云南不同产地臭灵丹精油化学成分及抗菌活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏的方法,对采自云南4个不同地区（昆明,丽江,普洱,新平）的臭灵丹叶子进行挥发油提取,并利用GC MS和GC FID气相色谱联用技术分析其化学组成,分别从中鉴定出39、37、33、44个化合物。鉴定的化合物各占挥发油总量的9332% (昆明)、8057% (丽江)、9224% (普洱)和9385% (新平)。研究结果表明,采自这四个地区植物样品提取所得挥发油化学组成不尽相同：昆明产臭灵丹挥发油富含芳香族化合物(3806%);而从丽江和普洱样品中获得的挥发油化学成分以倍半萜（分别为1989%和4465%）和氧化倍半萜（分别为4085%和3511%）为主;非氧化单萜和非氧化倍半萜化合物（分别为4223%和3325%）则是新平产臭灵丹挥发油的主要化合物类型。同时,对这些不同产地的臭灵丹挥发油也进行了抗菌活性测试。从以上实验研究结果推测环境差异是影响臭灵丹挥发油化学组成差异的重要因素,而不同的化学组成可能是导致4种样品抗菌敏感程度不同的原因。     

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils and Aromatic Waters from Different Italian Anthemis maritima Populations

The chemical composition of the essential oils and aromatic waters isolated from six Italian Anthemis maritima populations was determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In total, 122 and 100 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils and the aromatic waters, respectively. The main compound classes represented in the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and terpene esters. Multivariate chemometric techniques such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) were used to classify the samples according to the geographical origin. Statistical analysis allowed the attribution of the analyzed populations to different chemotype groups.     

Chemical composition and intraspecific variability of the essential oils of five populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing in North Tunisia

The chemical composition of the essential oils of five populations of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra from Tunisia and their intraspecific variability were analyzed in detail by GC/MS. One hundred seventy-four compounds were identified, representing averages of 87.9 to 98.7% of the oil composition. The components are represented here by homologous series of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, non-terpenic hydrocarbons, and others. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant chemical compounds. Multivariate chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal-component analysis (PCA), were used to characterize the samples according to the geographical origin. By statistical analysis, the analyzed populations were classified into four chemotype groups.     

Chemical variability of the wood essential oil of Cedrus atlantica Manetti from Corsica

The composition of 48 samples of essential oil isolated from the wood of Cedrus atlantica growing in Corsica was investigated by GC (in combination with retention indices), GC/MS, and (13) C-NMR. Twenty-three compounds accounting for 73.9-96.0% of the oil composition were identified. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpenes, in particular α-pinene (5; up to 79.4%), himachalol (4; up to 66.2%), β-pinene (up to 21.4%), β-himachalene (2; up to 19.3%), γ-himachalene (3; up to 11.0%), and α-himachalene (1; up to 10.9%). The 48 oil compositions were submitted to k-means partitioning and principal-component analysis, which allowed the distinction of two groups within the oil samples. The composition of Group I (44% of the samples) was dominated by 5, while the samples of Group II (56% of the samples) contained mainly 4.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Anthospermum emirnense and Anthospermum perrieri (Rubiaceae)

The essential oils of Anthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff, obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.03 and 0.02% yield, respectively, were analyzed by GC/MS. In both cases, the major constituents consisted of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. emirnense and A. perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. When tested for antimicrobial activity, both essential oils showed similar profiles and exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, and Yersinia enterocolitica.     

Chemical composition of the essential oils of ripe berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L., growing wild in Kosovo

The main objective of this work was to study the essential oil composition of ripe Juniperus oxycedrus L. berries and its natural variation among wild populations in Kosovo. Essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC–MS. Plant materials were collected from five locations in Kosovo in August and September of 2011. In total, twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils. The main components were β-myrcene (45.5–56.9%), α-pinene (10.2–36.6%), dl-limonene (3.6–13.8%) and germacrene D (1.7–8.7%). Of the total identified compounds, monoterpenes constituted the highest percentage of all components (70.24–88.22%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.9–11.4%), sesquiterpenes (3.5–11.0%), oxygenated monoterpenes (0.2–2.7%) and oxygenated diterpenes (0.0–1.7). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analyses (PCA) were used to identify any geographical variations in essential oil composition. Statistical analysis suggests that the clustering of populations is not related to their geographic location, but rather seemed to be linked to local selective forces acting on chemotype diversity.     

