南乔治亚岛冬季南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其驱动因子

基于中国南极磷虾渔业科学观察员收集的数据,本文通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型分析了月份、海底深度和虾群深度对2013—2016年南乔治亚岛冬季南极磷虾渔业单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的影响,揭示各驱动因子的时空差异。结果表明:2013—2016年南乔治亚岛南极磷虾渔业CPUE的较大值主要分布于6个旬别,即7月上旬—8月下旬,2014年的平均CPUE值最多,达到20.5±21.1 t·h~(-1),而最小CPUE平均值出现在2015年(10.4±10.5 t·h~(-1)),各月份的平均CPUE存在显著性差异;渔场主要集中在53°00'S—54°30'S,35°15'W—38°30'W;2015年GWR模型拟合优度最高,2016年模型拟合优度最低;自南向北,虾群深度对南极磷虾渔业CPUE的空间效应(正相关性)呈现逐渐增强的趋势,而海底深度对CPUE的空间效应并不一致;GWR模型各年拟合优度均明显高于最小二乘法(OLS)模型中的拟合优度,说明GWR模型能更好地模拟驱动因子对CPUE影响的空间效应。本文结果可为研究南乔治亚岛南极磷虾渔场形成机制和渔业管理提供有效参考。     

南极磷虾渔场(48渔区)CPUE的年、月变化及其与海表温度、叶绿素浓度的关系

根据2010—2015年南极磷虾渔汛期(1—6月)的渔获量和海洋遥感数据,利用数理统计方法、产量重心法等对南极磷虾单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)、渔场时空变动特征作了分析。结果表明:南极磷虾年平均CPUE总体呈上升趋势,2014年南极磷虾CPUE达到峰值(18.6 t·h~(-1));从月变化来看,1月南极磷虾CPUE较低(9.2t·h~(-1)),5月CPUE最高(20.9 t·h~(-1)),近60%的捕捞作业频次位于南设得兰群岛的夏季时段(1—3月);南极磷虾渔场集中在60°S—64°S、46°W—62°W范围内的海域;从渔场重心变动来看,每年1—6月渔场重心从南设得兰群岛附近海域向东北方向偏移,大部分重心主要集中在南设得兰群岛附近海域;南极磷虾作业渔场48.1、48.2、48.3亚区渔场适宜海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)分别为-1.8～1.9、-1.8～0.8、1.1～1.4℃,1—3月CPUE高值区的适宜SST为-0.8～1.2℃,4—6月CPUE高值区的适宜SST为-1.8～-0.4℃; 48.1、48.2、48.3亚区叶绿素浓度适宜范围分别为0.09～1.21、0.14～0.52、0.32～0. 39 mg·m~(-3),CPUE高值区(20 t·h~(-1))海域的叶绿素浓度为0.13～0.83 mg·m~(-3);总体来说,南极磷虾渔场年平均CPUE值呈逐渐增长趋势,主捕区位于南设得兰群岛附近海域,中心渔场最适SST为-1.8～1.2℃,叶绿素浓度为0.13～0.83 mg·m~(-3)。     

