大棚内地温和光照强度对荸荠种杨梅果实品质的影响

以荸荠种杨梅为实验材料,研究大棚内地温和光照强度对其果实品质的影响。通过监测杨梅大棚内外不同梯度地温和等一高度的光照强度,并多次抽取杨梅样品进行检测,结果表明,杨梅大棚对其内的地温具有明显的增温效应。在杨梅大棚深度5~20 cm范围内,越到土壤表面增温越快、增温效果越明显,增温总量越大;而越靠近地表越容易受气温和光照强度的影响,地温变化越大,随着深度增加影响较弱,变化趋缓。棚外气温和棚内地温之间是正相关的。杨梅大棚内光照最大值出现在晴天中午,因此为了增强棚内的光照和通风,晴天中午在保温的范围内尽量开天窗。成熟期大棚内比棚外的杨梅品质优良,但成熟期棚内的杨梅果实光泽没有棚外好,主要是由于转色至成熟期间棚内的光照不足引起的,需要人工补光,提高综合品质。     

辽宁大洼地区日光温室小气候特征

利用2012年4月—2013年5月大洼日光温室内外小气候观测资料,分析不同天气条件下温室内外小气候变化特征及温湿度效应。结果表明:晴天、多云、阴天和降水时温室内最高气温为28.9~29.6、23.8~27.5、14.6~22.9和10.3~21.4℃,比温室外高5.5~33.5℃;晴天、多云、阴天和降水时温室内最低气温为5.3~9.0、6.8~9.9、5.8~11.0和4.0~7.9℃,比温室外高2.5~20.8℃。4种天气条件下温室内最低相对湿度为44.8%~67.7%、59.4%~78.3%、74.7%~91.8%和82.4%~99.9%,比温室外高0.8%~27.1%;温室内最大相对湿度比温室外略高或持平。温室内外温差在白天尤其中午前后较大,在夜间较小;而湿度差在夜晚或凌晨较大,在白天较小或无差异。晴天增温增湿效果高于其他天气条件,冬季增温增湿效果高于春季和秋季。温室内总辐射日出前和日落后为0W·m-2,最大值出现在正午前后。     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵茶园地温时空变化的影响

研究了亚热带丘陵茶园连续4年进行稻草覆盖与白三叶草间作对茶园地温时空动态变化的影响.结果表明,茶园地温具有明显的时空动态变化特征和位相滞后现象,与茶树的年生长发育周期各阶段的最适温度非常吻合.稻草覆盖与白三叶草间作改变了土壤热量交换层（地表层）的性质,具有升温时降温和降温时增温、保温的双向动态调控作用,降低了日较差,增强了同一土层温度的稳定性,其调控效果为随着土壤深度增加而降低,13：00>19：00>7：00,降温大于增温和保温,降温幅度随气温的升高而增大,增温和保温随气温的下降而加强,间作白三叶草的降温效果大于稻草覆盖,保温效果则相反.茶园地温时空变化转换点得到调节,显著地降低了有害高温的出现次数,明显地降低了持续高温期的土壤温度,有效地缩短了极限高温时间.     

下挖式日光温室土墙温度和热流的变化规律

2011年12月-2012年3月,在山东寿光对下挖式日光温室土质后墙不同厚度层的温度、热流进行连续测试,分析了下挖式日光温室土墙温度和热流的变化规律,确定了土墙的合理厚度.结果表明: 冬季,研究区温室墙体内侧表面、外侧覆盖层表面温度、热流的变化幅度较大,且与室内外气温的变化趋势相同.墙体温度总体上由内侧表面到外侧表面呈不断降低的趋势,墙体内侧温度、热流变化幅度较大的层次多于外侧.墙体温度、热流的变化幅度从浅层到深层依次减小.连阴天条件下,墙体内侧各层温度都有不同程度的下降,向室内放热的层次不断加深,而外侧各层次以向室外放热为主.根据墙体温度和热流的变化规律,在墙体外侧有覆盖层的情况下,把墙体从内到外划分为蓄热层、过渡层和御冷层,其厚度分别为0.8～1.0 m、2.2～2.6 m和0.4～0.6 m.在不考虑过渡层的条件下,寿光日光温室土墙厚度以1.4～1.6 m为宜.     

