N-糖链加工影响里氏木霉形态发生并提高木质纤维素降解能力（英文）

【背景】烟曲霉α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶Msd S在高尔基体中将N-糖链Man8Glc NAc2加工为成熟分泌糖蛋白的糖型Man6Glc NAc2,有研究表明Msd S与烟曲霉的形态发生、细胞壁合成及蛋白质分泌密切相关;与烟曲霉不同的是,里氏木霉的成熟分泌糖蛋白上的N-糖链结构为Man8Glc NAc2,细胞却能正常生长,说明丝状真菌N-糖链的加工具有物种特异性,但其生物学意义不明。【目的】为研究N-糖链加工对里氏木霉细胞生长及蛋白质分泌的影响,本研究将烟曲霉Msd S转入里氏木霉中以改变其成熟分泌糖蛋白的糖型。【方法】构建带有烟曲霉msd S基因的重组质粒并转入里氏木霉中,获得msd S表达菌株Tr-Msd S,分析Tr-Msd S菌株的生长表型、N-糖组、蛋白质分泌途径和纤维素酶活性的变化。【结果】在里氏木霉msd S表达菌株Tr-Msd S中,分泌糖蛋白的主要糖型由出发株的Man8Glc NAc2转变为Man6Glc NAc2,细胞壁组分发生变化,但细胞壁完整性未受影响;与出发株相比,Tr-Msd S菌株产孢、出芽及分枝增多;另外,Msd S的表达还影响蛋白质分泌,在50°C时降解纤维素和β-葡聚糖的能力分别提高9.9%和32.2%。【结论】研究结果表明,N-糖链的加工可影响里氏木霉蛋白质,尤其是纤维素酶的分泌,干扰N-糖链加工可能是提高里氏木酶纤维素酶产量的新策略。     

Man8GlcNAc2糖基化的酿酒酵母菌株的构建

酿酒酵母糖蛋白的N-糖基化经过高尔基体的修饰后形成聚合度约150-200的甘露寡糖,高尔基体N-糖基化的糖基转移酶Mnn1p和Och1p在甘露寡糖的形成过程中起关键作用。通过同源重组置换敲除了酵母中的MNN1和OCH1基因阻断高尔基体N-糖基化修饰,分离纯化了mnn1 och1突变株中的N-糖蛋白,糖酰胺酶PNGaseF酶解释放的N-糖链经过2-氨基吡啶衍生后,利用HPLC和MALDITOF/MS结合的方法分析了突变株糖蛋白上的N-糖链。结果显示mnn1 och1突变株中的糖蛋白的N-糖链为结构单一的糖链,分子量为1794.66,推测为Man₈GlcNAc₂。     

YPS1/YPS2失活改进酿酒酵母An-α菌株β-葡萄糖苷酶分泌表达

[背景] 工业酵母菌株的蛋白质表达通常存在表达量低、分泌效率低的问题。[目的] 考察失活Yapsin蛋白酶Yps1p和Yps2p对β-葡萄糖苷酶在酿酒酵母An-α菌株中表达的影响。[方法] 利用CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术,首先构建得到未折叠蛋白响应（Unfolded Protein Response,UPR）指示菌株An-α（leu2：：UPRE-lacZ）即An-αL,然后分别失活其YPS1和YPS2基因,导入以YEplac195为载体的β-葡萄糖苷酶表达质粒（简称BG）,进行生长和酶活分析评价。[结果] 菌株An-αL的YPS1和YPS2基因失活对其在酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖（Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose,YPD）培养基中的生长未造成明显的不利影响;导入质粒BG后将在酵母浸出粉胨纤维二糖（Yeast Extract Peptone Cellobiose,YPC）培养基中生长的最大OD₆₀₀分别提高了21.9%和7.4%;最大总酶活值为0.087 5和0.068 6 U/（mL·OD₆₀₀）,是对照菌株相应值的2.268倍和1.778倍;分泌比例提高了19.4%和22.2%;β-葡萄糖苷酶表达水平与β-半乳糖苷酶酶活水平所代表的UPR信号响应值之间呈现良好的相关性。[结论] YPS1和YPS2基因失活有助于改进酿酒酵母An-α菌株中β-葡萄糖苷酶的分泌表达。     