Essential oils from micropropagated plants of Lavandula viridis

The essential oils of Lavandula viridis were analysed by GC and GC-MS. Comparisons were made between three types of plant material from the same clone: field-grown plant, in vitro shoot cultures and micropropagated plants of the same clone. The most common components usually found in lavender oils were present in the oil samples analysed and more than 45 constituents were identified, representing more than 80% of the essential oil. The essential oils analysed consisted mainly of monoterpenes (75.4-76.3%), where oxygenated and hydrocarbons identified ranged from 41.8 to 57.3% and 18.1 to 34.2%, respectively. The major components found were 1.8-cineole (18.2-25.1%), camphor (9.1-15.7%), alpha-pinene (8.8-14.1%), borneol (4.1-4.8%), beta-pinene (1.2-5.6%), delta 3-carene (1.0-6.5%) and alpha-terpineol (0.8-4.2%). The monoterpene fraction of the in vitro shoot cultures showed different relative amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygenated components in relation to the parent plant and to micropropagated plants. In the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction of the oil samples analysed (6.1-8.2%), 7-epi-alpha-selinene (1.6-4.8%) was the most important component and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found in small amounts (1.1-1.7%). The essential oils from field-grown plants of L. viridis, when compared with those obtained from in vitro shoot cultures or micropropagated plants of the same clone, demonstrated that the same major components were found without significant compositional variations.     

元宝草挥发油化学成分的研究

目的：首次研究元宝草叶及果实挥发油的成分,并比较它们的化学成分。方法：元宝草的叶和果实中的挥发油分别经同时蒸馏萃取的挥发油提取器提取（水蒸气蒸馏、乙酸乙酯萃取）,通过气相色谱－质谱分析,结合计算机检索技术对其化学成分进行分离和鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。结果：从元宝草叶及果实中分别鉴定了30和44种成分,各占挥发油的总量的85．13％和63．26％。叶与果实挥发油的化学成分相差很大。     

Chemical composition,intraspecies variation and seasonal variation in essential oils of Calendula arvensis L.

The essential oil composition of Calendula arvensis was established for the first time using GC and GC/MS. Eighty-five essential oil components were identified, which accounted for 90.3 g/100 g of essential oil. The oil contained a high concentration of sesquiterpenes, of which δ-cadinene and α-cadinol were the main components. The chemical composition of 25 Corsican C. arvensis oils was analyzed to determine intraspecies variation in essential oil composition. A matrix linking essential oil composition to sample location was composed to identify relationships between concentrations of volatile samples and the geographical origins of samples. Two main groups of compounds were identified according to the amount of sesquiterpenic compounds (hydrocarbons and alcohols) and soil characteristics. Seasonal variation (winter vs. spring) in the concentrations of two major compounds during the flowering period was observed.     

Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Cultivated in Tunisia

Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle (Simaroubaceae), also known as tree of heaven, is used in the Chinese traditional medicine as a bitter aromatic drug for the treatment of colds and gastric diseases. In Tunisia, Ailanthus altissima is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and used particularly as a street ornamental tree. Here, the essential oils of different plant parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and samaras (ripe fruits), were obtained by hydrodistillation. In total, 69 compounds, representing 91.0–97.2% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguishable for its high content in aldehydes (hexadecanal ( 1 ); 22.6%), while those obtained from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (74.8 and 42.1%, resp.), with caryophyllene oxide ( 4 ) as the major component (42.5 and 22.7%, resp.). The samara oil was rich in the apocarotenoid derivative hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( 6 ; 58.0%), and the oil obtained from stems was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.1%), mainly β‐caryophyllene (18.9%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into four groups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by all the essential oils except of the samara oil at a dose of 1 mg/ml. The flower oil also showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce germination at 0.04 and 0.4 mg/ml (?55.0±3.5 and ?85.0±0.7%, resp.). Moreover, the root and shoot elongation was even more affected by the oils than germination. The inhibitory effect of the shoot and root elongation varied from ?9.8 to ?100% and from ?38.6 to ?100%, respectively. Total inhibition of the elongation (?100%) at 1 mg/ml was detected for all the oils, with the exception of the samara oil (?74.7 and ?75.1% for roots and shoots, resp.).     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts and Roots of Eryngium barrelieri Boiss. and Eryngium glomeratum Lam. from Tunisia

The study of chemical composition and biological activity of unexplored essential oils may open new perspectives on their potential use in facing major health concerns such as drug‐resistant infections. The present study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of previously unstudied essential oils obtained from genus Eryngium: Eryngium glomeratum Lam . and Eryngium barrelieri Boiss . The chemical compositions of the essential oils from aerial parts and roots of both species were studied using GC and GC/MS analytical technics. The analysis led to the identification of 102 compounds totalizing 85 – 94% of all detected compounds. Essential oils were characterized by the predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The oils obtained from aerial parts were tested against 36 microbial strains by agar dilution method and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 2 – 625 μg/ml. A strong antibacterial activity against multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed especially from E. glomeratum essential oil with MIC value up to 2 μg/ml. These findings give significant information about the pharmacological activity of these essential oils, which suggest their potential use to develop new remedies, or as sources of active compounds.     

Salvia verbenaca L. essential oil: Variation of yield and composition according to collection site and phenophase

The effect of the collection sites and phenophase on yield and chemical composition of Salvia verbenaca essential oils was evaluated. The essential oil constituents were assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest essential oil yields were observed for samples of the higher semi-arid bioclimate and at the flowering period. Eighty-five volatile constituents were identified and their percentages varied significantly (p < 0.05) depending on the collection site and the phenological stage. According to the plants origin, essential oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The monoterpene hydrocarbons (31.9%) predominate at the flowering stage whereas oxygenated sesquiterpenes (27.5%) at the early fruiting stage. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (28.2%) was the most represented chemical class at late fruiting. On the basis of GC-MS data, the major identified volatile constituents were viridiflorol (3.4–17.7%), α-pinene (0.7–15.9%), β-caryophyllene (1.0–15.3%) and p-cymene (1.3–14.2%). S. verbenaca contains a diversity of bioactive constituents which shows large variations as affected by the collection sites and phenophase.     

Essential‐Oil Variability in Natural Populations of Pinus mugo Turra from the Julian Alps

The composition and variability of the terpenes and their derivatives isolated from the needles of a representative pool of 114 adult trees originating from four natural populations of dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra ) from the Julian Alps were investigated by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. In total, 54 of the 57 detected essential‐oil components were identified. Among the different compound classes present in the essential oils, the chief constituents belonged to the monoterpenes, comprising an average content of 79.67% of the total oil composition (74.80% of monoterpene hydrocarbons and 4.87% of oxygenated monoterpenes). Sesquiterpenes were present in smaller amounts (average content of 19.02%), out of which 16.39% were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and 2.62% oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The most abundant components in the needle essential oils were the monoterpenes δ‐car‐3‐ene, β‐phellandrene, α‐pinene, β‐myrcene, and β‐pinene and the sesquiterpene β‐caryophyllene. From the total data set of 57 detected compounds, 40 were selected for principal‐component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and cluster analysis (CA). The overlap tendency of the four populations suggested by PCA, was as well observed by DA. CA also demonstrated similarity among the populations, which was the highest between Populations I and II.     

The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia

The essential oil of A. galanga, a common spice in Malaysia, was prepared from fresh and dried rhizomes and analysed by means of capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty components were identified (only three of which were previously reported), accounting for 83–93% of the oil, depending on its method of preparation. Apart from monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohols and esters, and sesquiterpenes, also methyleugenol, eugenol acetate, chavicol (4-allylphenol) and chavicol acetate were present. This is the first time the latter substance has been reported in nature. Standardization of GC is proposed and tentatively applied towards a more systematic use of the Kováts indices as an aid in the identification of the constituents of essential oils.     

Chemotaxonomy of Hypericum genus from Portugal: Geographical distribution and essential oils composition of Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum humifusum, Hypericum linarifolium and Hypericum pulchrum

The geographical distribution and analysis of the essential oils of species from three sections of Hypericum L. (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae) from Portugal are presented. Hypericum perfoliatum (section Drosocarpium) grows wild in the centre and south of Portugal; Hypericum humifusum and Hypericum linarifolium are both from section Oligostema, the former occurring throughout the country, while the second is distributed mainly in the north and centre; Hypericum pulchrum (section Taeniocarpium) is confined to the littoral north of Portugal. The essential oils were obtained by distillation–extraction, hydrodistillation and distillation in a modified Marcusson apparatus from the dried aerial parts of the different populations and were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main fraction in all oils (43–69%, 53–85%, 28–45% and 48–65% for H. perfoliatum, H. humifusum, H. linarifolium and H. pulchrum, respectively). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2–13%, 6–18%, 21–27% and 16–18%, respectively) and a third fraction of non-terpenic compounds (20–29%, 3–16%, 2–14% and 5–11%, respectively) from the four species attained relatively high amounts in all oils. Within each species, no major differences were detected in the essential oil composition, despite the fact that different locations, phenological phases and extraction methodologies were used. Notwithstanding the dominance of α-pinene in all four species' oils, cluster and principal components analysis on the identified components showed that the range of α-pinene, β-pinene and n-nonane supported a separation of the four species. The essential oil composition of the four species showed some qualitative resemblances, which correlate well with the taxonomical classification based on morphological characters.     

Composition, irregular terpenoids, chemical variability and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Santolina corsica Jordan et Fourr

A detailed analysis of Santolina corsica essential oil was carried out by combination of GC (RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectroscopy. After fractionation by column chromatography, 50 components were identified, accounting for 88.2% of the total amount of the oil. The chemical composition was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, myrcene (34.6%), santolina triene (13.5%) and beta-phellandrene (11.7%). Beside the main compounds, we noted the occurrence of irregular mono and sesquiterpenes belonging to five families: santolinane, artemisane, chrysanthemane, lavandulane and sesquilavandulane. Three compounds, lyratyl butyrate, isolyratone and epi-isolyratol were isolated and their structure elucidated by 2D NMR. Antibacterial activity was tested against six bacteria strains. The essential oil was effective against Staphylococcus aureus and C. jejuni. Lyratol was identified as main responsive of the antibacterial activity. The content of lyratol was measured in 33 oil samples isolated from individual plants.     

The genus Pinus: a comparative study on the needle essential oil composition of 46 pine species

The fresh needles of 46 pine species, including 37 and 17 taxa of the subgenera Pinus and Strobus, respectively, were subjected to hydrodistillation and the essential oils obtained were analyzed by means of GC–FID and GC–MS. The comprehensive analyses of the needle oils, which allowed for the identification of 161 constituents comprising the majority of the volatiles, showed significant, not only quantitative, but also qualitative differences between the samples. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes dominated the pine foliage oils, with the presence of the monoterpene hydrocarbons α- and β-pinene and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon germacrene D characterizing most of the oils. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oils of 21 pine taxa, including 15 taxa of subgenus Pinus and 6 taxa of subgenus Strobus.     

Application of multidimensional gas chromatography to the enantioselective characterisation of the essential oil of Eupatorium buniifolium Hooker et Arnott

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Eupatorium buniifolium Hooker et Arnott (Asteraceae) has been investigated for the first time. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation of leaves and analysed by GC-MS; 44 components were identified. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, especially alpha-pinene (14.7%), beta-elemene (12.2%), germacrene D (11.5%), trans-beta-guaiene (6.5%) and (E)-caryophyllene (4.3%), were the major constituents found in the oils. The characterisation of E. buniifolium by enantioselective GC was performed by evaluation of the enantiomeric ratios of alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol and germacrene D.     

大花金挖耳不同部位挥发油化学成分比较分析

采用GC-MS技术,对利用水蒸气蒸馏法从大花金挖耳根、茎、叶、花及花托等5个部位获得的挥发油组分进行了分析.从大花金挖耳5种挥发油中共鉴定出99种成分,从根、茎、叶、花及花托分别鉴定出了37、34、47、29和40种化合物,已鉴定的组分分别占相应挥发油的85.86%、84.98%、83.06%、84.58%和89.06%.5个部位挥发油化学组成差异较大,根挥发油主要成分为倍半萜类和酯类;茎挥发油主要为倍半萜和烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮);叶和花挥发油主要为烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮)和酯类;花托挥发油主要为倍半萜类和二萜类.     

Chemical composition and bioactivity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. essential oil in relation to geographical variation

Oleo–gum–resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Burseraceae) was collected from Shivpuri forest situated in northwestern district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The commercial samples were purchased from Mandsaur and Neemuch districts (the major herbal markets of Madhya Pradesh) for comparative study of their essential oils. The average essential oil contents in the commercial Neemuch samples (11.1%) were much better as compared to the wild collection from Shivpuri (6.1%) as well as commercial collection from Mandsaur (6.9%). The commercial samples contained higher percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons (81.9–88.1%) including α-thujene (61.4–69.8%) as the major compound. The wild habitat contained higher percentage of oxygenated monoterpenoids/benzenoids (15.7%) and sesquiterpenes (19.2%) including α-terpineol (7.8%), terpinyl isobutyrate (5.1%), and eudesmol (11.5%). Further, the antimicrobial activities of these collections showed remarkable variation among the essential oils. On the other hand, wild habitat contained improved percentage of semi-polar compounds (34.9%) which might be responsible for enhanced antibacterial activity. Similarly, the winter collection from Neemuch (BS-N2) showed significant antioxidant activity, whereas the wild habitat did not show any antioxidant activity. The higher percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons in commercial samples, especially δ-3-carene, α-pinene, and α-thujene, might be responsible for enhanced antifungal and antioxidant activities. The Pearson correlation values justify the bioactivity relationship of the major compounds with different microbial strains. It also justified the interaction among the major individual compounds.