云南省蒙自酸性矿山排水微生物群落结构和功能

为探究酸性矿山排水生态系统不同环境中的微生物群落和功能,全面了解酸性矿山排水的形成和发展规律,采用高通量测序技术研究云南省蒙自某矿区酸矿水坑和周边溪水中的原核微生物群落组成,并结合样本理化特征分析影响群落结构的主要因素,进而解析菌群的环境功能。研究发现酸矿水坑中主要有广古菌门、变形菌门(包括α、γ和δ变形菌纲)、硝化螺菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门等类群,与周边溪水的群落结构具有明显差异。群落多样性与pH呈显著正相关,而热原体纲(Thermoplasmata)与pH呈负相关,可对群落结构起主导作用。酸矿水坑不同样本中均具有高丰度的亚铁原体属Ferroplasma (6.60%–86.34%),酸硫杆菌属Acidithiobacillus是酸矿水和沉积泥中主要的铁、硫氧化细菌,而专性铁氧化的钩端螺旋菌属Leptospirillum的丰度较低,铁卵形菌属Ferrovum几乎只存在于酸矿水中;此外,嗜酸或耐酸的异养菌广泛分布于酸矿水和沉积泥中,它们可促进铁、硫氧化菌的生长及催化矿石溶解。结果表明,pH通过影响微生物多样性和菌群分布而对酸性矿山排水环境微生物群落结构造成重大影响。     

环境对沼泽红假单胞菌基因型的影响

<正>紫色光合细菌是不产氧光合细菌的一个重要分支,包括紫色非硫细菌和紫色硫细菌。其中紫色非硫细菌具有极其丰富的代谢模式,可进行光能异养、光能自养和化能异养生长,其代谢的多样性使得它们广泛存活于不同的生态系统中,如土壤、湖泊、海洋及底泥等[1-2]。沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)是紫     

无机硫化合物的微生物氧化

无机硫化合物的微生物氧化徐海岩,颜望明（山东大学微生物研究所,济南２５０１００）硫是自然界存在的重要元素之一,也是构成生物有机体必不可少的一种元素。自然界硫的转化主要是在微生物直接或间接参与下完成的。在这些微生物中,有异养菌,也有自养菌。自养菌主要是...     

蓟运河下游河段中抗汞细菌的生态分布

对受汞污染的蓟运河下游河段的抗汞细菌进行了系统的调查。测定了好氧异养细菌和抗汞细菌的数量,试验了它们的抗汞能力,鉴定了抗汞细菌的种类。结果表明,好氧异养菌和抗汞细菌的生态分布与河水、底泥的污染程度有密切关系。好氧异养菌量决定于COD和BOD_5,河流中抗汞细菌的生态分布决定于异养菌量和汞污染的程度。河水中抗汞菌量与异养菌量之比值低于底泥。抗汞菌量还随季节而变,春季高于秋季。 从本河段分离的抗汞菌经鉴定属于13个属,主要有Pset: domonas和Bacillus,它们分别占总抗汞菌株数的35％和28％。其他菌属有Achromobacter、Alcaligenes、Proteus、Escherichia、Entero-bacter、Aeromonas、staphylococcus、Brevibacterium、Kurthia、Clostridium、Athrobacter,其中大多数细菌的生理特性为接触酶阳性,代谢葡萄糖,利用葡萄糖酸盐和柠檬酸盐,还原硝酸盐。它们能抗5—30ppm的氯化汞,而抗醋酸苯汞的浓度仅为0.03—3ppm。然而驯化后一些芽孢杆菌抗汞浓度提高到200—300ppm。当氯化汞初始浓度为250—300ppm时其转化率可达96—93％。     

降解硫氰酸和丙烯腈的一种新型混合细菌培养物

从腈纶废水生物粘膜中选育到能降解硫氰酸钠、丙烯腈、异丙醇和丙酮的新型混合细菌培养物。SAT13,其降解硫氰酸钠和丙烯腈的能力分别为1800mg／l和120 mg／l。该培养物由自养菌和异养菌组成,包括排硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus)、中间硫杆菌(Thiobacillus interm-edius)、假单胞杆菌(Ptldomonas sp-)、节杆菌Arthrobacter sp和固氯菌(Az。Tobacter sp．)。这些细菌是净化腈纶废水中污染物的主要微生物,其中降解硫氰酸钠的主要细菌为排硫杆菌、中间硫杆菌和假单胞杆菌。降解丙烯腈的主要细菌是中间硫杆菌和节细菌。固氮菌对这两种污染物无降解作用。     