南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔业空间点格局特征

南极磷虾作为南极生态系统中的关键物种,在空间分布上常表现出集群特征.这也反映到磷虾渔业生产的空间格局特征上.为了探讨捕捞能力有明显差异的船队在高/低单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的情况下空间点分布格局特征及其生态学效应,基于南极半岛北部海域的两艘中国南极磷虾渔船(船A为专业南极磷虾渔船,船B为在智利竹筴鱼渔场与南极磷虾渔场转换的兼作渔船)的磷虾渔业数据,从空间点格局的角度出发,分别从两船的高、低CPUE的空间点格局在不同尺度上聚集特征,高、低CPUE在不同尺度上的二元点格局相关关系,以及CPUE点标记格局下的相关性关系等3个方面进行了分析.Ripley的L函数和标记相关函数分析结果表明: 研究对象在空间窗口所有尺度上的空间格局均表现为聚集性,高、低CPUE下均有聚集发生;在15 km尺度上,聚集强度近最大,在15~50 km尺度下,聚集程度稳定;总体上点格局分布的聚集强度依次为:船A高CPUE>船B低CPUE>船B高CPUE>船A低CPUE.船A高、低CPUE在0~75 km尺度上为正相关关系,在大于75 km尺度上为随机关系;船B在所有尺度上的高、低CPUE均为正相关,说明了低CPUE点事件伴随高CPUE的点事件同步发生,两者在大部分尺度下均显著相关.这是磷虾集群模式的动态性和复杂性造成.船A各点的CPUE值在0~44 km尺度上呈正相关,在44~80 km尺度上呈负相关;船B各点的CPUE值在50~70 km尺度上呈负相关,在其他尺度上无显著相关性;正相关反映了磷虾密集集群的种群分布特性,而负相关表明了磷虾群间由于食物和空间原因存在一定的竞争关系.捕捞能力强的船A和捕捞能力较弱的船B在点格局分布上存在较大差异.专业南极磷虾渔船更适于开展磷虾作业空间点格局分析及相关科学调查工作.     

南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其与表温的关系

根据2010—2014年中国大型拖网渔船在南极海域48.1渔区捕捞的南极磷虾产量数据,并结合该区域卫星遥感获取的海洋表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)数据,分析了南极磷虾单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit of fishing effort,CPUE)的时空分布变化及其与SST的关系。结果表明:南设得兰群岛的东北部海域(61°S—64°S、58°W—60°W)南极磷虾渔场较为集中;整体来说,48.1渔区南极磷虾渔场CPUE呈明显的季节性变化,12月CPUE为一年中的次高值(约为16.0 t·h-1),随后到翌年的2月逐渐减小,而2—4月呈逐渐增加的趋势,4月的CPUE为一年中的最高值(约为16.5 t·h-1),4月之后又开始逐渐减小;12月—翌年2月,渔场重心一直向东南推移且渔场重心变化幅度较大;而在2—5月大致向西推移,渔场重心也达到最南端,其中3—5月的渔场重心变化幅度较小,主要位于63°S—63.5°S、58.5°W—59.5°W;而之后的6、10、12月渔场重心逐渐向北推移,并在12月达到最北端和最东端;总体上,48.1渔区南极磷虾作业渔区的适宜SST范围为-0.1~1.2℃,适宜SST范围主要集中在南半球夏、秋季节(12月—翌年5月)。     

2018年夏秋季南设得兰群岛周边水域南极磷虾集群类型及其影响因素

南极磷虾是一种典型的集群性海洋生物,其集群特征为行为生态学研究领域的重要内容之一。南极磷虾在南设得兰群岛周围高度密集分布,然而磷虾集群形状和大小的机制解释仍存在较大的争议。基于南设得兰群岛周边水域收集的Simrad EK80声学数据,本研究利用Echoview V6.16软件,对声学数据进行了分析,并对磷虾集群特征进行了划分。通过主坐标分析(PCoA)检验了环境因素(表温和海况)以及时空因素对各类型磷虾集群产生的影响。结果表明:海况对磷虾集群影响较大,光照强度次之;块状小型集群的时空分布较广,夜间与白天均占有较高比例(>30%);小型集群更易出现在白天,而大型集群则更多出现在深夜;2月,磷虾集群与海况及纬度显著相关;3月,集群与时段显著相关;4月,集群与时段及海况显著相关。     

南极南设得兰群岛邻近水域表层微小型浮游藻类的分布特征

微小型藻类是南极磷虾及其它小型或较大型海洋动物的直接或间接饵料,是海洋生物生产力的基础,在海洋生态系和食物链中起着重要作用,微小型浮游藻类的研究,将为我国开发南极磷虾资源和了解南大洋自然生态环境提供重要的科学依据。Uribe;Koczynska和Ligowski;Brandini和Kutner等学者曾对南设得兰群岛北部及邻近水域的浮游植物(主要是浮游硅藻类)的分类和分布做过研究。本文根据我国第三次南极考     

基于渔业调查的南极半岛北部水域南极磷虾种群年龄结构分析

本文依据2009—2010年南极海洋生物资源开发与利用项目调查期间在南极半岛北部（南设得兰群岛和南奥克尼群岛）水域收集的南极磷虾样本,应用Bhattacharya法分析了该水域南极磷虾的种群年龄结构。结果表明,1月份南极磷虾体长范围分布在38.2—64.0mm,2月份体长范围分布在33.2—59.0mm,且1月份和2月份体长分布并不存在显著性差异（K-S检验,Z=1.061,p=0.211＞0.05）;种群内最多可能包含5个年龄组,即2 ,3 ,4 ,5 和6 龄虾。年龄组成的区域变化较大,2 龄虾仅在个别区域存在;1月份5 龄在种群中所占比例显著高于其它年龄组（57.23%）,其次为4 龄（23.42%）,而2月份6 龄（53.29%）所占比例也显著高于其它年龄组,其次为3 龄（25.85%）。     

2011年夏秋季南奥克尼群岛水域南极磷虾集群时空分布

基于2011年度夏秋季中国南极磷虾渔业科学观察员在大型拖网加工船“开欣轮”上收集的影像资料(作业水域为南奥克尼群岛周边海域,时间为2011年3月6日-4月21日),对该水域南极磷虾集群的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:南极磷虾群在南奥克尼群岛西北部海域出现的次数较为集中,主要出现在60°00′S-60° 15′S,45 °30′W-46°30′W区域内;不同水层中,磷虾群主要呈块状分布,0～50 m和50 ～100 m水层集群类型极为相似(PSI=92.3),散点状、块状和带状磷虾群在0～50 m水层出现比例最高,且块状磷虾群和带状磷虾群在各水层中的分布极为相似(PSI=94.4);1:00-18:00南极磷虾群出现频率较高,随后比例开始下降,19:00-20:00出现频率最低.     

基于精细尺度的冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾渔获率时空与环境效应

南乔治亚岛水域不仅是南极磷虾渔业的主要渔场之一,同时该水域的南极磷虾也是许多以该岛为栖息地的捕食者(如海豹、鲸鱼等)的饵料,因此对该岛南极磷虾资源丰度的研究对于深入理解南极生态系统有着非常重要的作用.本研究基于精细尺度渔业数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)对2013年冬季南极磷虾渔获率与环境因子之间的关系进行研究.结果表明: 该模型对渔获率总偏差解释率为32.0%,其中贡献最大的为旬别,贡献率为21.4%;其次为纬度,但贡献率显著降低,仅为4.4%.7月上旬至9月上旬,渔获率总体上呈下降趋势.渔场东侧渔获率较高,尤其是中东部海域,而北侧的渔获率相对偏低.随着地形变化程度的增大,平均渔获率呈下降趋势.风力处于4级以下的情况不仅适宜捕捞作业,且渔获率也处于较高的水平.风向并不会对渔获率产生显著的影响.在表温0.5~2.0 ℃范围内,随着表温的增加,平均渔获率呈上升趋势.     

基于Argo数据的热带大西洋大眼金枪鱼时空分布

为了解热带大西洋延绳钓大眼金枪鱼适宜渔获水温的等温线时空分布,分析大眼金枪鱼适宜的垂直和水平空间分布范围,采用Argo浮标剖面温度数据,运用Kriging方法重构热带大西洋9、12、13和15℃月平均等温线场,网格化计算了12、13℃等温线深度值和温跃层下界深度差,并结合大西洋金枪鱼国际养护委员会(ICCAT)大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了12、13℃等温线深度与月平均单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析大眼金枪鱼中心渔场CPUE时空分布和高渔获率的水温等值线时空分布的关系.结果表明:热带大西洋大眼金枪鱼中心渔场延绳钓高渔获率的水层垂直分布在温跃层下界以下区域,在表层以下150~450 m深度.在水平空间上,12℃等温线高值CPUE出现的深度值大多小于300m,集中分布在190~260 m,深度值超过400 m几乎没有CPUE值.大眼金枪鱼水平空间分布受12℃等温线影响.13℃等温线高值CPUE出现的深度值大多小于250 m,集中分布在150~230 m,深度值超过300 m几乎没有渔获.采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其适宜次表层环境因子分布:12℃等温线190~260 m;13℃等温线160~240 m;12℃深度差-10~100m;13℃深度差-40~60 m.文章初步得出热带大西洋大眼金枪鱼中心渔场适宜的水平、垂直深度值分布区间,结果可以辅助寻找中心渔场位置,同时指导投钩深度,为大西洋大眼金枪鱼实际生产作业和资源管理提供理论支持.     

Penguins, fur seals, and fishing: prey requirements and potential competition in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seabirds, marine mammals, and human fisheries concentrate their foraging efforts on a single species, Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba). Because these predators may have a significant effect on krill abundance, we estimated the energy and prey requirements of Adelie (Pygoscelisadeliae), chinstrap (Pygoscelisantarctica), and gentoo (Pygoscelispapua) penguins and female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalusgazella) breeding on the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and compared these estimates with catch statistics from the Antarctic krill fishery. Published data on field metabolic rate, population size, diet, prey energy content, and metabolic efficiency were used to estimate prey requirements of these breeding, adult, land-based predators and their dependent offspring. Due to their large population size, chinstrap penguins were the most significant krill predators during the period examined, consuming an estimated 7.8 × 10⁸ kg krill, followed by Adelie penguins (3.1 × 10⁷ kg), gentoo penguins (1.2 × 10⁷ kg), and Antarctic fur seals (3.6 × 10⁶ kg). Total consumption of all land-based predators on the South Shetland Islands was estimated at 8.3 × 10⁸ kg krill. The commercial krill fishery harvest in the South Shetland Island region (1.0 × 10⁸ kg) was approximately 12% of this. Commercial harvest coincides seasonally and spatially with peak penguin and fur seal prey demands, and may affect prey availability to penguins and fur seals. This differs from the conclusions of Ichii et al. who asserted that the potential for competition between South Shetland predators and the commercial krill fishery is low. Received: 26 August 1997 / Accepted: 16 December 1997     

Geographical variation in the diet of the Antarctic fur seal<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Arctocephalus gazella</Emphasis>

The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at different localities of the Antarctic Peninsula (Cierva Point and Hope Bay), South Shetland Islands (Deception Island and Potter Peninsula) and the South Orkney Islands (Laurie Island), by the analysis of 438 scats collected from January to March 2000. The composition of the diet was diverse, with both pelagic and benthic-demersal prey represented in the samples. Antarctic krill Euphausia superba was the most frequent and numerous prey at all the study sites except at Cierva Point, followed by fish, penguins and cephalopods. Antarctic krill also predominated by mass, followed by either fish or penguins. Fish were the second most important prey by mass at the Antarctic Peninsula whereas penguins were the second most important prey by mass at the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. Among fish, Pleuragramma antarcticum was the most important species in the diet of the Antarctic fur seals at the Antarctic Peninsula whereas Gymnoscopelus nicholsi predominated at the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. The results are compared with previous studies, and the possibility of implementing monitoring studies on the distribution/abundance of myctophids and P. antarcticum based on the analysis of the diet of the Antarctic fur seal is considered.     

Competition between the krill fishery and penguins in the South Shetland Islands

Among the South Shetland Islands, the potential competition for krill (Euphausia superba) between the Japanese fishery and krill-eating breeding penguins was assessed. A low level of competition was apparent due to several factors. Spatial overlap between the main fishing and foraging areas was insignificant. Firstly, the large colonies of the dominant penguin (chinstrap penguins,Pygoscelis antarctica) occurred where sea ice disappears early in spring, and not necessarily where krill are abundant in summer, i.e. the area of krill fishery. Secondly, overlap between trawling depth and foraging dive depth of penguins was marginal, with the latter depth being shallower. Moreover, overlap in the size-frequency of krill caught by trawlers and those captured by penguins was not complete; the penguins took larger krill on average. Finally, the present small fishery is unlikely to impact upon local krill biomass in the region. Krill biomass was estimated to be 250–1500 × 10³ tonnes within the preferred fishing areas during summer. The present catch rate by the fishery (≤13 × 10³ tonnes/half-month period) is smaller by an order of magnitude, and the fishing area does not include the main foraging areas of breeding penguins.     

Green krill, the indicator of micro- and nano-size phytoplankton availability to krill

Size-fractionated chlorophyll-a concentrations of surface seawater were measured for pico-, nano-, and micro-size fractions (<2 μm, 2–10 μm, and >10 μm respectively) during commercial krill fishery operations in the waters north of the South Shetland Islands. The proportion of green krill (individuals discoloured due to active feeding on phytoplankton) had significant regressions with chlorophyll-a concentrations in micro- and nano-size fractions. Between these two fractions, chlorophyll-a concentration in the micro-size fraction showed the higher partial regression coefficient. This result shows the importance of phytoplankton larger than nano-phytoplankton, especially micro-phytoplankton, in terms of a phytoplanktonic food source for Antarctic krill in the natural environment. Accepted: 6 February 1999     

Aspects of the foraging behaviour of the Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata gaini at Harmony Point, South Shetland Islands

During January and February of 2002 and 2003, we studied the diet of the Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata gaini at two colonies in Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, by identifying the prey fed to chicks by breeders. The fish Notothenia coriiceps was the main prey in both seasons, followed by the myctophid Electrona antarctica, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and gammarid amphipods. The contribution of fish to the diet increased as chicks grew older. Fish and amphipods were brought to chicks during the day, whereas adults brought Antarctic krill at sunrise and sunset. Both the duration of the feeding trips and the number of trips per foraging bout varied according to the type of prey caught. Preliminary information suggests that, among other causes, the foraging strategy is strongly influenced by the predation pressure of skuas on chicks. Results are compared with the only two previous study on the diet of the Antarctic Tern at the South Shetland Islands.     

Linking population trends of Antarctic shag (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis</Emphasis>) and fish at Nelson Island,South Shetland Islands (Antarctica)

This study aims to provide consistent information to explain the steady declining trend in the number of breeding pairs of Antarctic shag Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis in two colonies on Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, southern Atlantic sector of Antarctica, which was observed during the 1990s up to the mid 2000s over an overall monitoring period of over two decades. It addresses correspondence between long-term population trends of inshore demersal fish and inshore-feeding Antarctic shags of this area, where an intensive commercial fishery for shag prey once operated. The analysis also includes comparable information on diet (by examination of regurgitated pellets), foraging patterns, and breeding output of shags from the Danco Coast, western Antarctic Peninsula, an area where no commercial finfish fishery has ever existed. Integral study of these parameters there showed that, in Antarctic shags, low breeding success and high foraging effort might imply low recruitment and high adult mortality, respectively, with both factors adversely affecting the population trends of this bird. In line with these premises, the declining trend observed in shag colonies on the South Shetland Islands appears to have been influenced by the concomitant decrease in abundance of two of their main prey, the nototheniids Notothenia rossii and Gobionotothen gibberifrons, due to intensive industrial fishing in the area in the late 1970s. In comparison, no such pattern occurred for the Danco Coast colonies.     

Cycles of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euphausia superba</Emphasis> recruitment evident in the diet of Pygoscelid penguins and net trawls in the South Shetland Islands,Antarctica

Size and sex of Antarctic krill taken from chinstrap and gentoo penguin diet were compared to those from scientific net surveys in the South Shetland Islands from 1998 to 2006 in order to evaluate penguin diet as a sampling mechanism and to look at trends in krill populations. Both penguin diet and net samples revealed a 4–5 year cycle in krill recruitment with one or two strong cohorts sustaining the population during each cycle. Penguin diet samples contained adult krill of similar lengths to those caught in nets; however, penguins rarely took juvenile krill. Penguin diet samples contained proportionately more females when the krill population was dominated by large adults at the end of the cycles; net samples showed greater proportions of males in these years. These patterns are comparable to those reported elsewhere in the region and are likely driven by the availability of different sizes and sexes of krill in relation to the colony.