二氧化氯杀灭除盐水系统中有害菌的研究

本文报道了杀菌剂二氧化氯对热电厂除盐水系统中有害菌的杀灭作用,并与氯的杀菌率作了比较。利用二氧化氯进行杀菌时,对粘液异养菌使用2ppm;铁细菌、硫酸盐还原菌使用1ppm;真菌使用2ppm,杀菌率达90—99％;而使用氯达到同样杀菌率需4—5 ppm。杀灭天然菌膜中细菌、真苗则需比人工混合菌提高三分之一以上的投药量。在5—60 min的接触时间内杀菌率提高5％,低剂量下随环境pH值(6一11)和温度(10—50℃)的上升,杀菌率有所提高。除50ppm以上的蛋白胨外,所试的糖、酸、氨均不影响二氧化氯的杀菌活性,但明显降低氯的杀菌作用。二氧化氯杀菌中出现失话余量,它同初始投量相比,杀菌率最高可差20—30％。     

土样保藏与其存活菌量

本文研究了土样在不同温度保藏下影响好氧异养菌和厌氧菌一——硫酸盐还原菌存活菌量变化因素。结果表明,菌量随土样水分、有机物含量、保藏温度和菌种而别。文中讨论并提出了采掘土样进行存活菌量分析的建议。     

池塘氮循环中各种细菌与理化因子的相关性研究

对精养鱼池的水体及淤泥进行多次采样,用统计学分析处理,结果表明：硝化类细菌总体上与各主要理化因子的相关性较强（R＞0．60）,其中氨化菌主要与溶氧相关程度较高;反硝化菌主要与有效磷相关程度较高;亚硝化菌主要与氨氮负相关程度较高;硝化菌主要与亚硝酸盐相关程度较高。硝化类细菌与异养菌之间的相关性则更强,如反硝化菌与厌养菌（R＝0．944,P＝0．001）、拓硝化菌和好氧异养菌（R＝0．832,P＝0．003）皆显正相关,亚硝化菌和厌氧异养菌（R＝－0．76,P＝0．009）显负相关;而在硝化类细菌之间的相关程度却较弱（R＜0．60）,表明池塘硝化类细菌对水质具有一定的调控作用,但相互之间的依赖性不强,各自相对独立地发挥作用。     

异噻唑酮用作循环冷却水杀菌灭藻剂的研究

本试验采用杯碟法、试管稀释法和显微直接计数法测试异噻唑酮对常见菌藻的抑杀效果,并用该药剂对循环冷却水主要危害菌——硫酸盐还原菌,铁细菌和形成粘液的异养菌进行室内静态杀菌试验。结果表明,其杀菌灭藻效果优于目前常用的工业杀菌剂,投药量10ppm,对水中主要危害菌的杀灭率达到99%以上。     

环境对沼泽红假单胞菌基因型的影响

<正>紫色光合细菌是不产氧光合细菌的一个重要分支,包括紫色非硫细菌和紫色硫细菌。其中紫色非硫细菌具有极其丰富的代谢模式,可进行光能异养、光能自养和化能异养生长,其代谢的多样性使得它们广泛存活于不同的生态系统中,如土壤、湖泊、海洋及底泥等[1-2]。沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)是紫     

含金地质体表生带中主要微生物类群的研究

通过对16个含金矿区主要微生物类群的分布、生态结构的研究,发现不同类型的金矿具有不同的微生物类群.金矿矿石与金矿酸水中的自养硫细菌和异养菌分布具有明显差异,酸性水中含自养硫细菌较多,含异养菌极少;金矿氧化带中的异氧菌一般多于自氧硫细菌,其优势菌以芽孢杆菌属中蜡状芽孢杆菌为主.研究结果揭示了金矿中存在的主要微生物类群,对阐明表生金的形成、成岩和蚀变作用具有一定的意义,对发掘生物湿法冶金菌种资源具有重要作用.     