马里亚纳海沟沉积物可培养异养细菌的多样性及其DMSP降解能力

【目的】马里亚纳海沟是地球上最深的海沟,具有超高静水压力、低温、无光等生境特征,蕴含独特的微生物资源。二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(dimethylsulphoniopropionate,DMSP)是海洋环境中最丰富的有机硫分子之一,海洋异养微生物可裂解DMSP产生"冷室气体"二甲基硫(dimethyl sulfide,DMS),在全球硫循环和气候变化中发挥着重要作用。本研究对马里亚纳海沟沉积物异养细菌进行分离鉴定,并研究其DMSP降解能力,为阐明深渊微生物的生命过程提供独特的微生物资源。【方法】本文以马里亚纳海沟5个站位的沉积物为研究对象,利用3种常规异养菌培养基(2216E、R2A和TCBS)及2种异养菌富集培养基(TCBS肉汤和碱性蛋白胨水)在4°C、16°C和28°C下进行细菌分离培养,通过16Sr RNA基因测序鉴定其分类地位,并对代表菌株进行DMSP降解能力检测。【结果】共分离鉴定异养细菌1057株,分属于4个门、7个纲和76个属。γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为优势菌群,占据可培养异养细菌总数的61.4%,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)为主要的优势属;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度在沉积物各层样品中均占绝对优势。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度深层高于表层。碱性蛋白胨水和TCBS肉汤培养基分别对放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)具有更好的选择性;101株细菌与其最相似物种的16S rRNA基因相似度小于98.65%,为潜在新分类单元。本文进一步选取134株异养细菌进行DMSP降解能力测定,发现52株(38.8%)具DMSP裂解活性。【结论】马里亚纳海沟沉积物中可培养细菌及DMSP降解菌株均具有较高的多样性,我们的研究为进一步开展深渊微生物生命过程研究提供了宝贵的微生物资源。     

太原市集中供热管网循环水中有害微生物的研究*

调查了山西太原市集中供热循环水系统中主要造成管网腐蚀的有害微生物，包括粘液异养菌、 硫酸盐还原菌、铁细菌、真菌；测定了各菌群的数量分布、类型及与水温之间的关系。结果表明：在管 网供热期间，循环水中有害菌菌数普遍低于管网腐蚀的菌数指标；停止供热期间，循环水中菌数超 标，对管网造成一定的腐蚀。     

太原市集中供热管网循环水中有害微生物的研究

调查了山西太原市集中供热循环水系统中主要造成管网腐蚀的有害微生物,包括粘液异养菌,硫酸盐还原菌,铁细菌,真菌,测定了各菌群的数量分布,类型及与水温之间的关系。结果表明：在管网供热期间,循环水中有害菌菌数普遍低于管网腐蚀的菌数指标;停止供热期间,循环水中菌数超标,对管网赞成一定的腐蚀。     

红色无硫光合细菌在自然水体中的生态分布及开发利用的研究

红色无硫细菌(purple nonsulfur bacteria)是一种光能异养菌,调查发现在池塘、湖泊及海岸带等自然水域的沉淀污泥中均有分布,特别是在高浓度有机废水的排水沟渠的活性污泥中含有约10~2～10~4活细胞/克,因而推想废水中的有机成分在溶氧量极低的条件下是促成该菌在活性污泥中大量出现的重要因子,它们的主要类群是红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)及红单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)等兼性厌氧菌,能在有光无氧或有氧无光的     

赤杆菌科微生物分类研究进展

赤杆菌科微生物隶属于细菌域(Bacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、鞘脂单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)。依据16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析结果,2005年赤杆菌科被提议建立,成立之初由3个属5个种组成;在过去10年中,该科的物种数量增加迅速;截止2015年10月,赤杆菌科合格发表6个属44个种。赤杆菌科微生物在土壤、热泉、海水和沉积物等环境中广泛分布,其在环境修复、食品工程及生物医药等领域具有重要的应用前景。此外,部分菌株具有细菌叶绿素a,营好氧异养生长兼具光合作用功能,是好养不产氧光合异养菌的一个重要类群,近年来其在全球海洋碳循环和能量代谢过程中的重要作用日益凸显,得到了国内外学者的关注。本文综述了赤杆菌科微生物的分类特征、生态分布和应用基础等方向的研究进展,并对其分类研究趋势做了分析。     

Isolation and Characterization of Iron and Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria from Maiduk Copper Mine at Shahrbabk Province in Iran

Microbial oxidation of iron and sulfur are important steps in biogeochemical cycles in mining environments. The aim of this study was the enrichment and identification of two important groups of bacteria that are involved in bioleaching of copper ores. Some soil samples were collected from the Maiduk copper mine. Iron-oxidizing bacteria were enriched in 9K medium containing ferrous sulfate, and sulfur oxidizers were enriched in 9K medium containing powdered sulfur instead of ferrous sulfate as energy source. After three subcultures, autotrophic bacteria were isolated on 9K agarose medium with appropriate energy sources. The autotrophic bacteria from the enrichments were identified by amplification of 16S rRNA gene and sequencing. Bioleaching experiments were performed in 100 ml of 9K medium containing 5 g of low-grade copper ore instead of ferrous sulfate. Twelve different iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were isolated from the collected soil samples of Maiduk copper mine. Molecular identification indicated that two prevalent strains in the ore enrichments could be assigned to the Acidithiobacillus ferooxidans strain HGM and the Thiobacillus thioparus strain HGE. These two strains reached their logarithmic phase of growth after 8 days of incubation in their respective media at 30°C. Of these two cultures, strain HGM leached more copper ore (300 ppm) from the Maiduk copper ore than did strain HGE (200 ppm). Application of these two strains to the Maiduk copper ore in situ and to ore heaps should improve the leaching process.     

Biodiversity and geochemistry of an extremely acidic, low-temperature subterranean environment sustained by chemolithotrophy

The geochemical dynamics and composition of microbial communities within a low-temperature (≈ 8.5°C), long-abandoned (> 90 years) underground pyrite mine (Cae Coch, located in north Wales) were investigated. Surface water percolating through fractures in the residual pyrite ore body that forms the roof of the mine becomes extremely acidic and iron-enriched due to microbially accelerated oxidative dissolution of the sulfide mineral. Water droplets on the mine roof were found to host a very limited diversity of exclusively autotrophic microorganisms, dominated by the recently described psychrotolerant iron/sulfur-oxidizing acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, and smaller numbers of iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. In contrast, flowing water within the mine chamber was colonized with vast macroscopic microbial growths, in the form of acid streamers and microbial stalactites, where the dominant microorganisms were Betaproteobacteria (autotrophic iron oxidizers such as 'Ferrovum myxofaciens' and a bacterium related to Gallionella ferruginea). An isolated pool within the mine showed some similarity (although greater biodiversity) to the roof droplets, and was the only site where archaea were relatively abundant. Bacteria not previously associated with extremely acidic, metal-rich environments (a Sphingomonas sp. and Ralstonia pickettii) were found within the abandoned mine. Data supported the hypothesis that the Cae Coch ecosystem is underpinned by acidophilic, mostly autotrophic, bacteria that use ferrous iron present in the pyrite ore body as their source of energy, with a limited role for sulfur-based autotrophy. Results of this study highlight the importance of novel bacterial species (At. ferrivorans and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria) in mediating mineral oxidation and redox transformations of iron in acidic, low-temperature environments.     

北衙金矿矿石内部可培养细菌多样性初步研究

目的对北衙金矿矿石样品内部的可培养细菌进行分离并对其多样性进行研究。方法采集云南北衙金矿矿石样品,采用固体肉汤培养基、卵黄培养基及厌氧琼脂培养基分离矿石内部的可培养细菌,并利用16SrRNA基因序列构建系统发育树,初步评估细菌多样性。结果北衙金矿矿石内部细菌的主要种群包括厚壁菌门和放线菌门的不同菌属,包括芽孢杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、考克菌属及节杆菌属的菌株,其中抗逆性较强的优势菌群为放线菌门的细菌。结论本研究证实北衙金矿矿石内部的确存在大量可培羔±田萧．并且右种群名样件．     

杭州西湖水域微生物的生态调查

对杭州西湖水域微生物生态调查结果表明:(1)有机营养型细菌在富营养化程度较重的岳湖分布较多,而无机营养型细菌在水质较好的小南湖丰度较大;(2)许多微生物类群在温度较高的季节数量反而较少;(3)西湖经综合治理后,异养型细菌和大肠菌群数量有显着减少,但近年又有增加的趋势;(4)西湖水体中的微生物以假单胞菌属的细菌较多,而底泥中芽孢杆菌属的细菌占优势。       

风化程度不同的黄金矿石中微生物的调查

对我国广西某地尚未开采的黄金矿床中风化程度不同的黄金矿石进行微生物分离,结果分离出6株霉菌和6株细菌,未发现酵母菌、放线菌和专性厌氧菌。三种风化程度不同的矿石中均分布有蜡状芽抱杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌。     