新疆野果林木霉分离鉴定、抑菌作用及固态发酵配方优化

[背景] 新疆野苹果病害发生严重,而木霉（Trichoderma spp.）是重要的植物病害生防菌,因此可利用其对新疆野苹果病害进行防治。[目的] 分离鉴定新疆野果林木霉菌株,分析其对新疆野苹果2种病原菌的抑菌能力,为新疆野苹果专用木霉菌肥的制备提供菌种资源。[方法] 利用平板稀释法对新疆野果林4种草本植物根围木霉菌进行分离,通过形态学与分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定,平板对峙试验检测其抑菌能力并优化木霉菌株的固态发酵配方。[结果] 共分离得到2种木霉菌共42株,分别为34株棘孢木霉（T. asperellum）和8株深绿木霉（T. atroviride）;棘孢木霉TasT01对苹果炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Cgl）和苹果斑点落叶病病原菌（Alternaria alternaria f.sp.mali,Aal）的抑菌率分别为58.60%和57.14%;深绿木霉TatT35对Cgl和Aal的抑菌率分别为43.86%和36.90%。进一步显微镜观察发现,TasT01可通过菌丝缠绕的方式抑制2种病原菌的生长。TatT35菌株固态发酵配方为稻壳90%、麦麸10%、（NH₄）₂SO₄ 0.5%时,孢子浓度达1.0×10⁸个/g。[结论] TasT01和TatT35对新疆野苹果2种病原菌都有很好的抑制效果,固态发酵配方优化后可以提高孢子浓度,该研究结果为新疆野苹果真菌病害的生物防治提供了可借鉴的方法。     

里氏木霉细胞表面表达系统的构建

[目的]烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)的AfMp1p是一种通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇( glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI)修饰定位于细胞壁上的蛋白,其细胞壁定位信号位于蛋白质的C末端.里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是一种重要的工业生产菌种.构建里氏木霉的细胞表面表达系统具有十分重要的意义.[方法]我们将AfMp1p的细胞壁定位GPI信号肽和烟曲霉几丁质酶AfChiB1的N端信号肽分别与绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的C末端和N末端融合并转化里氏木霉.本文首先对木霉遗传转化系统进行了优化;随后通过Real-time PCR和蛋白定量,对GFP融合蛋白在里氏木霉中不同时期的表达情况进行了研究;最后对里氏木霉表达的GFP融合蛋白进行细胞定位研究.[结果]荧光观察结合Western blot的结果表明,在平台期中期和后期,带有GPI信号的GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞壁.[结论]烟曲霉来源的GPI信号可被里氏木霉识别,本论文所构建的表达系统可用于外源蛋白在里氏木霉中的细胞壁定位表达.     

响应面分析法优化沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.) AXJ-M对己烯雌酚的降解

[背景] 环境雌激素已成为目前干扰人类和动物内分泌系统而影响健康和生殖的一类新型环境污染物,利用微生物的降解作用修复被其污染的环境具有重要的现实意义。[目的] 以实验室保藏的一株己烯雌酚（Diethylstilbestrol,DES）降解菌沙雷氏菌（Serratia sp.） AXJ-M为对象,开展其对DES的降解特性及降解条件优化的实验研究。[方法] 利用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman因素筛选、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken设计相结合的方法优化Serratia sp.AXJ-M对DES的降解条件。[结果] （NH₄）₂SO₄、ZnCl₂、胰蛋白胨被分别选做无机氮源、额外金属离子和外加营养物质时,对DES降解有明显的促进作用。利用Plackett-Burman实验确定（NH₄）₂SO₄浓度、DES浓度、pH值为影响菌株AXJ-M降解DES的主要因素。在此基础上,采用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken设计,确定菌株AXJ-M在（NH₄）₂SO₄浓度1.48 g/L、ZnCl₂浓度0.02 g/L、温度30℃、pH 7.19、DES浓度119.5 mg/L、接种量3%（体积分数）下培养7 d,菌株AXJ-M对DES的降解率达到76.89%,较未优化前提高了17.38%。[结论] Serratia sp.AXJ-M具有较高的DES降解能力,该菌可为生物修复受DES或其他人工合成雌激素污染的环境提供优良的微生物资源。     

加州鲈源鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性

[背景] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolae）是一种严重危害水产养殖业的病原菌,可引起以体表溃疡、出血及组织器官形成结节为特征的鱼类慢性肉芽肿疾病,目前尚无有效的防治方法。[目的] 明确引起安徽省临泉县某养殖场加州鲈（Micropterus salmonoides）结节病的病原菌,探讨其致病性,为该病的有效防治提供科学依据。[方法] 取肝脏结节病灶接种于TSB培养基分离优势细菌,利用表型检查结合分子生物学方法鉴定分离菌株。进一步通过检测分离菌株的毒力基因、测定其对加州鲈的半数致死量（LD₅₀）以及所感染加州鲈的组织病理学变化与组织载菌量,分析其致病性。[结果] 从病鱼体内分离到一株优势菌株NI,综合NI分离株的表型特性、16S rRNA基因序列与鰤鱼诺卡氏菌参考株相应序列的一致性以及特异性PCR扩增结果,确定其为鰤鱼诺卡氏菌。鰤鱼诺卡氏菌NI分离株携带毒力基因gapA、ibeA和mip,人工回归感染后加州鲈出现与自然病例相似的症状,其对加州鲈的LD₅₀为2.58×10⁶ CFU/尾。组织病理学观察到头肾、心脏、肝脏、胃和脾脏均出现慢性肉芽肿病变,肠管肌层疏松、肠绒毛脱落,肌肉组织中肌纤维疏松、间隙增宽。qPCR检测结果显示,组织中鰤鱼诺卡氏菌载量由高到低依次为头肾、心、肝、胃、脾、肠和肌肉。[结论] 鰤鱼诺卡氏菌是引起此次加州鲈结节病的病原菌,对该菌致病性的研究为加州鲈诺卡氏菌病的防控提供了理论依据。     