鱼虾混养生态系中细菌动态变化的研究

中国对虾和黑鲷混养生态系中几种主要细菌的动态变化研究结果表明 ,养殖初期 ,鱼虾混养池水体中异养菌总量和硝酸盐还原菌数量较低 ,但高于对照的对虾单养池 .随着养殖时间的推移 ,对照池的两种菌的菌量急剧增加 ,8、9月份菌量仍维持在较高水平 ;而混养池的菌量在高温季节虽有增加 ,但仍保持在 10 4 cells·ml-1范围内 ,增长幅度远远低于对照池 ,且 9月底开始下降 .底泥中的细菌数量与水体中细菌有相似的变化规律 ,但一般高于同期水中菌量 1～ 2个数量级 .混养池中的弧菌数量一直低于同期对照池 .可见 ,鱼虾混养可通过对养殖生态系中细菌的激活和调节作用 ,调节生态系统的物质循环 ,使其保持高速、稳定运行 ,为对虾生长提供一个健康而稳定的环境 ,同时增加综合养殖效益     

洪湖的异养菌和寡养菌的类群及数量季节变化的初步调查

水生微生物在整个水域的物质循环中起着相当大的作用,它们是物质的分解者,也是合成者。微生物的数量和种类标志着湖泊的生态环境、营养水平及水体污染状况。微生物本身还提供一定生物量,是食物链的组成部分。在调查了解各类水生生物的基础上,我们对洪湖水体与底泥中的异养菌和寡养菌作了调查,这两类菌在决定湖泊营养状况上有重要意义。     

新组合菌系SCB329-SCB933利用L-山梨糖发酵生产维生素C前体——2-酮基-L-古龙酸的研究 Ⅱ.利用L-山梨糖批加技术实现高糖发酵

新组合菌系氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌SCB329-苏芸金芽孢杆菌SCB933能在较长时间内保持高的转化活力且具有极强的抗杂菌污染的特性。在一次投糖分批发酵的基础上,探索在控制溶氧、pH、温度等条件下,分批加入L-山梨糖发酵生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸新工艺。采用新工艺,既充分利用了菌系的优良特性,又避免了高糖浓度可能对菌系造成的不良影响。L-山梨糖最终浓度达到14%（w/v）,产酸120—135g/l,转化率90％左右,发酵周期40—65h。     

炼油厂循环冷却水系统中有害微生物的研究

调查了我国十六个主要炼油厂循环冷却水系统中主要引起污损、腐蚀的有害微生物——形成粘液异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌、铁细菌、真菌的数量及类型;探讨了菌数量和污损危害的相关性,从而提出了炼油厂循环冷却水有害菌控制指标：粘液异养菌<105／ml,硫酸盐还原菌<102／ml,铁细菌<103／ml,真菌相似文献   

The ecology of mercury-resistant bacteria in Chesapeake Bay

Total ambient mercury concentrations and numbers of mercury resistant, aerobic heterotrophic bacteria at six locations in Chesapeake Bay were monitored over a 17 month period. Mercury resistance expressed as the proportion of the total, viable, aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial population reached a reproducible maximum in spring and was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen concentration and sediment mercury concentration and negatively correlated with water turbidity. A relationship between mercury resistance and metabolic capability for reduction of mercuric ion to the metallic state was established by surveying a number of HgCl₂-resistant cultures. The reaction was also observed in microrganisms isolated by differential centrifugation of water and sediment samples. Mercuric ion exhibited an average half-life of 12.5 days in the presence of approximately 10⁵ organisms/ml. Cultures resistant to 6 ppm of mercuric chloride and 3 ppm of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) were classified into eight generic categories.Pseudomonas spp. were the most numerous of those bacteria capable of metabolizing both compounds; however, PMA was more toxic and was more selective forPseudomonas. The mercury-resistant generic distribution was distinct from that of the total bacterial generic distribution and differed significantly between water and sediment, positionally and seasonally. The proportion of nonglucose-utilizing mercury-resistantPsuedomonas spp. was found to be positively correlated with total bacterial mercury resistance. It is concluded from this study that numbers of mercury-resistant bacteria as established by plate count can serve as a valid index ofin situ Hg²⁺ metabolism.     