青海湖主湖区与湖水淹没区的细菌群落结构差异分析

为对比青海湖与湖滨淹没区的微生物群落结构及多样性的差异, 利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术, 研究不同环境条件下水体的微生物群落组成的异同。结果表明: 青海湖主湖区及淹没区的细菌在分类门级水平上相对丰度最高的为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 44.8%), 其次分别隶属于拟杆菌门[Bacteroidetes, (25.9%±7.8)%]、蓝细菌门[Cyanobacteria, (13.6%±5.4)%]、放线菌门[Actinobacteria, (7.54%±9)%]和柔壁菌门[Tenericutes, (3.32%±2)%]。淹没区整体微生物多样性显著高于主湖区水体。部分微生物分类属在两个湖区呈现显著的分布差异暗示这些细菌对于环境特征的适应性。节线藻在青海湖主湖的分布广泛显示其可能在高原咸水湖泊的碳氮循环过程中扮演着重要角色。研究对于深入了解栖居地如何塑造咸水水体微生物群落结构具有重要意义。     

Activity of Microorganisms in Acid Mine Water I. Influence of Acid Water on Aerobic Heterotrophs of a Normal Stream

Comparison of microbial content of acid-contaminated and nonacid-contaminated streams from the same geographical area indicated that nonacid streams contained relatively low numbers of acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms. The acid-tolerant aerobes survived when acid entered the stream and actually increased in number to about 2 × 10³ per ml until the pH approached 3.0. The organisms then represented the heterotrophic aerobic microflora of the streams comprised of a mixture of mine drainage and nonacid water. A stream which was entirely acid drainage did not have a similar microflora. Most gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria died out very rapidly in acidic water, and they comprised a very small percentage of the microbial population of the streams examined. Iron- and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria were present wherever mine water entered a stream system. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria predominated over iron oxidizers. Ecological data from the field were verified by laboratory experiments designed to simulate stream conditions.     

Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria Indigenous to pH 2.8 Acid Mine Water: Predominant Slime-Producing Bacteria in Acid Streamers

Five gram-negative bacteria, two gram-positive bacteria, and one yeast were isolated from "acid streamers" taken from acid mine water. One gram-positive rod which has been tentatively identified as a Bacillus species appeared to be the predominant organism in the streamers. This isolate produced copious amounts of extracellular polymer at 10 C in the laboratory and was considered to be the primary source of polymer in the "acid streamer" slime matrix. The organism grew slowly at pH 2.8 in mine water media, but the optimal pH was approximately 7.0.     

Integrated biological process for the treatment of a Chilean complex gold ore

Abstract: A process for gold recovery from a complex Chilean ore from Burladora (IV Region) which integrates concentration by flotation, bacterial leaching and cyanidation was studied at a laboratory scale. The chemical composition of the ore is 8.2% Fe, 0.78% Cu, 0.88% As and 3.5 g/t Au, with pyrite, hematite, covelite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite as the main metal-bearing minerals. The initial gold recovery by conventional cyanidation on a crushed ore sample was only 54%. The ore was ground and concentrated by flotation with a gold recovery of only 56%. The gold content of the concentrate is 17 g/I Au. Concentrate samples were leached in 1.5 l stirred reactors at 10% pulp density in 1000 ml of acid medium (pH 1.8). Some experiments were inoculated with harvested bacteria previously isolated from mining solutions. Dissolved metals, pH and bacteria concentration in the leaching solutions were periodically determined. In the presence of bacteria, oxidation of the ferrous ion produced by acid dissolution of the concentrate was observed, and after 4 days of leaching 100% of the dissolved iron was present as ferric ion. Gold recovery by cyanidation increased from 13% for the initial concentrate to 34% after 10 days of chemical acid leaching and 97% after 10 days of bacterial leaching. To increase the total gold recovery, the flotation tailings were submitted to cyanidation. A complete flowsheet of the process and a first economical evalualion are proposed. As a possible alternative process, heap bacterial leaching and further cyanidation of the ore are suggested.     

金矿床区蜡质芽孢杆菌孢子数与金矿化关系

土壤中蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bacilluscereus）孢子数目是寻找隐伏金矿床的一种较理想的探矿法。利用此法对我国2个金矿床区的土壤样品进行了该菌的分离鉴定。从55份样品中分离到阳性菌对9株,从739林中挑取11株进行了生理生化特性鉴定,结果证明,该分离株均为典型的蜡质芽孢杆菌。分析矿区每克土壤中蜡质芽孢杆菌数量最高可达19000余个,与背景矿区比较要高达几百倍至几千倍。同时对55份土壤也进行了金含量的分析;结果发现,该菌孢子异常与金异常有一空间上的分离。依据这些研究,作者认为蜡质芽孢杆菌孢子数是指示金矿床区金含量多少的一项重要指标。