水翁花蕾和水翁叶精油的化学成分研究

水翁的花营和鲜叶经水蒸汽蒸馏得到一种淡黄色的精油,前者出油率为0.18％。后者为0.08％。我们应用毛细管气相色谱,气相色谱/质谱联用,红外光谱和紫外光谱等方法,对两种精油进行化学分成分析,分别鉴定出35个和27个已知化学成分。两者相同的化学成分有:β-罗勒烯(Z)、β-罗勒烯(E)、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、小茴香烯、香叶醇、顺式-丁香烯、橙花叔醇等23个化学成分,分别占花营精油全油的90％和叶精油95％以上。     

树兰花精油化学成分的研究

用气相色谱、薄层色谱、红外光谱、紫外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱等,结合系统分离对国产漳州树兰花精油、福州树兰花精油和重庆树兰花精油成分进行了研究,分离并鉴定了正十一烷、芳樟醇、癸醛、胡椒烯、β-丁香烯、α-蛇麻烯、β-榄香烯、β-芹子烯、蛇麻二烯酮、蛇麻烯环氧物 I.十三酸甲酯、β-蛇麻烯-7-醇、蛇麻醇乙酸酯、杜松脑、正十七烷、深谷醇乙酸酯、正十八烷、正十九烷、正二十烷、正二十一烷、正二十二烷等21种成分,其中β-蛇麻烯-7-醇代表优美树兰花香。另外,还测定了漳州、福州和重庆等不同地区树兰花精油各化学成分的含量。     

石家庄野生荆条败花精油的化学成分(英文)

用水蒸馏法提取并用气相色谱-质谱法分析石家庄野生荆条败花精油的化学成分。共鉴定出21种成分,占精油总量的94.8%。精油的主要成分为β-丁香烯(42.2%)、香桧烯(12.2%)和1,8-桉叶素(5.5%),并可作为β-丁香烯的良好来源。     

CO2浓度升高对茴香植株生长、精油含量和组分的影响

 采用每日定时向密封人工气候室补充CO₂的方法,研究了3种CO₂浓度（平均浓度分 别为287.11、532.88和780.46 μmol·mol^-1）对茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare)生长、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：随着CO₂浓度的升高,茴香的株高、花序数、花序鲜重、花序干重、全株干重 和植株的干物率均有所上升;植株可溶性糖和全碳含量不断升高,而全氮和蛋白氮含量不断减少;叶色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比的差异 不显著;植株精油含量（分别为1.26、1.45和1.57 ml·(100 g) ^-1 DW）和单株精油产量（分别为0.019、 0.023和0.033 ml）均随之升高。从茴 香植株的精油中鉴定出22种成分,用不同浓度的CO₂处理,精油的成分种类没有差异,成分相对含量却有差别,差异达到极显著水平的有：醎蒎 烯、鈅蒎烯、月桂烯、对聚伞花素、反式葑醇乙酸酯和顺式茴香脑;含量差异达到显著水平的有：香桧烯、水芹烯、罗勒烯、鉥萜品烯、3,4- 二甲基-2,4,6_三烯、爱草脑、葑醇乙酸酯、古巴烯、 金合欢烯和吉玛烯。茴香精油的主要成分反式茴香脑的含量（分别为55.94%、57.20%和 59.5 5%）随着CO₂浓度的升高而升高,而柠檬烯含量（29.60%、30.24%和26.12%）表现出相反的趋势,二者在不同的CO₂浓度处理之间差异均不 显著。     

浓度升高对茴香植株生长、精油含量和组分的影响

采用每日定时向密封人工气候室补充CO₂的方法,研究了3种CO₂浓度（平均浓度分 别为287.11、532.88和780.46 μmol·mol^-1）对茴香 (Foeniculum vulgare)生长、精油含量和组分的影响。结果表明：随着CO₂浓度的升高,茴香的株高、花序数、花序鲜重、花序干重、全株干重 和植株的干物率均有所上升;植株可溶性糖和全碳含量不断升高,而全氮和蛋白氮含量不断减少;叶色素含量呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比的差异 不显著;植株精油含量（分别为1.26、1.45和1.57 ml·(100 g) ^-1 DW）和单株精油产量（分别为0.019、 0.023和0.033 ml）均随之升高。从茴 香植株的精油中鉴定出22种成分,用不同浓度的CO₂处理,精油的成分种类没有差异,成分相对含量却有差别,差异达到极显著水平的有：醎蒎 烯、鈅蒎烯、月桂烯、对聚伞花素、反式葑醇乙酸酯和顺式茴香脑;含量差异达到显著水平的有：香桧烯、水芹烯、罗勒烯、鉥萜品烯、3,4- 二甲基-2,4,6_三烯、爱草脑、葑醇乙酸酯、古巴烯、 金合欢烯和吉玛烯。茴香精油的主要成分反式茴香脑的含量（分别为55.94%、57.20%和 59.5 5%）随着CO₂浓度的升高而升高,而柠檬烯含量（29.60%、30.24%和26.12%）表现出相反的趋势,二者在不同的CO₂浓度处理之间差异均不 显著。     

夜合花叶的精油成份研究

利用气相色谱—质谱—计算机联用技术对夜合花[Magnolia coco(Lour.)DC.]叶的精油成份进行了分析。从分离出的139个色谱峰中鉴定出25个化合物,其含量占总组成的66.358％,主要成份是β-松油烯(37.570％),松油醇4(6.504％),α-蒎烯(3.499％),去氢白菖蒲烯(2.758％),芳樟醇(2.440％),1-(1,5-二甲基-4-己烯)苯(2.436％)等。     

龙桑一号桑叶精油的挥发性组分(英文)

桑品种龙桑一号(Morus alba)栽培于中国东北黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南林场桑产业科技示范园。2009年7月、8月和9月的桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油中的挥发性组分经水蒸馏提取后进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明桑叶精油的共有组分是植醇(醇类化合物)、六氢金合欢丙酮(酮类化合物)、二十七烷和二十五烷(烃类化合物)。棕榈酸为7月和8月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的共有第一主成分。顺式-β-金合欢烯、反式-β-金合欢烯、β-甜没药烯、反式-α-佛手柑油烯和α-姜黄烯是9月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的主要芳香组分。萜类化合物相对含量较高的9月份采集的干桑叶精油具有药用价值。     

赤楠叶精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性

以水蒸汽蒸馏法提取赤楠叶精油,得率约0．51％,用GC-MS分析其化学成分,主要为石竹烯(37．623％)、α-瑟林烯(9.627％)、β-瑟林烯(9．408％)、柯巴烯(5．360％)等。抗菌实验显示该精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌等具有较强的抑杀活性。     

受害前后的九里香嫩梢对柑橘木虱的吸引作用及其挥发物成分分析

柑橘木虱 Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,九里香 Murraya paniculate L.是柑橘木虱最重要的寄主植物。本研究比较了受柑橘木虱为害前后的九里香对其趋性的影响,并在此基础上,分析受害前后的九里香嫩梢挥发物组成成分。结果表明,与未受为害的九里香相比,受为害后的九里香对柑橘木虱的吸引作用显著增强,而且受害后继续保留柑橘木虱的九里香吸引作用更强。受木虱为害前后九里香挥发物成分差异较大,相同组分含量差异也比较明显。仅存在于受为害后的九里香挥发物共有8种,分别为γ-橄榄烯、α-愈创木烯、Epi-β-檀香烯、顺式-β-金合欢烯、(+)-香橙烯、α-菖蒲二烯、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、α-绿叶烯;而仅存在于未受为害的九里香挥发物为6种,为别为孕烯醇酮、β-榄香烯、2,6-二叔丁基苯醌、异丙茴香醚、1-（1,5-二甲基己基）-4-甲基苯、α-柏木烯。这些差异物质可能在柑橘木虱的寄主定位中起着重要作用。     

不同品种柚子皮精油成分及抗氧化与抑菌能力对比研究

柚子皮是一种富含精油的具有药用价值的生物质资源,但其精油成分与生物活性尚未深入研究。本文首先通过水蒸汽蒸馏法提取了12个不同品种的柚子皮精油,接着用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对精油成分与相对含量进行了测定,然后采用DPPH自由基清除法、滤纸片法对不同品种柚子皮精油的抗氧化和抑菌能力进行比较,最后对不同品种柚子皮精油GC-MS分析数据进行主成分分析和聚类分析,结合抗氧化和抑菌实验结果,着力于理清柚子皮精油成分与抗氧化、抑菌能力的关系。实验结果表明：柚子皮精油的提取率为0.22%～1.52%;GC-MS法从不同品种柚子皮精油中鉴定出D-柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、α-蒎烯、α-水芹烯、芳樟醇等35种化学成分;DPPH自由基清除实验表明柚子皮精油的抗氧化能力与精油浓度呈正相关性;滤纸片法抑菌实验表明柚子皮精油有一定的抑菌效果,且对特定的菌种抑菌效果更明显。主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,抗氧化和抑菌效果显著的成分有D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛、芳樟醇,而石竹烯、香叶烯醇、α-水芹烯也具有一定的抗氧化和抑菌能力。     

Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), one of the most popular aromatic plants, shows great variation in both morphology and essential oil components. In this study, the composition of 18 Turkish basil essential oils was investigated by GC and GC–MS. Variation of essential oils in the landraces was subjected to cluster analysis, and seven different chemotypes were identified. They were (1) linalool, (2) methyl cinnamate, (3) methyl cinnamate/linalool, (4) methyl eugenol, (5) citral, (6) methyl chavicol (estragol), and (7) methyl chavicol/citral. Methyl chavicol with high citral contents (methyl chavicol/citral) can be considered as a “new chemotype” in the Turkish basils. Because methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol have structural resemblance to carcinogenic phenylpropanoids, chemotypes having high linalool, methyl cinnamate or citral contents and a mixture of these is suitable to cultivate for use in industry.     

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

The antifungal and fungicidal effects of two chemotypes of basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil and its major individual components were studied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Mycelial growth of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis fabae was reduced significantly by both the methyl chavicol chemotype oil and the linalol chemotype oil, and the major individual components of the oils all reduced fungal growth, with methyl chavicol, linalol, eugenol and eucalyptol reducing growth significantly. Combining the pure oil components in the same proportions as found in the whole oil led to very similar reductions in fungal growth, suggesting that the antifungal effects of the whole oils were due primarily to the major components. When the fungus was exposed to the oils in liquid culture, growth was reduced by concentrations considerably smaller than those used in the Petri dish studies. Botrytis fabae and the rust fungus Uromyces fabae were also controlled in vivo, with the whole oils of both chemotypes, as well as pure methyl chavicol and linalol, reducing infection of broad bean leaves significantly. Most effective control of fungal infection was achieved if the treatments were applied 3 h postinoculation.     

Chemotaxonomic Analysis of the Aroma Compounds in Essential Oils of Two Different Ocimum basilicum L. Varieties from Iran

Hydrodistilled essential oils of 21 accessions of Ocimum basilicum L. belonging to two different varieties (var. purpurascens and var. dianatnejadii) from Iran were characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The oil yield was found to be between 0.6 and 1.1% (v/w). In total, 49 compounds, accounting for 96.6–99.7% of the oil compositions, were identified. Aromatic compounds, represented mainly by methyl chavicol (33.6–49.1%), and oxygenated monoterpenes, represented by linalool (14.4–39.3%), were the main components in all essential oils. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were present in the essential oils of all accessions of the purpurascens variety, whereas they were completely absent in those of the dianatnejadii variety, indicating that monoterpene hydrocarbons might be considered as marker constituents of the purpurascens variety. The chemotaxonomic value of the essential‐oil compositions was discussed according to the results of the cluster analysis (CA). The CA showed a clear separation of the O. basilicum var. purpurascens accessions and the O. basilicum var. dianatnejadii accessions, although the data showed no major chemotype variation between the studied varieties. Indeed, the CA revealed only one principal chemotype (methyl chavicol/linalool) for both varieties. In conclusion, GC/MS analyses in combination with CA showed to be a flexible and reliable method for the characterization of the chemical profiles of different varieties of Ocimum basilicum L.     

RAPD and essential oil characterization of Turkish basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae), an important medicinal plant and culinary herb due to its delicate aroma and fragrance, shows great variation in both morphology and essential oil components. Genetic variation among basil accessions in Turkey has not been extensively examined with molecular markers. Genetic diversity was determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers of 14 genotypes of basil. A total of 375 bands were obtained from the RAPD analysis, and 273 of them (70.3 %) were polymorphic. The RAPD analysis allowed the grouping of samples into two main clusters. Genetic similarity values among the basil genotypes ranged between 0.46 and 0.87. Considerable genetic diversity was determined among basil genotypes. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and were characterized by gas chromatography. A total of 17 chemical components were identified. The evaluated genotypes of O. basilicum can be classified into seven chemotypes: (1) Linalool (7, 12, 16, 22, 25A and 33), (2) Methyl chavicol (6, 10A), (3) Citral/methyl chavicol (10L, 17), (4) Methyl eugenol (11), (5) Methyl cinnamate/linalool (23), (6) Linalool/methyl eugenol (25K), and (7) Methyl chavicol/linalool (Let). The chemical variability obtained from the essential oil composition of the genotypes in the study was remarkable. The chemical characterization of genotypes 10L and 17 was rich in citral (42.17 and 44.80 %) and methyl chavicol (30.56 and 32.03 %). Citral/methyl chavicol can be assessed as a new chemotype of basil cultivated in Turkey. The basil genotypes were grouped into two major clusters for both the RAPD analysis and chemical characterization with very few exceptions (genotype n. 6). A correlation analysis of the genetic distance matrix and the Euclidian distance matrix showed relatively low values (r = ?0.40). The results demonstrated a certain degree of correspondence between chemical and molecular data.     

Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils

The chemical composition of essential oils isolated from aerial parts of seven wild sages from Western Canada – Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia biennis Willd., Artemisia cana Pursh, Artemisia dracunculus L., Artemisia frigida Willd., Artemisia longifolia Nutt. and Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt., was investigated by GC–MS. A total of 110 components were identified accounting for 71.0–98.8% of the oil composition. High contents of 1,8-cineole (21.5–27.6%) and camphor (15.9–37.3%) were found in Artemisia cana, A. frigida, A. longifolia and A. ludoviciana oils. The oil of A. ludoviciana was also characterized by a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes with a 5-ethenyltetrahydro-5-methyl-2-furanyl moiety, of which davanone (11.5%) was the main component identified. A. absinthium oil was characterized by high amounts of myrcene (10.8%), trans-thujone (10.1%) and trans-sabinyl acetate (26.4%). A. biennis yielded an oil rich in (Z)-beta-ocimene (34.7%), (E)-beta-farnesene (40.0%) and the acetylenes (11.0%) (Z)- and (E)-en-yn-dicycloethers. A. dracunculus oil contained predominantly phenylpropanoids such as methyl chavicol (16.2%) and methyl eugenol (35.8%). Artemisia oils had inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis), yeasts (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans), dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum), Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Aspergillus niger. A. biennis oil was the most active against dermatophytes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Aspergillus niger, and A. absinthium oil the most active against Staphylococcus strains. In addition, antioxidant (beta-carotene/linoleate model) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were determined, and weak activities were found for these oils.     

The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia

The essential oil of A. galanga, a common spice in Malaysia, was prepared from fresh and dried rhizomes and analysed by means of capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty components were identified (only three of which were previously reported), accounting for 83–93% of the oil, depending on its method of preparation. Apart from monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohols and esters, and sesquiterpenes, also methyleugenol, eugenol acetate, chavicol (4-allylphenol) and chavicol acetate were present. This is the first time the latter substance has been reported in nature. Standardization of GC is proposed and tentatively applied towards a more systematic use of the Kováts indices as an aid in the identification of the constituents of essential oils.     

The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Basil essential oils, including basil sweet linalool (BSL) and basil methyl chavicol (BMC), were screened for antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds using an agar well diffusion method. Both essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against most of the micro-organisms examined except Clostridium sporogenes , Flavimonas oryzihabitans , and three species of Pseudomonas . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BMC against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens in TSYE broth (as determined using an indirect impedance method) was 0·125 and 2% (v/v), respectively; the former was not greatly affected by the increase of challenge inoculum from 10³ to 10⁶ cfu ml⁻¹. Results with resting cells demonstrated that BMC was bactericidal to both Aer. hydrophila and Ps. fluorescens . The growth of Aer. hydrophila in filter-sterilized lettuce extract was completely inhibited by 0·1% (v/v) BMC whereas that of Ps. fluorescens was not significantly affected by 1% (v/v) BMC. In addition, the effectiveness of washing fresh lettuce with 0·1 or 1% (v/v) BMC on survival of natural microbial flora was comparable with that effected by 125 ppm chlorine.     

The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora

Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from five different varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. plants (Anise, Bush, Cinnamon, Dark Opal and a commercial sample of dried basil) were examined for antimicrobial activity against a wide range of foodborne Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds by an agar well diffusion method. All five essential oils of basil showed antimicrobial activity against most of the organisms tested with the exception of Flavimonas oryzihabitans and Pseudomonas species. The inhibitory effect of Anise oil, in comparison with mixtures of the predominant components of pure linalool and methyl chavicol, against the acid-tolerant organisms, Lactobacillus curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , was examined in broth by an indirect impedance method. Synergistic effects between Anise oil, low pH (pH 4·2) and salt (5% NaCl) were determined. The antimicrobial effect of Anise oil was also assessed in a tomato juice medium by direct viable count, showing that the growth of Lact. curvatus and S. cerevisiae was completely inhibited by 0·1% and 1% Anise oil, respectively. The results of the current study indicate the need for further investigations to understand the antimicrobial effects of basil oils in the presence of other food ingredients and preservation parameters.     

Chemical Diversity in the Genus Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): Comparative Composition of Four Alpinia Species Grown in Northern India

The essential‐oil compositions of leaves, flowers, and rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd ., Alpinia calcarata Rosc ., Alpinia speciosa K. Schum. , and Alpinia allughas Rosc . were examined and compared by capillary GC and GC/MS. Monoterpenoids were the major oil constituents identified. 1,8‐Cineole, α‐terpineol, (E)‐methyl cinnamate, camphor, terpinen‐4‐ol, and α‐ and β‐pinenes were the major constituents commonly distributed in leaf and flower essential oils. The presence of endo‐fenchyl acetate, exo‐fenchyl acetate, and endo‐fenchol was the unique feature of rhizome essential oils of A. galanga, A. calcarata, and A. speciosa. On contrary, the rhizome oil of A. allughas was dominated by β‐pinene. Significant qualitative and quantitative variations were observed in essential‐oil compositions of different parts of Alpinia species growing in subtemperate and subtropical regions of Northern India. Cluster analysis was performed to find similarities and differences in essential‐oil compositions based on representative molecular skeletons. Monoterpenoids, viz., 1,8‐cineole, terpinen‐4‐ol, camphor, pinenes, (E)‐methyl cinnamate, and fenchyl derivatives, were used as chemotaxonomic markers.