立体图对的尺寸变化对立体感可塑性的影响

为了解随机点立体图对(Random-Dot Stereogram简称RDS)空间参数的变化是否影响整体立体感的可塑性(Plasticity of global stereopsis),我们利用微机化的伪随机点立体图对发生器设计了三个心理物理实验.第一个实验,使RDS图对中两幅图中的一幅,在水平和垂直两个方向上改变尺寸,第二个实验,仅改变在水平方向的尺寸,第三个实验,只改变在垂直方向上的尺寸.立体视觉正常的十名被试在立体镜下观察这些图形,当达到双眼融合时,观测RDS图对左右两图之间尺寸差别的限度,结果表明,当在水平方向上尺寸变化时,尺寸差别的限度为最大,在垂直方向上尺寸变化时.尺寸差别的限度次于前者,当在水平和垂直双向变化尺寸时,尺寸差别的限度为最小,对不同视角的RDS图对,达到双眼融合时,视角本身的大小对尺寸差别的限度无显著性(?)(?).     

黄板诱杀黄曲条跳甲的关键技术研究

为了研究黄板不同悬挂高度、间距和尺寸规格对诱杀黄曲条跳甲的影响,本试验设置了3个不同悬挂高度(黄板下边缘距地的悬挂高度分别为:10 cm、15 cm、20 cm);3个不同悬挂间距(黄板悬挂间距3 m、6 m、9 m);3个不同规格大小(黄板长×宽为20 cm×15 cm,25 cm×20 cm,30 cm×20 cm)。结果表明:黄板悬挂时其下边缘距离地面15 cm诱虫效果最好,平均诱集75.8头/(板·d);黄板悬挂间距为6 m时,诱虫量最多,每板平均诱虫量为62.1头/(板·d);黄板大小为30 cm×20 cm时,诱虫量最大,平均每板诱集83.5头/(板·d)。从单位面积诱虫量分析,黄板大小为20 cm×15 cm时,单位面积内的诱虫量最大,为1 643.3头/m^2。因此,利用黄板诱杀甘蓝上的黄曲条跳甲,建议悬挂高度为黄板下边缘距离地面15 cm,黄板挂板间距为6 m,黄板尺寸大小为25 cm×20 cm。     

阿片μ受体介导应激诱发的空间参考记忆损伤

学习记忆障碍是应激后最严重的问题之一,其确切的机制有待阐明。内源性阿片系统对包括学习记忆在内的多种生理功能具有重要调控作用,而该系统是否参与应激后学习记忆功能的损伤尚未明确。本研究旨在探讨阿片μ受体在应激诱发的学习记忆障碍中的作用。以昆明小鼠为研究对象,进行连续4天的Morris水迷宫训练,每天水迷宫训练前高台应激30min,并在侧脑室注射生理盐水、阿片μ受体特异性激动剂DAMGO或阿片μ受体特异性拮抗剂CTAP,第五天测试小鼠空间参考记忆能力。结果显示,水迷宫训练前激活μ受体可损伤小鼠空间参考记忆能力,而阻断μ受体对小鼠空间参考记忆能力没有影响;训练前进行30 min的高台应激处理可以损伤小鼠空间参考记忆提取能力;在高台应激后立即向侧脑室注射μ受体激动剂DAMGO可以加重小鼠空间学习记忆能力的损伤,但注射μ受体阻断剂CTAP可以翻转高台应激对小鼠空间参考记忆能力的损伤效应。以上结果提示,应激状态下,内源性阿片μ受体系统参与调控小鼠空间参考记忆能力的损伤效应。     

虚拟环境下距离知觉的加工与整合

距离知觉是判断环境中自我与物体之间的距离或者是物体与物体之间的距离,本文简要介绍了虚拟环境下的距离信息线索的加工以及多感官的整合,系统回顾近年来对距离知觉的研究与探索,并对其进行评价.最后,讨论了运用虚拟现实技术研究距离知觉的一些局限性,并对于未来的研究趋势进行了展望.     

高度杂波空间中 CF-FM 蝙蝠下丘回声定位的神经机制

蝙蝠是回声定位的专家。对于在高度杂波空间中捕食的CF-FM蝙蝠,面临着如何从发声和众多由背景环境物体反射的杂波回声中分辨和判断来自靶物的回声所携带信息的问题。已有研究表明,CF-FM蝙蝠可通过发出复杂成分的声脉冲,并通过听中枢的时相和频率整合来处理杂波环境下发声-回声对中包含的靶物距离和相对移动速度的信息。就以上方面在听中脑下丘的神经机制进行概述,以促进人们对听中枢在复杂听环境下对回声定位信号加工原理的认识。     