日光温室地面覆盖对嫁接与未嫁接黄瓜生长发育、产量及土壤环境的影响

研究了秸秆、地膜和秸秆+地膜覆盖对日光温室嫁接与未嫁接黄瓜生长发育、产量及土壤环境的影响.结果表明,地面覆盖不仅能促进雌花分化、缩短成瓜时间、增加单瓜重、提高黄瓜产量,而且能降低畸形瓜比例,提高产品的商品性.其中以覆盖秸秆+地膜作用最明显、增产幅度最大,覆盖秸秆和覆盖地膜次之;嫁接黄瓜的处理效果优于未嫁接黄瓜.此外,地面覆盖对土壤环境也具有重要影响,但不同处理之间差异较大.地温日变化呈单峰曲线, 5cm、10 cm地温的波峰出现在14:30,随着土层的加深而波峰推迟出现,峰值也逐渐减小.秸秆覆盖具有降低最高地温和提高最低地温的作用,使土壤温度保持相对稳定;地膜覆盖对最高地温的增幅最大、对最低地温的增幅最小,从而使地温变幅最大;秸秆+地膜覆盖既增温又保温.地面覆盖的土壤呼吸速率均显著高于对照(P＜0.01),并以秸秆+地膜覆盖的土壤呼吸速率最高,地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖次之,土壤呼吸速率日变化也呈单峰曲线,与 5cm、10 cm地温日变化趋势一致,峰值出现在14:30左右,土壤呼吸速率与 5cm、10 cm地温达显著或极显著相关.秸秆覆盖与秸秆+地膜覆盖的0～20 cm土层土壤容重显著小于地膜覆盖与对照(P＜0.01),地膜覆盖的土壤容重略小于对照,随着土层的加深,各处理间土壤容重差异渐小.     

1961-2010年桂林气温和地温的变化特征

关于气温变化特征已有大量研究,但是关于地温变化及其与气温的关系研究还较少.以亚热带湿润地区的广西桂林气象站为研究对象,分析了1961-2010年桂林气温和0-80 cm各层地温的年代和季节变化趋势、地气温差变化、气候突变和异常年份以及气温和地温关系.结果表明:气温与各层地温有很好的相关性.各年、季平均气温和各层平均地温大部分呈显著的升高趋势,但气温和地温的增温速率不一致,即升温存在非对称性;年均气温低于各层地温1.3-2.1℃,气温的增温速率和增温幅度分别为0.184℃/10 a和0.8℃,高于除0 cm外其它各层地温的变化;气温、5-40 cm地温在冬季的增温最多,0 em和80cm地温分别在秋季和夏季的增温最多;春、夏季,随着土壤深度的增加,地温呈减小趋势,春季气温小于0-15 em而大于20-80 cm地温,夏季气温小于0-40 cm而大于80 em地温;秋、冬季,随着土壤深度的增加,地温呈增加趋势,秋、冬季气温小于各层地温;气候变暖背景下,年平均、四季气温比除0 em外其它各层地温的响应更快.近50年来,各层地温和气温的温差减小了0.1-0.4℃(0 em地温和气温温差除外),这主要是因为气温的增加幅度要大于地温,且随着土壤深度的增加,地气温差的减小幅度加大.桂林年均地温和四季气温、地温大多无气候突变现象,仅有年均气温和夏季80 em地温分别在1997和1977年出现气候突变.春季气温和5-80 cm各层地温的异常偏低年较一致;秋季气温和40、80 cm地温的异常偏低年相同;夏、冬季气温和地温的异常年份对应性较差;而年均气温和各层地温的异常偏高年较一致.     

黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响

以马铃薯为研究材料,采用随机区组设计,设全膜覆盖垄沟种植(PM)和裸地平作(CK)两个处理,研究西北半干旱区黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明:PM能增加马铃薯全生育期0—25 cm土壤温度1.5℃左右,增温效应呈"抛物线型";盛花期PM增温效果主要在8:00,14:00和20:00具有降温和稳定地温作用;同时,在平水年和欠水年,PM能促进马铃薯盛花期和薯块膨大期耗水,盛花期PM耗水量增加21.2%—50.5%,块茎膨大期增加5.4%—57.9%,但全生育期耗水量PM与CK差异不显著;PM在调节地温、促进关键生育期耗水作用下,产量较CK提高13.6%—64.5%,WUE提高24.1%—69.5%,差异均达显著水平。在年均降水391.4 mm条件下,连续4a地膜覆盖高产种植的0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量增加了123.4 mm,优化了土壤水分状况。     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤温度时空分布对模拟增温的响应

为把握森林不同深度的土壤温度对区域气候变暖的响应,评估气候变暖对亚热带森林土壤呼吸的影响,利用在哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林中设置的土壤增温和土壤呼吸人工控制实验,对2011—2013年的对照样地和增温样地不同深度的土壤温度实测数据进行了分析,结果表明:区域气候变暖导致的温度升高不改变土壤温度的年变化和日变化特征;干季的增温效应大于雨季;同一深度增温效应具有一定的年变化,但日变化不明显;增温效应在土壤表层较大,1—4月明显,2月最高,增温可达3℃;5 cm深度的平均增温效应在2℃左右,且年变化较小;随着深度的增加,增温效应呈现对数降低趋势;如果以0.5℃为增温效应的阈值,推算可得出:干季的影响深度为3.82 m,雨季可达12.04 m,年均为6.58 m。     

矮嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对模拟增温的响应

在5个(A～E)直径不同的开顶式增温小室(OTCs)环境条件下,通过连续5年(2002～2006)的野外试验,分析了植物生长季矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度对模拟增温的响应.结果表明:(1)开顶式增温小室能够有效改变微气候环境,室内气温比室外增加0.24～3.41℃,其增温幅度与温室面积大小呈显著负相关(r=-0.993 1·).(2)随着试验时间的持续,各温室植物群落地上部分生物量均逐渐升高,第1年以温室B略高(202.01 g/m2),而第5年以温室A最高(414.56 g/m2)且显著高于其它处理和对照(P<0.05).(3)植物群落平均高度在同一温室呈逐年增加的趋势, 第5年显著高于其它年份(P<0.05);而不同温室间的植物群落平均高度随着室内温度的增高而逐渐显著增加.(4)植物群落总盖度呈逐年上升的趋势,至第5年已接近或达到100%;各温室间分盖度之和无显著差异(P>0.05),而其年际间变化差异极显著(P<0.001),2004～2006年分盖度之和均极显著高于2002和2003年,而2003年又显著高于2002年.可见,随着温室气温的逐渐增加,矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度均表现为逐渐上升的趋势.     

模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸根系生物量的影响

在青藏高原高寒草甸布设模拟增温实验样地,采用土钻法于2012—2013年植被生长季获取5个土层的根系生物量,探讨增温处理下根系生物量在生长季不同月份、不同土壤深度的变化趋势及其与相应土层土壤水分、温度的关系。结果表明:(1)根系生物量在2012年随月份呈增加趋势,其中7—9月较大,其平均值在对照、增温处理下分别为3810.88 g/m~2和4468.08 g/m~2;在2013年随月份呈减小趋势,其中5—6月较大,其平均值在对照、增温处理下分别为4175.39 g/m~2和4141.6 g/m~2。增温处理下的总根系生物量高出对照处理293.97 g/m~2,而各月份总根系生物量在处理间的差值均未达到显著水平。表明在增温处理下根系生物量略有增加,但在生长季不同月份其增加的程度不同,致使年际间的增幅出现差异。(2)根系生物量主要分布在0—10 cm深度,所占百分比为50.61%。在增温处理下,0—10 cm深度的根系生物量减少,减幅为8.38%;10—50 cm深度的根系生物量增加,增幅为2.1%。相对于对照处理,增温处理下0—30 cm深度的根系生物量向深层增加,30—50 cm深度的根系生物量增加趋势略有减缓。可见,在增温处理下根系生物量的增幅趋向于土壤深层。(3)根系生物量与土壤水分呈极显著的递减关系,在增温处理下线性关系减弱;与土壤温度呈极显著的递增关系,在增温处理下线性关系增强。表明土壤水分、温度都可极显著影响根系生物量,但在增温处理下土壤温度对根系生物量的影响较土壤水分更为敏感而迅速。     

种植年限对蔬菜日光温室土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响

以种植2、4、6、11、13、16、19年的蔬菜日光温室土壤为研究对象,并以露地菜田为对照,测定了土壤微生物区系及酶活性的变化.结果表明: 随着种植年限的增加,土壤中细菌、放线菌和微生物总数均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在种植11年时达到最大值,分别比对照增加了54.8%、63.7%和55.4%,差异达显著水平;而真菌数量持续上升,种植19年约为对照的2.2倍.微生物生理类群中,纤维素分解菌、自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌、反硝化细菌和硫化细菌数量的变化趋势与细菌相似, 种植11年分别为对照的1.5、1.6、1.9、1.4和1.1倍;而氨化细菌数量则呈现先减少后增加的趋势,在种植13年时达到最小值,为对照的56.0%.土壤中脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随种植年限的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,而过氧化氢酶活性较稳定.相关分析表明,细菌、放线菌和微生物总数与各土壤酶均呈显著正相关;而真菌数量与脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶均呈负相关,其中与过氧化氢酶的相关性达到显著水平.     