Determination of mercury and organomercurial resistance in obligate anaerobic bacteria

A methodology for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of inorganic and organomercurial compounds for obligate anaerobic bacteria is described. A wide variation in the susceptibility of anaerobic clinical and sewage isolates was observed. Isolates of Bacteroides ruminicola and Clostridium perfringens resistant to mercury were examined for their plasmid content and ability to demonstrate inducible resistance. None of the resistant anaerobes contained any plasmids, while resistant facultative isolates from the same source contained several plasmids. In 24 h, resistant strains of clostridia and Bacteroides volatilized 20 and 43% of the 203Hg2+ added to cultures, while Escherichia coli R100 and a sewage isolate of Enterobacter cloacae volatilized 63 and 27%, respectively, of the added 203Hg2+. Attempts to induce mercury resistance in the aerobic isolates were successful, but no induction was seen in the anaerobes. Thus, mercury resistance in these anaerobic isolates was neither inducible nor plasmid mediated.     

The ecology of mercury-resistant bacteria in Chesapeake Bay

Total ambient mercury concentrations and numbers of mercury resistant, aerobic heterotrophic bacteria at six locations in Chesapeake Bay were monitored over a 17 month period. Mercury resistance expressed as the proportion of the total, viable, aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial population reached a reproducible maximum in spring and was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen concentration and sediment mercury concentration and negatively correlated with water turbidity. A relationship between mercury resistance and metabolic capability for reduction of mercuric ion to the metallic state was established by surveying a number of HgCl₂-resistant cultures. The reaction was also observed in microrganisms isolated by differential centrifugation of water and sediment samples. Mercuric ion exhibited an average half-life of 12.5 days in the presence of approximately 10⁵ organisms/ml. Cultures resistant to 6 ppm of mercuric chloride and 3 ppm of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) were classified into eight generic categories.Pseudomonas spp. were the most numerous of those bacteria capable of metabolizing both compounds; however, PMA was more toxic and was more selective forPseudomonas. The mercury-resistant generic distribution was distinct from that of the total bacterial generic distribution and differed significantly between water and sediment, positionally and seasonally. The proportion of nonglucose-utilizing mercury-resistantPsuedomonas spp. was found to be positively correlated with total bacterial mercury resistance. It is concluded from this study that numbers of mercury-resistant bacteria as established by plate count can serve as a valid index ofin situ Hg²⁺ metabolism.     

Mercuric reductase activity in the adaptation to cationic mercury, phenyl mercuric acetate and multiple antibiotics of a gram-negative population isolated from an aerobic fixed-bed reactor.

Eighty-eight strains, isolated from an aerobic fixed-bed reactor and identified to the genus level, were examined for resistance to 21 antibiotics, cationic mercury and phenylmercuric acetate. All except three were able to grow on Mueller-Hinton agar plates containing 8 micrograms/ml mercuric chloride, but only 42 exhibited a mercuric reductase and an organomercurial lyase activity. Furthermore, 82 of them were multiply-antibiotic resistant, whereas no positive correlation between this property and cationic mercury volatilization capacity was found. It was concluded that this bacterial community-adapted response to these selective agents, which has been most often shown to be mediated by R plasmids, was the result of two independent phenomena. Moreover, the high percentage of multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance found in this population suggested that simultaneous selections occurred on filters of bacteria which exhibited mucoid colonies and tolerance to these two categories of stress agents.     

Biotransformation of mercury by bacteria isolated from a river collecting cinnabar mine waters

One hundred six strains of aerobic bacteria were isolated from the Fiora River which drains an area of cinnabar deposits in southern Tuscany, Italy. Thirty-seven of the strains grew on an agar medium containing 10g/ml Hg (as HgCl₂) with all of these strains producing elemental mercury. Seven of the 37 strains also degraded methylmercury. None of 106 sensitive and resistant strains produced detectable monomethylmercury although 15 strains produced a benzene-soluble mercury species. Two strains of alkylmercury (methyl-, ethyl- and phenylmercury) degrading bacteria were tested for the ability to degrade several other analogous organometals and organic compounds, but no activity was detected toward these compounds. Mercury methylation is not a mechanism of Hg resistance in aerobic bacteria from this environment. Growth of bacteria on the agar medium containing 10g/ml HgCl₂ was diagnostic for Hg detoxification based on reduction.     

Mercuric reductase activity in the adaptation to cationic mercury, phenyl mercuric acetate and multiple antibiotics of a Gram-negative population isolated from an aerobic fixed-bed reactor

C. HENRIETTE, E. PETITDEMANGE, G. RAVAL AND R. GAY. 1991. Eighty-eight strains, isolated from an aerobic fixed-bed reactor and identified to the genus level, were examined for resistance to 21 antibiotics, cationic mercury and phenylmercuric acetate. All except three were able to grow on Mueller-Hinton agar plates containing 8 μg/ml mercuric chloride, but only 42 exhibited a mercuric reductase and an organomercurial lyase activity. Furthermore, 82 of them were multiply-antibiotic resistant, whereas no positive correlation between this property and cationic mercury volatilization capacity was found. It was concluded that this bacterial community-adapted response to these selective agents, which has been most often shown to be mediated by R plasmids, was the result of two independent phenomena. Moreover, the high percentage of multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance found in this population suggested that simultaneous selections occurred on filters of bacteria which exhibited mucoid colonies and tolerance to these two categories of stress agents.     

Linkage of a novel mercury resistance operon with streptomycin resistance on a conjugative plasmid in Enterococcus faecium

It has been shown that the mercury in dental amalgam and other environmental sources can select for mercury resistant bacteria and that this can lead to an increase in resistance to antibiotics. To understand more about this linkage we have investigated the genetic basis for mercury and antibiotic resistance in a variety of oral bacteria. In this study we have cloned and sequenced the mer operon from an Enterococcus faecium strain which was resistant to mercury, tetracycline, and streptomycin. This strain was isolated, in a previous investigation, from a cynomolgus monkey post-installation of amalgam fillings. The mer operon was contained within a putative transposon (Tnmer1) of the ISL3 family. This element was located on a streptomycin resistant plasmid, pPPM1000, which shares homology with pRE25.     

Tolerance to Various Toxicants by Marine Bacteria Highly Resistant to Mercury

Bacteria highly resistant to mercury isolated from seawater and sediment samples were tested for growth in the presence of different heavy metals, pesticides, phenol, formaldehyde, formic acid, and trichloroethane to investigate their potential for growth in the presence of a variety of toxic xenobiotics. We hypothesized that bacteria resistant to high concentrations of mercury would have potential capacities to tolerate or possibly degrade a variety of toxic materials and thus would be important in environmental pollution bioremediation. The mercury-resistant bacteria were found to belong to Pseudomonas, Proteus, Xanthomonas, Alteromonas, Aeromonas, and Enterobacteriaceae. All these environmental bacterial strains tolerant to mercury used in this study were capable of growth at a far higher concentration (50 ppm) of mercury than previously reported. Likewise, their ability to grow in the presence of toxic xenobiotics, either singly or in combination, was superior to that of bacteria incapable of growth in media containing 5 ppm mercury. Plasmid-curing assays done in this study ascertained that resistance to mercury antibiotics, and toxic xenobiotics is mediated by chromosomally borne genes and/or transposable elements rather than by plasmids.     

Survival of subsurface microorganisms exposed to UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide.

Aerobic and microaerophilic subsurface bacteria were screened for resistance to UV light. Contrary to the hypothesis that subsurface bacteria should be sensitive to UV light, the organisms studied exhibited resistance levels as efficient as those of surface bacteria. A total of 31% of the aerobic subsurface isolates were UV resistant, compared with 26% of the surface soil bacteria that were tested. Several aerobic, gram-positive, pigmented, subsurface isolates exhibited greater resistance to UV light than all of the reference bacterial strains tested except Deinococcus radiodurans. None of the microaerophilic, gram-negative, nonpigmented, subsurface isolates were UV resistant; however, these isolates exhibited levels of sensitivity similar to those of the gram-negative reference bacteria Escherichia coli B and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Photoreactivation activity was detected in three subsurface isolates, and strain UV3 exhibited a more efficient mechanism than E. coli B. The peroxide resistance of four subsurface isolates was also examined. The aerobic subsurface bacteria resistant to UV light tolerated higher levels of H2O2 than the microaerophilic organisms. The conservation of DNA repair pathways in subsurface microorganisms may be important in maintaining DNA integrity and in protecting the organisms against chemical insults, such as oxygen radicals, during periods of slow growth.