从空间分布特征认识珍稀植物领春木的种群动态

领春木(Euptelea pleiosperrnum)系第三纪孑遗植物和东亚特有种,目前已被列为国家Ⅲ级重点保护植物.基于空间定位数据以最近邻体距离统计研究了神农架地区领春木的空间分布特征,比较幼苗(DBH≤2.5cm)、幼树(2.5～7.5cm)和成树(＞7.5cm)各径级(代表各生活史阶段)形成的时间序列上的空间格局差异,进而探讨空间格局与立苗、补员、种内竞争等种群动态过程的相互关系.结果显示,在邻域尺度上,领春木的空间格局呈聚集态;幼苗(或幼树)的大小与其距离最近幼树(或成树)的远近没有相关性,幼树(或成树)周围一定距离以内出现同等大小个体的概率约等于幼苗(或幼树)出现的概率,且幼树与最近幼苗(或成树与最近幼树)的平均距离与幼树之间(或成树之间)的平均最近邻体距离没有显著差异;任意个体的大小、任意个体与相应最近邻体的大小之和与相应的最近邻体距离均为显著的正相关关系,但幼树间的最近邻体距离并不大于幼苗随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离,成树间最近邻体距离也不大于幼苗+幼树随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离.这些结果表明,领春木的聚集分布可能与种子散布、生境异质性对立苗格局的作用有关;已定植的大个体可能不限制其邻域内小个体的布局与生长,但是长期的补员过程与邻体间的相互作用不无关系;邻体间存在一定程度的竞争作用,但是竞争强度并未充分激化至发生距离依赖的死亡.     

研究: 暗示性动作诱发的空间注意转移

暗示性动作是指个体在观看静止躯体图片时知觉到动作信息.本研究采用无预测性和反向预测性的中央线索提示范式,考察了暗示性动作和无动作线索诱发的观察者空间注意转移及两类线索诱发注意转移的方式.实验1和2采用无预测性范式,发现暗示性的扔动作能够诱发观察者的空间注意转移(实验1),且这种注意转移并不是单侧目标突现所导致的(实验2).实验3采用反向预测范式,发现暗示性动作诱发空间注意转移可能是以一种自主控制的方式进行的.此外,实验还发现仅仅观察他人的躯干朝向(站立)不足以诱发观察者注意转移.本研究进一步丰富了"注意朝向检测器"假说,暗示性动作作为一种整体性躯体线索,可能和其他局部生物线索所诱发的注意效应机制存在差异.     

暗示性动作诱发的空间注意转移

暗示性动作是指个体在观看静止躯体图片时知觉到动作信息.本研究采用无预测性和反向预测性的中央线索提示范式,考察了暗示性动作和无动作线索诱发的观察者空间注意转移及两类线索诱发注意转移的方式.实验1和2采用无预测性范式,发现暗示性的扔动作能够诱发观察者的空间注意转移(实验1),且这种注意转移并不是单侧目标突现所导致的(实验2).实验3采用反向预测范式,发现暗示性动作诱发空间注意转移可能是以一种自主控制的方式进行的.此外,实验还发现仅仅观察他人的躯干朝向(站立)不足以诱发观察者注意转移.本研究进一步丰富了"注意朝向检测器"假说,暗示性动作作为一种整体性躯体线索,可能和其他局部生物线索所诱发的注意效应机制存在差异.     

重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳库的估算及其空间分布特征

基于重庆市第二次土壤普查和2007年测土配方施肥的1 412个土壤剖面数据,结合重庆岩溶区土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,对重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳密度及储量进行了估算,同时引入有机碳丰度指数这一指标,对有机碳在不同土壤和不同景观中的分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:重庆岩溶区20 cm和100 cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为1.43×1011 kg和3.29×1011 kg.不同土地利用方式下重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳密度分布不均匀,20 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1.26～7.20 kg m-2之间,100 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1.43～25.72 kg m-2之间.重庆岩溶区土壤有机碳库在不同土壤和不同景观中的分布具有高度的空间变异性,20 cm深度的土壤和景观有机碳丰度指数分别在0.73～1.74和0.39～1.20之间,100 cm深度的土壤和景观有机碳丰度指数分别在0.32～3.00和0.46～1.70之间.与全国的平均水平相比,单位面积上20 cm深度土壤有机碳储量重庆岩溶区高于全国的平均水平,但单位面积上100 cm深度土壤有机碳储量重庆岩溶区低于全国的平均水平,总体而言,重庆岩溶区是土壤有机碳储量相对贫乏的区域.     

基于地理加权模型的南设得兰群岛北部南极磷虾渔场空间分布影响分析

结合南极磷虾渔业科学观察员收集的渔业数据和海洋环境数据,本研究利用地理加权回归模型(GWR),分析了具有空间属性的虾群深度和离岸距离两个因子,以及海水表温对南设得兰群岛北侧水域南极磷虾渔场空间分布的影响.结果表明:各年南极磷虾渔业单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)在空间上的分布无显著的集聚性;2010和2013年,3个因子之间存在空间自相关性(正相关),而2012和2016年则无自相关性.GWR模型结果显示,3个因子对CPUE的空间分布具有不同程度的影响,影响程度大小依次为虾群深度>离岸距离>温度.拟合结果发现,南设得兰群岛东、西两侧水域中表温对CPUE空间分布的影响与其他两个因子具有相反的趋势.虾群深度和离岸距离对CPUE的空间效应主要表现为负相关,但存在着年际和区域性差异.本研究结果可为南极磷虾渔场形成机制研究提供方法上的参考.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.