Identifying eco-efficient year-round crop combinations for rooftop greenhouse agriculture

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) are agricultural systems that can improve the food supply chain by producing vegetables in unused urban spaces....     

济南地区日光温室土壤养分的分布状况和累积规律

对济南地区不同种植年限日光温室内外及不同蔬菜作物的土壤养分差异和频数分布进行比较,分析了日光温室土壤养分随种植年限的累积特征,并对不同蔬菜温室土壤养分与种植年限进行曲线拟合,研究了引起土壤盐渍化和酸化的原因.结果表明:济南地区日光温室土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、电导率显著高于棚外土壤,增幅分别为135.3％、475.2％、290.1％、97.7％、188.7％,pH值较棚外土壤降低0.31;各土壤养分的频数分布曲线均呈正态分布.不同蔬菜温室土壤养分含量各有差别,其中,碱解氮和电导率为番茄＞甜椒＞黄瓜,有机质和pH为黄瓜＞甜椒＞番茄,速效磷为黄瓜＞番茄＞甜椒,速效钾为番茄＞黄瓜＞甜椒.日光温室土壤有酸化的趋势,但不明显.温室土壤盐渍化程度加重主要由碱解氮和速效钾的累积所致.pH的降低与碱解氮的累积关系密切.日光温室各土壤养分随种植年限的累积规律基本一致,1～2年为养分的快速累积期,3～4年的累积速率变缓,以后处于一个稳定水平,整体上表现为土壤系统的动态平衡.除pH的累积为负向外,其他均为正向累积.不同蔬菜温室土壤养分与种植年限呈极显著相关,且可用2次或3次曲线进行拟合.     

Field trials measuring the effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on insect populations

Field studies were conducted to compare insect population levels in greenhouse crops covered with plastics that block the transmission of UV light in two wavelength ranges. Crops grown in greenhouses under a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 380 nm and below had lower numbers of aphids and thrips compared with a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 360 nm and below. This is consistent with the results found for thrips in previous studies using small, completely enclosed tunnels with no plant material. The effects were not as dramatic in the commercial greenhouses, perhaps due to unfiltered light entering through the open sides of those greenhouses. There was no reduction in greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, populations under the <380 UV-absorbing plastic compared to <360 nm UV-absorbing plastic in these field trials. This is inconsistent with results found in small, completely enclosed tunnels, where sticky traps caught a significantly higher proportion (95 +/- 2%) of released greenhouse whiteflies inside tunnels covered with <360 nm absorbing plastic compared with the <380 nm absorbing plastic. The results of these studies suggest that the type of greenhouse plastic used in a structure can affect population levels of some insect species, and may be useful tools in developing integrated pest management programs for insect management. The design of the greenhouse and amount of unfiltered light that enters the system appear to be important factors in determining the level of effect.     

Control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in greenhouse tomato crops using the mating disruption technique

The effectiveness of mating disruption to control the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in greenhouse tomato crops was evaluated in four trials carried out in winter–spring and summer–winter growing seasons in Southwestern Sardinia (Italy). Pheromone dispensers loaded with 60 mg of the natural blend of the major and minor sex pheromone component (rate 90 : 10) were applied in disrupted greenhouses at a rate of 1000/ha (60 g of active ingredient/ha). Male captures in monitoring pheromone traps, percentage of tomato plants infested by T. absoluta and damage on leaves and fruits were monitored weekly and compared in disrupted and untreated (control) greenhouses. In greenhouses disrupted with 1000 dispensers/ha, a reduction of 93–97% in male trap captures was observed, compared with control. Leaf damage was significantly lower in greenhouses disrupted with 1000 dispensers/ha than in control ones, with a reduction of infestation throughout the growing season ranging from 57% to 85%. Pheromone dispensers applied at the density of 1000/ha significantly reduced the percentage of damaged fruits by 62–89%. In control greenhouses, the highest damage on leaves and fruits was generally observed in edge plants, while leaf and fruit infestation was uniformly distributed in pheromone‐treated greenhouses, indicating an even distribution of the pheromone cloud inside the greenhouse. Mating disruption showed to be an efficient strategy to control in greenhouse the tomato leafminer and can be included in the overall tomato integrated pest management programs.     

Temporal and spatial analysis of greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa in two types of greenhouse ecosystems

Temporal and spatial relationships between greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa were analysed at different levels by using Rook's neighbourhood model, and for two types of greenhouses: a small greenhouse in China (15.1 m²) and a large greenhouse in the Netherlands (6480 m²). For whitefly eggs and larvae, there was no difference in their spatial relationship occurring within- and between-plot in the two types of greenhouses. Eggs and larvae occurrence aggregated with no special directional distributions. Whitefly adults exhibited nonlinear spatial density dependence within-plot, and moved randomly between-plot. Whitefly adults preferred to fly away in a N–S directions and to settle down at a NW–SE directions with an increase in the number of their neighbouring infected plants within-plot. The parasitoid E. formosa showed a strong relationship with the temporal and spatial distribution of the host, but influenced the spatial distribution of whitefly.     

Rapid evolution and the cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in greenhouse populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni

The microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the mainstay of non-chemical control of Lepidopteran pests, either as sprays or through the incorporation of Bt toxins into transgenic crops. Given the wide use of Bt, it is striking that currently only one pest species, Plutella xylostella, has been reported to have developed significant resistance to Bt outside the laboratory. By contrast, we report here the frequent and rapid development of resistance to B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel, Abbott) in populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, in commercial greenhouses. Resistance to Bt appears to be costly and there is a rapid decline of resistance in populations collected from greenhouses and maintained in the laboratory without selection. Management of pests resistant to Bt in vegetable greenhouses will require sporadic use of Bt-based sprays or alternatively use of sprays containing other Bt toxins.     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in greenhouse soils continuously planted to watermelon in North China

In North China, watermelon is grown in commercial greenhouses in a continuous monoculture and with high application rates of manure or compost. The aim of this study was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in these soils changed over long periods (0 to 20 years) of monoculture. AMF in control soils (from fields not replanted with watermelon and located near the greenhouses) and in greenhouses (in Daxing, Beijing, and Weifang, Shandong) that had been continuously replanted with watermelon for 5, 10, 15, or 20 years (three greenhouses per year per location) were identified and quantified based on spore morphology and on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The total number of AMF species and genera were 13 and 3 in soils replanted for 5–20 years and 19 and 4 in control soils. AMF species richness (SR), the Shannon–Wiener index (H), and spore density declined as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. The available phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen in the soil increased as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. Values for SR and H were higher when based on DGGE than on spore morphology. The results suggest that current greenhouse practices in North China reduce the AMF diversity in the soil.     

Managing honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for greenhouse tomato pollination

Although commercially reared colonies of bumble bees (Bombus sp.) are the primary pollinator world-wide for greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) previous research indicates that honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) might be a feasible alternative or supplement to bumble bee pollination. However, management methods for honey bee greenhouse tomato pollination scarcely have been explored. We 1) tested the effect of initial amounts of brood on colony population size and flight activity in screened greenhouses during the winter, and 2) compared foraging from colonies with brood used within screened and unscreened greenhouses during the summer. Brood rearing was maintained at low levels in both brood and no-brood colonies after 21 d during the winter, and emerging honey bees from both treatments had significantly lower weights than bees from outdoor colonies. Honey bee flight activity throughout the day and over the 21 d in the greenhouse was not influenced by initial brood level. In our summer experiment, brood production in screened greenhouses neared zero after 21 d but higher levels of brood were reared in unscreened greenhouses with access to outside forage. Flower visitation measured throughout the day and over the 21 d the colonies were in the greenhouse was not influenced by screening treatment. An economic analysis indicated that managing honey bees for greenhouse tomato pollination would be financially viable for both beekeepers and growers. We conclude that honey bees can be successfully managed for greenhouse tomato pollination in both screened and unscreened greenhouses if the foraging force is maintained by replacing colonies every 3 wk.