哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林森林土壤温湿特征及其对温度升高的响应

为把握土壤温度对未来全球气候变暖的响应程度,评估气候变暖对亚热带森林土壤呼吸的影响,利用在哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林中设置的土壤增温和土壤呼吸人工控制实验2011—2013年的实测数据,通过分析,得到如下结果:环境温度的升高不会改变林内的近地层气温、土壤温度和土壤含水量的年变化和日变化规律;冬季和夜间增温效应大于夏季和昼间;增温会导致土壤含水量降低,雨季的效应大于干季;增温导致的升温效应和降低土壤水分效应具有一定的年变化,但是基本没有日变化;所设置的人工增温控制实验的年平均增温在2.0℃左右,所设置人工控制实验可以达到5 cm土壤增温2.0℃的设计要求,可为其后探讨土壤呼吸对温度升高的响应提供良好的基础保证。     

模拟亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤温度与土壤异养呼吸对气候变暖的响应

为把握森林土壤温度及土壤异养呼吸对气候变暖的响应,利用1986—2013年哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤温度观测数据模拟土壤温度未来上升2℃需要的时间,采用2011—2013年人工控制土壤增温试验中切根处理(NR)与切根增温处理(SW)的观测数据,结合WNMM模型及SRES情景下A2与B2未来气候数据模拟哀牢山森林土壤异养呼吸对气候变暖的响应。结果表明:5 cm土壤温度增加速率为0.224℃·10 a~(-1),自然增温2℃需要90 a;NR与SW处理下土壤Q_(10)值分别为5.17和4.50,根据Q_(10)值进行计算,NR处理在土温升高2℃后土壤异养呼吸较SW处理实测值升高14.6%;经过校正、验证后WNMM模型可以模拟土壤水分(P0.001)与土壤温度的变化(P0.001);A2、B2情景下,NR处理土壤异养呼吸较SW处理分别升高10.2%和9.8%;A2情景下土壤异养呼吸较B2情景下土壤异养呼吸,在NR、SW处理下分别升高7.0%和6.6%。本研究中数学模拟会高估土壤异养呼吸,表明野外的实测试验是不可替代的评估土壤异养呼吸对气候变暖响应的方法。     

增温对青藏高原高寒沼泽草甸不同时期土壤酶活性的影响

为研究青藏高原多年冻土区土壤酶活性对气候变暖的响应特征,选择北麓河地区高寒沼泽草甸为研究对象,利用开顶式生长室(OTC)进行模拟增温试验,在7月份、12月份分别对增温和对照样地土壤进行分层取样,并对不同深度土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性进行分析测定。结果表明:在夏季7月份,增温作用下近地表月平均气温升高4.55℃,不同深度的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性均有降低趋势,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤水分和根系生物量呈显著相关关系;在冬季12月份,增温作用下近地表月平均温度升高6.64℃,不同深度的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性均有所提高,且在20—50 cm深度的土壤蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性和40—50cm深度的土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。四种土壤酶活性与土壤温度和水分均呈显著相关关系。在深度变化上,夏季增温样地四种土壤酶活性总体随土层深度增加而降低,而冬季随土层深度增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。增温处理下,不同土层深度冬季四种土壤酶的活性总体均大于夏季,且在40—50 cm深度上差异显...     

中国东部亚热带森林土壤呼吸的时空格局

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环中仅次于全球总初级生产力的第二大碳通量途径, 揭示土壤呼吸的时空格局对整个陆地碳循环具有重要意义。该文在中国东部亚热带季风气候区, 按纬度梯度由南向北选取深圳梧桐山、杨东山十二度水保护区、宁波天童山3个区域作为研究对象, 于2009年8月至2010年10月测定了不同季节各个区域内代表性植被类型的土壤呼吸速率及地下5 cm处土壤温度, 旨在初步了解中国东部亚热带森林地区土壤呼吸的时空格局及其影响因素。结果显示: 3个区域的土壤呼吸速率均存在显著的季节变化, 其变幅为2.64-6.24 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s^-1, 总体趋势和地下5 cm处土壤温度的季节变化一致, 均为夏季最高冬季最低; 土壤温度的变化可以解释不同样地土壤呼吸季节变化的58.3%-90.2%; 各样地全年的Q₁₀值从1.56到3.27; 通过离样地最近的气象站点的日平均气温与试验样地地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的线性正相关关系推算出日土壤温度的变化, 利用土壤呼吸速率和地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的指数关系, 估算出各样地全年的土壤CO₂通量为1 077-2 058 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 在全球所有生态系统类型中处于较高水平。     

模拟增温对黄河三角洲滨海湿地非生长季土壤呼吸的影响

冬季土壤呼吸能释放生长季所固存的碳, 因而在陆地碳循环中占有重要地位。随着全球气候变暖, 平均地表温度将升高0.3-4.8 ℃, 且冬季增温更加明显, 而温度的升高会促进更多CO₂的释放。另外, 滨海湿地地下水位浅, 淡咸水交互作用明显, 增温能引起土壤表层盐分升高, 从而影响土壤呼吸。该研究以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为研究对象, 采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温, 研究了该地区非生长季土壤呼吸的日动态及季节动态, 同时探讨了土壤呼吸对环境因子的响应机制。结果显示: 日动态中, 增温与对照的土壤呼吸速率变化趋势一致, 为单峰曲线; 在平均日变化中, 整个非生长季不同处理的土壤呼吸速率无显著差异, 而土壤温度和土壤盐分均为增温大于对照, 并且土壤呼吸峰值时间均比土壤温度提前。季节动态中, 整个研究期分为非盐分限制阶段(2014年11月-2015年2月中旬)和盐分限制阶段(2015年2月中旬-2015年4月)。在整个非生长季, 土壤呼吸速率无显著差异; 在非盐分限制阶段, 当10 cm土壤温度升高4.0 ℃时, 土壤呼吸速率显著提高22.9%, 而土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)与对照相比有所降低; 在盐分限制阶段, 尽管土壤温度升高3.3 ℃, 土壤呼吸速率却降低了20.7%, 这可能是由于增温引起了土壤盐分的升高, 同时由增温引起的土壤含水量的升高在一定程度上也限制了土壤呼吸, 而此阶段增温对Q₁₀无显著影响。因此, 在滨海湿地中, 增温除了直接影响土壤温度, 还可通过影响土壤水盐状况来影响土壤呼吸, 进而影响滨海湿地土壤碳库。     

自然增温对南亚热带森林土壤微生物群落与有机碳代谢功能基因的影响

基于海拔高度下降气温上升的关系,将模拟的生态系统(含植物和土壤)从高海拔整体移位至低海拔地区,实现自然增温的效果。通过对自然增温条件下土壤环境因子及其相关理化性质的动态监测,结合磷脂脂肪酸分析与宏基因组学方法,测定土壤微生物群落结构以及与土壤有机碳分解相关基因丰度,探究自然增温对鼎湖山南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢的影响及其微生物学机制。结果表明:(1)增温处理显著改变了0—10 cm土壤温度与湿度:2016—2018年间土壤温度显著上升2.48℃,湿度显著下降23.93%。(2)增温处理下,干季土壤有机碳含量与湿季土壤硝态氮含量显著降低,其他土壤理化因子无显著变化。(3)增温处理下,干季和湿季土壤微生物群落结构发生改变,且湿季变化显著。土壤湿度是影响干季和湿季土壤微生物群落结构变化的主要因子,解释了干季50.2%的变异度与湿季79.2%的变异度。(4)宏基因组结果表示:增温抑制了干季山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢基因丰度,增强了湿季山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳代谢基因丰度。以上结果表明,增温通过改变土壤微生物生物量和群落结构以及有机碳代谢相关功能基因的丰度,最终影响南亚热带山地常绿阔...     

Effects of warming on soil respiration during the non-growing seasons in a semiarid temperate steppe

尽管许多研究认为增温对陆地生态系统非生长季土壤呼吸的影响非常重要,但是关于这一问题仍缺乏充分的理解。本论文研究了非生长季增温对温带半干旱草原土壤呼吸的影响,并探讨了其影响机制。本实验位于温带半干旱典型草原,包括10对样地,每对样地包括一个对照和模拟增温处理。模拟增温样地自2014年10月开始,采用开顶箱(OTC)进行。2014年10月到2015年4月,2015年10月到2016年4月期间每月测定几次土壤呼吸、土壤温度与土壤湿度;并测定0-20 cm微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和土壤速效氮。采用重复测量方差和成对t检验方法分析增温、时间及其交互作用对土壤呼吸的影响。采用简单回归确定各指标之间的因果关系。结果表明,对照样地非生长季平均土壤呼吸速率为0.24 µmol m^-2 s^-1,约占当地生长季碳通量的14.4%。模拟增温在两个非生长季使土壤温度和土壤呼吸分别比对照样地提高了1.48°C (P < 0.001)和42.1% (P < 0.01)。2015-2016年非生长季模拟增温降低了0.66%的土壤湿度,降低幅度不显著。模拟增温处理下2015-2016年非生长季MBC和MBN分别显著提高了19.72%和20.99% (P < 0.05)。此外,研究结果还表明,土壤温度、MBC和MBN的变化调控了土壤呼吸对模拟增温的响应。本结果揭示非生长季土壤呼吸变化能影响碳循环的其它组分,并可以有效促进气候变化背景下陆地生态系统碳循环的模型预测。     

模拟增温对武夷山不同海拔森林表层土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响

为了解亚热带森林土壤碳氮及酶活性对气候变暖的响应,以武夷山不同海拔的三种典型森林群落土壤为研究对象,采用把高海拔土柱置换到低海拔的方式模拟增温,探究模拟增温对土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:土柱置换后海拔梯度上土壤温度平均增加2℃。土柱置换模拟增温导致高海拔(1400 m)土壤有机碳下降幅度最大;不同海拔土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量碳均呈下降趋势,仅高海拔达到显著水平。土柱置换对各海拔土壤水解酶活性影响较大,而对氧化酶活性没有显著影响。相反,土柱置换增温增加了各海拔土壤归一化酶活性,且高海拔土壤归一化酶活性对增温的响应程度比低海拔更大。冗余分析结果发现,土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、土壤温度和含水率是影响土壤酶活性变化最重要的因子。本研究表明模拟增温对高海拔土壤碳氮循环过程影响较大,其机制主要是通过提高微生物活性和分泌酶的能力来影响土壤碳氮循环过程。     

增温对青藏高原高寒草甸呼吸作用的影响

生态系统呼吸(ER)和土壤呼吸(SR)是草地生态系统碳排放的关键环节,其对气候变化极为敏感。高寒草甸是青藏高原典型的草地生态系统,其呼吸作用对气候变化的响应对区域碳排放具有重要的影响。以高寒草甸生态系统为对象,于2012—2016年采用模拟增温的方法研究呼吸作用对增温的响应。结果表明:增温对高寒草甸ER的影响存在年际差异,2013年和2014年增温对ER无显著影响,其他年份显著增加ER(P0.05),综合5年结果,平均增幅达22.3%。增温显著促进了高寒草甸SR(P0.05),较对照处理5年平均增幅高达67.1%;增温总体上提高了SR在ER中的比例(P0.05),最高增幅达到59.9%。ER和SR与土壤温度有显著的正相关关系(P0.05),与土壤水分没有显著的相关关系(P0.05)。对照样地中,土壤温度分别能解释33.0%和18.5%的ER和SR变化。在增温条件下,土壤温度可以解释20.5%和13.0%的ER和SR变化。在增温条件下,SR的温度敏感性显著增加,而ER的温度敏感性变化较小,导致SR的比重进一步增加。因此,在未来气候变暖条件下,青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳排放,尤其是土壤碳排放有可能进一步增加,土壤碳流失风险增加。     

植被对土壤热扩散特征的影响——以长白山阔叶红松林为例

土壤温度变化及热传递是影响土壤和大气水热交换的重要过程,而植被是决定这种变化和影响的环境因子之一。通过比较林地与裸地土壤热特性的差异分析植被对土壤热扩散的影响。研究内容包括观测2007年长白山阔叶红松林区不同深度的土壤温度以及同期土壤含水量和叶面积指数。分析不同深度林地与裸地土壤温度年周期特征,根据热传导方程估算各土壤层温度的阻尼深度和热扩散率,并探讨引起林地与裸地土壤热特性差异的可能原因。结果表明,林地与裸地的土壤温度有明显的时空变化规律。随着深度的增加,土壤温度年周期的振幅逐渐减小、相位逐渐增大、平均值逐渐升高。林地土壤温度年平均值低于裸地,表层年平均温度相差约0.8℃;地表以下相同深度处,林地土壤温度年周期的振幅约低于裸地2.6—2.9℃,相位约小于裸地0.2—0.24 rad(角速度),这表明林地土壤温度极大值和极小值出现的时间比裸地滞后约11—14d。土壤温度阻尼深度和热扩散率随深度的增加而逐渐增大,而在1.6—3.2m则略有降低的趋势。林地与裸地土壤温度和热特性的时空特征和差异可能与土壤含水量和叶面积指数有关。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.