基于FFPE组织切片的膀胱癌N-连接糖链原位酶解及分析

目的 研究膀胱癌FFPE组织切片的N-连接糖链,发现膀胱癌FFPE肿瘤组织的异常N-连接糖链修饰情况。方法 发展基于FFPE组织切片原位提取N-连接糖链的实验流程。通过PNGase F酶切FFPE组织解释放N-连接糖链。对N-连接糖链自由端进行全甲基化修饰。通过MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS检测N-连接糖链的相对含量。进行数据库匹配,确定N-连接糖链的可能糖型。ROC分析用于预测显著差异N-连接糖链作为预测膀胱癌生物标志物的准确度。结果 MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS检测泛甲基化修饰N-连接糖链的数据显示,在16例膀胱癌患者的肿瘤和癌旁组织的3次重复实验中,肿瘤组织中蛋白质高甘露糖型N2H6、N2H7、N2H8、N2H9和复杂型N5H6F1糖链修饰水平显著上升,同时高甘露糖型N2H5、杂合型N3H5以及复杂型N3H4、N4H4、N5H6F1S2糖链修饰水平显著下降。ROC分析显示,双天线型N-连接糖链N3H4（AUC=0.90）和N4H4（AUC=0.91）在单独或者共同区分膀胱癌患者肿瘤组织和癌旁组织中都具有很好的可靠性,可能成为膀胱癌的潜在生物标志物。结论 膀胱癌FFPE肿瘤组织中存在蛋白质异常N-糖基化修饰,N-连接糖链N3H4和N4H4或可成为膀胱癌的潜在生物标志物。     

草菇过氧化氢酶基因(VvCAT1)异源表达及耐温度胁迫功能分析

[背景] 过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）参与真菌的生长发育,逆境胁迫时保护真菌免受氧化损伤。[目的] 实现草菇过氧化氢酶基因（VvCAT1）的异源表达,分析VvCAT1耐温度胁迫的功能。[方法] 克隆VvCAT1,构建过表达载体pBAR GPE1/VvCAT1,转化到大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）菌株Stbl3中,异源表达草菇过氧化氢酶。测定温度胁迫后重组菌（pBAR GPE1/VvCAT1/Stbl3）与对照菌（pBAR GPE1/Stbl3）的过氧化氢酶活性和生长情况,验证VvCAT1的功能。[结果] 重组菌的CAT酶活性显著提高,生长情况显著优于对照菌。[结论] VvCAT1的导入及表达显著提高了大肠杆菌Stbl3的耐温度胁迫功能。     

一株烟草疫霉拮抗菌MC4-2的鉴定、发酵条件优化及防效测定

[背景] 烟草黑胫病是由烟草疫霉（Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae）引起的真菌性病害,给我国烟叶生产带来了巨大损失。[目的] 在美洲大蠊肠道中分离并获得一株对烟草疫霉具有拮抗作用的菌株MC4-2,拟进一步明确该菌株的分类地位、优化发酵条件及对真菌性病害的防治效果。[方法] 通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列等方法对菌株MC4-2进行鉴定;以细菌发酵液在波长为600 nm时的OD值为指标,采用单因素和正交试验的方法对菌株MC4-2的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化;通过在温室内进行盆栽防效试验,明确了该菌株对烟草黑胫病的防治效果。[结果] 通过平板对峙试验发现菌株MC4-2对烟草疫霉有较好的抑制效果,抑制率可达到64.04%;16S rRNA基因序列分析表明菌株MC4-2与枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）相似度达到99%,形态特征和生理生化特征与该菌也基本符合;其优化培养基配方为：蛋白胨1.0 g、酵母浸粉1.0 g、蔗糖1.5 g、蒸馏水100 mL;最佳发酵条件为接种量8%、装液量30 mL、初始pH 6.0、转速210 r/min、温度32 ℃、培养时间60 h、光照时间12 h/d;室内盆栽试验结果表明,菌株MC4-2对烟草黑胫病的平均防效可达到63.86%。[结论] 为利用枯草芽孢杆菌MC4-2进行生物防治提供了重要参考依据。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor