应用微生物发酵与超声波联合处理高效提取钩藤碱

目的:通过研究微生物发酵和超声波联合处理对钩藤碱提取率的影响,寻找高效提取钩藤碱的发酵菌株的处理方法.方法:采用微生物发酵与超声波处理中药钩藤粉末,用70%乙醇提取钩藤碱,用紫外分光光度法测定钩藤碱含量.结果:与未经处理相比,单独发酵处理或超声波处理以及发酵与超声波联合处理均能提高钓藤碱的提取率,其中以酵母发酵、酵母发酵与超声波联合处理法提取率最高,分别为对照(未处理)提取效率的2.598倍和2.857倍.结论:酵母是高效提取钩藤碱的优良发酵菌株,酵母发酵与超声波联合处理更显著地提高钩藤碱的提取效率,为钩藤碱的高效提取提供了一种简便、廉价、有效的新方法,建议在生产中推广应用.     

两种吴茱萸生物碱提取工艺优化的研究

本课题旨在对吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的提取效果进行研究。利用正交设计优化吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的提取工艺。结果表明,吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的最佳提取溶剂是乙醇,最佳提取方法是索式提取法,最佳提取条件是用30倍溶媒于40℃下提取3.5h,提取温度、提取时间和溶媒倍数3个因素对吴茱萸生物碱的提取有不同程度的影响。     

硫酸软骨素快速提取法研究

硫酸软骨素是用于治疗冠心病、神经系统疼痛及链霉素引起的肝脏障碍和肝炎辅助治疗的药物,来源于动物的软骨。本文采用先高温蒸煮后加稀碱与酶解相结合的方法提取药物,并用氯仿反萃取,较其他方法缩短了原工艺一半流程,提高了纯度,减轻了碱盐提取所带来的环境污染。     

模拟连续逆流提取黄柏中小檗碱工艺研究

本文优化实验室模拟连续逆流提取设备工艺对黄柏中小檗碱进行提取,并用连续逆流提取设备进行中试放大。在单因素设计实验基础上采用正交设计实验优化实验室小试模拟连续逆流提取黄柏中小檗碱的工艺(提取温度、硫酸浓度和提取时间),为新型连续逆流提取设备中试条件优化提供一种实验室模拟方法,并采用中试连续逆流提取设备对黄柏中小檗碱提取工艺进行验证。正交设计实验结果和极差分析结果表明三个提取因素对提取效果的影响大小顺序是:提取温度硫酸浓度提取时间。最佳提取条件为:提取温度90℃,8倍体积的0.5%稀硫酸溶液作为提取溶剂,提取4 min,换料次数12次。在优化提取条件下小檗碱提取得率为3.6%,小檗碱提取率达到90.3%。根据实验室小试模拟所得各项实验参数,预设中试连续逆流提取器各项提取参数:提取温度90℃,转速4 rpm,总提取时长20 h,小檗碱提取率达90.5%。该工艺较小檗碱提取传统工艺能显著提高提取效率和有效降低提取溶剂用量。     

对硫酸软骨素传统提取方法的改进

软骨中硫酸软骨素与蛋白质结合成蛋白多糖,并与胶原蛋白结合在一起。本文采用先高温蒸煮,后加稀碱与酶解相结合提取该药物,ＴＣＡ沉淀蛋白质后,高岭土吸附,再用氯仿连续反萃取,使产品质量达到优级纯,较其他方法缩短了原工艺流程,提高了纯度,减轻了碱－盐提取所带来的环境污染。     

黄金分割法结合动态设计优选盐黄柏提取工艺

采用黄金分割法结合正交设计以及动态设计对盐黄柏提取工艺参数进行优选。以HLPC法测定盐酸小檗碱、木兰花碱、盐酸小檗红碱、黄柏碱、巴马汀、药根碱得率,黄金分割法初选正交设计时间范围,单因素设计优选溶剂比,基于黄金分割法及单因素设计采用正交设计优选提取溶剂比、提取次数、提取时间。以正交设计优选方案为基础,用动态设计进一步优化盐黄柏的提取工艺参数。结果表明,盐黄柏的优选提取工艺为:提取次数:2次;容积比:1∶25;超声时间:第一次超声60 min,第二次超声20 min;盐酸小檗碱、木兰花碱、盐酸小檗红碱、黄柏碱、巴马汀、药根碱提取率分别为6,51、1,48、0,67、0,62、5,01、73,22 mg/g。因此,黄金分割法结合正交设计、动态设计对盐黄柏提取工艺参数进行优选基本可行,可作为中药提取工艺的筛选方法之一。     

酶浸提取方法对士的宁产率的影响

目的：研究了纤维素酶在提取生物碱过程中的应用。方法：采用酶浸法和氯仿法两种不同的工艺提取马钱子生物总碱,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定了马钱子生物总碱中士的宁的含量。结果：酶浸法提取士的宁和氯仿法提取士的宁的含量分别为1．83％、1．32％;酶浸法和氯仿法提取马钱子生物总碱的产率分别为：2．85％、1．86％。     

硫酸软骨素提取工艺的研究

硫酸软骨素是生物界广泛存在的酸性粘多糖,广泛存在于动物的器官软骨。以猪器官软骨为原料,采用碱提取和酶解相结合的方法提取硫酸软骨素,利用正交实验对碱提取过程中的温度,碱浓度以及提取时间等三个关键因素进行优化,并对硫酸软骨素成品的相关指标进行检测。正交实验结果表明,最佳的碱提取条件为：温度40℃、提取时间8h、碱提取浓度为0．15g／mL。在此条件下获得的碱提取液,通过酶解、脱色、醇沉、干燥,得到白色硫酸软骨素成品,总得率为20％,各项指标均符合国家部颁标准,达到出口要求。     

RP-HPLC测定白屈菜药材中白屈菜碱的含量

选用超声波、热回流和索氏3种提取方法,甲醇、丙酮和氯仿3种提取溶剂提取白屈菜中的白屈菜碱,考察最佳提取方法和提取溶剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定白屈菜碱含量。采用Diamonsil C18反相色谱柱为分析柱,以乙腈-1%三乙胺溶液(20∶80)(三乙胺用磷酸调节p H至3.0)为流动相,流速为1 m L/min,检测波长为290nm。获得最佳提取方法为索氏提取法,最佳提取溶剂为丙酮,测得白屈菜中白屈菜碱的含量为0.118%。白屈菜碱在0.01~0.10 mg/m L范围内呈良好线性关系,r=0.9999(n=6),通过方法学考察,回收率为97.48%±1.46%,RSD为1.50%。实验结果表明丙酮索式提取法能较全面的提取白屈菜中的白屈菜碱,利用高效液相色谱法含量测定,简便快速,准确可靠,可用于白屈菜药材及其制剂的质量控制。     

蓖麻碱的提取、纯化、改性及其杀虫活性研究

蓖麻饼中含有生物碱等毒性物质,主要杀虫活性物质为蓖麻毒蛋白和蓖麻碱,蓖麻碱是蓖麻中的主要毒素之一,具有一定的生物活性。本文研究了蓖麻碱的提取、纯化,以及将所得蓖麻碱再进一步进行改性,探讨改性方法。采用红外光谱方法对蓖麻碱改性前后变化进行对比;并对提取、纯化以及改性过程中的各个环节的物质进行杀虫实验,对实验结果进行观察。结果表明,蓖麻碱的主要杀虫活性基团为氰基。     

中药渣降解特性及养分资源循环利用研究

中药渣是药效成分在提取加工过程中产生的中药废弃物，若作为一种新的资源应用于其他领域，不仅能充分利用其中残留的有效成分，还能解决传统药渣处理方式造成的环境污染问题。本文围绕不同种类药渣的降解特性，综述其养分资源的综合利用途径，探讨药渣处理过程中存在的问题及理论可行的处理方法，从而为中药废弃物资源化利用提供参考，为中医药事业的可持续发展提供新的思路。     

A modified system for analyzing ionizing radiation-induced chromosome abnormalities

The analysis of dicentric chromosomes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by Giemsa staining is the most established method for biological dosimetry. However, this method requires a well-trained person because of the difficulty in detecting aberrations rapidly and accurately. Here, we applied a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, using telomere and centromere peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes, to solve the problem of biological dosimetry in radiation emergency medicine. A comparison by a well-trained observer found that FISH analysis of PBLs for the dose estimation was more accurate than the conventional Giemsa analysis, especially in samples irradiated at high doses. These results show that FISH analysis with centromeric/telomeric PNA probes could become the standard method for biological dosimetry in radiation emergency medicine.     

La simulation Monte Carlo en médecine nucléaire

The Monte Carlo method allows for simulating random processes by using series of pseudo-random numbers. It became an important tool in nuclear medicine to assist in the design of new medical imaging devices, optimise their use and analyse their data. Presently, the sophistication of the simulation tools allows the introduction of Monte Carlo predictions in data correction and image reconstruction processes. The availability to simulate time dependent processes opens up new horizons for Monte Carlo simulation in nuclear medicine. In a near future, these developments will allow to tackle simultaneously imaging and dosimetry issues and soon, case system Monte Carlo simulations may become part of the nuclear medicine diagnostic process. This paper describes some Monte Carlo method basics and the sampling methods that were developed for it. It gives a referenced list of different simulation software used in nuclear medicine and enumerates some of their present and prospective applications.     

用自组织学习联想神经树评价中药质量

本文运用自组织学习联想神经树评价中药质量,并对中药厚朴,根据其气相色谱分析得到的各组分相对含量,运用该方法作了尝试,识别成功率达１００％,结果表明,神经树方法性能良好,可望成为中药质量的有效辅助手段。     

A comparative study of multilayer perceptron neural networks for the identification of rhubarb samples

Artificial neural networks have gained much attention in recent years as fast and flexible methods for quality control in traditional medicine. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become an accepted method for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of traditional Chinese medicine since it is simple, rapid, and non-destructive. The present paper describes a method by which to discriminate official and unofficial rhubarb samples using three layer perceptron neural networks applied to NIR data. Multilayer perceptron neural networks were trained with back propagation, delta-bar-delta and quick propagation algorithms. Results obtained using these methods were all satisfactory, but the best outcomes were obtained with the delta-bar-delta algorithm.     

兰州地区1994～1997年医疗用血抗-HIV筛查报告

对甘肃省血液中心供给兰州地区的７８１２３人份医疗用血进行抗－ＨＩＶ－１／２检查,ＥＬＩＳＡ法中２２例（０．２８‰）为阳性,用ＷＢ法确证后无一例阳性,说明兰州地区医疗用血尚未受艾滋病毒污染,血液是安全的,同时提示国产试剂质量有待进一步提高     

铁屑法预处理制药废水的研究

为提高制药厂排放废水的可生化降解性,特别是对于抗菌,抗病毒合成药物生产中排放的高化学耗氧污染物废水,提高其可生化降解性是改善这类制药废水处理效果的关键之一。本研究采用铸铁屑电化学反应法对制药废水进行预处理试验。结果表明:制药废水可得到较好的处理效果,可生化性(BOD5/COD)提高了50%左右。     

Methods for the absolute quantification of N-glycan biomarkers

BackgroundMany treatment options especially for cancer show a low efficacy for the majority of patients demanding improved biomarker panels for patient stratification. Changes in glycosylation are a hallmark of many cancers and inflammatory diseases and show great potential as clinical disease markers. The large inter-subject variability in glycosylation due to hereditary and environmental factors can complicate rapid transfer of glycan markers into the clinical practice but also presents an opportunity for personalized medicine.Scope of reviewThis review discusses opportunities of glycan biomarkers in personalized medicine and reviews the methodology for N-glycan analysis with a specific focus on methods for absolute quantification.Major conclusionsThe entry into the clinical practice of glycan markers is delayed in large part due to a lack of adequate methodology for the precise and robust quantification of protein glycosylation. Only absolute glycan quantification can provide a complete picture of the disease related changes and will provide the method robustness required by clinical applications.General significanceGlycan biomarkers have a huge potential as disease markers for personalized medicine. The use of stable isotope labeled glycans as internal standards and heavy-isotope labeling methods will provide the necessary method precision and robustness acceptable for clinical use. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Glycans in personalized medicine” Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.     

HOMEOPATHY AND EXTRAORDINARY CLAIMS – A RESPONSE TO SMITH'S UTILITARIAN ARGUMENT

Kevin Smith's utilitarian argument against homeopathy 1 is flawed because he did not review and refute the relevant basic science literature on ultra‐high dilutions. He also failed to appreciate that allopathic medicine is based on a deductive‐nomothetic method and that homeopathic medicine is based on an inductive‐idiographic method, and thus that the implications for clinical research are very different. His misunderstanding of provings and of the holism of homeopathic medicine also demonstrated his failure to understand the history, philosophy and method of homeopathy. Finally, I questioned the value of introducing ethical judgment into an ongoing scientific debate.