表现出午休现象,9月只有立地条件较差的梭梭发生光合午休,而且9月光合作用要强于7月,说明9月环境条件更有利于梭梭生长。     

古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭树干液流及耗水量

梭梭广泛分布于我国西部干旱区,利用热脉冲技术对古尔班通古特沙漠生长期原生梭梭的树干液流耗水特征进行了研究。随着水分条件的不同,影响树干液流过程的主导因素有所不同。根区土壤体积含水量在8.7%-12.1%时,梭梭日树干液流量与土壤水分显著相关;土壤含水量＞12.1%时,液流更多的受到气象因素的影响;土壤含水量＜8.7%,树干液流与气象要素之间没有相关性,液流更多的受植物生理特征影响。在土壤水分最丰富的4月份,随着土壤水分的降低,白天与夜间的液流变化趋同;4月份日平均液流量约是5-9月份的2倍。梭梭的液流通量从古尔班通古特沙漠原生林的0.156L?cm-2?d-1到塔中人工滴灌林的0.876 L?cm-2?d-1,均处于正常生长状态,表明梭梭生态需水的可塑性范围较广。基径为7.8cm和9.0cm的梭梭在4月至9月份生长期的实际耗水量分别是95mm和117mm。     

Chlorophyll in desiccated seeds of a euhalophyte, Suaeda physophora, and its significancy in plant adaptation to salinity during germination

The seed cotyledons of a euhalophyte, Suaeda physophora, were found to be dark green. The pigment extracted from the cotyledons was proved to be chlorophyll for the absorption spectra curve of extracts the same as that for leaves. Photosynthetic oxygen-exchanging could be detected after the seeds were moistened for 6 h. Microstructure of organelles in cotyledons of ungerminated seeds was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Histochemical pigmentation was used to investigate the degree of damage on the membrane of radicles. A xerophyte, Haloxylon persicum, whose cotyledons of desiccated seeds also contain chlorophyll was used as a comparative species. The results showed that S. physophora maintained the ultra-structure of chloroplasts, the integrity of plasma membranes of radicles kept much better than that of H. persicum, which showed the great adaptability to salinity of the euhalophyte even at the seed-germination stage. Seeds were incubated in 0 and 700 mmol/L NaCl for 10 days in darkness at 20 ℃ , then ungerminated seeds in NaCl solution were transferred to deionised water and reincubated for another 8 days and was recorded the germination recovery. Dry seeds moistened with deionised water germinated gradually in the dark and germination was maximal after 3 or 4 d. Seeds at 700 mmol/L NaCl for 10 d and transferred back to deionised water germinated abruptly, most seeds germinated in one day and photosynthesis was also detected. It is concluded that recovery germination of S. physophora ensured the seeds could germinate rapidly after salinity declines, for example under the mild but transitory favorable edaphic condition in early spring. Photosynthesis function in seeds might also promoted radicle growth and seedling establishment.     

梭梭Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因克隆及分析

采用RT-PCR、RACE方法从超旱生、耐盐植物梭梭中扩增出Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的开放阅读框架,其核苷酸序列长1 683bp,推测的氨基酸序列全长为560个氨基酸残基。含有多个物种Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的高度保守序列氨氯砒嗪脒的结合位点(LFFIYLIPPI)。序列一致性分析结果显示,该cDNA片段与同科植物NHX基因的一致性为70%～80%,但与不同科植物的一致性较低,仅为60%,表明该基因在进化上存在多样性,但它们都具有氨氯砒嗪脒结合位点,对Na+具有高度专一性,对植物的耐盐性起着重要作用。