白细胞介素—10对血管一氧化氮／一氧化氮合酶系统的影响

为探讨抗炎因子－－白细胞介素－10（IL－10）对大鼠主动脉一氧化氮（NO）／一氧化氮合酶（NOS）系统的影响,应用Griess试剂、^3H－瓜氨酸生成及蛋白免疫印迹杂交等方法,测定IL－10孵育对血管NO释放、NOS活性及表达的影响。结果发现细菌脂多糖（LPS）呈浓度领带性地激活诱导型NOS（iNOS）,促进NO生成。IL－10（10^-10-10^-8g/ml）呈浓度依赖性地上调内皮型NOS（eNOS）蛋白表达及其活性,但对iNOS活性及表达无明显影响,IL－10（10^-9-10^-8g/ml）显著抑制10μg/ml LPS诱导的NO生成和iNOS激活;而高浓度IL－10（10^-7g/ml）则上调iNOS的活性,对eNOS蛋白的表达知活性无明显影响。因此IL－10对NO／NOS系统具有双重影响,一方面可抑制炎症介质诱发的作为炎性物质的iNOS的表达及激活,另一方面可上调内皮源扩血管物质NO的释放。     

渗透压对血管内皮细胞中NO合成酶活性的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究非等渗压浓度对血管内皮细胞NO合成酶活性的影响,并探索其发生机制。方法：使血管内皮细胞暴露于低渗（205mOsm)或高渗透压（410mOsm)培养液,用Griess法测定NO合成酶（NOS）活性,以Northern blot ting观测细胞iNOS和eNOS基因表达的变化。结果： 非等渗压浓度可使血管内皮细胞中NOS活性显著升高。细胞NOS活性变化具有明显的时间效应规律,低渗透压浓度效应产生的效应早于高渗透压浓度,且低渗透压浓度的影响较高渗透压浓度更为明显。Dexamethasone对这种非等渗透压诱导的NOS活性没有明显作用,给予cycloheximide,不影响非等渗压诱导的这种差异。Nothern blot分析表明：非等渗压浓度不诱导iNOS基因表达,而使eNOSmRNA表达增加。结论：非等渗透压浓度诱导血管内皮细胞NOS活性升高,eNOS基因表达增强是其主要机制之一。     

组胺对肺动脉内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶基因表达的影响

本实验研究了组胺对原代培养的肺动脉内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxidCsynthase,NOS)基因表达的影响及分子机制。采用RT-PCR和免疫印迹技术分别检测mRNA和蛋白质的表达水平,用荧光素酶报告基因实验检测eNOS基因转录起始点上游长1.6-kb的启动子活性,用硝酸还原酶法检测NO的产量。结果发现,组胺增强eNOS表达,呈浓度和时间依赖性,10μmol/L组胺处理肺动脉内皮细胞24h可使eNOS mRNA和蛋白质的表达达到高峰,eNOS mRNA水平为正常对照组的160.8±12.2%(P<0.05),蛋白质水平为正常对照组的136.2±11.2%(P<0.05)。特异性CaMK Ⅱ抑制剂KN-93可抑制组胺的这一效应,表明组胺可通过激活CaMK Ⅱ增强肺动脉内皮细胞eNOS基因的表达。报告基因实验表明,10μmol/L组胺处理24h后肺动脉内皮细胞eNOS基因启动子的活性增强,为正常对照组的148.2±33.7%(P<0.05)。组胺可使肺动脉内皮细胞产生NO增加。这些结果表明组胺在转录水平增强肺动脉内皮细胞eNOS基因的表达,并使细胞产生NO增加,这可能是组胺调节肺血管张力的机制之一。CaMK Ⅱ可能是组胺增强肺动脉内皮细胞eNOS基因表达的途径之一。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对小鼠产生一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的 :探讨金黄色葡萄球菌对小鼠产生一氧化氮 (NO)及一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)的影响 ,以进一步研究 NO及 NOS在抗感染免疫中的作用。方法 :将不同剂量的金黄色葡萄球菌注入小鼠腹腔 ,10 d后取小鼠血清和腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清 ,用硝酸还原酶法检测其 NO的含量 ,同时测定血清中 NOS的水平及抗金黄色葡萄球菌抗体的效价。结果 :金黄色葡萄球菌注射小鼠后 ,血清中 NO及 NOS的水平明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,各组间两两比较亦差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清 NO的水平明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,但不同剂量实验组之间差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5)。结论 :金黄色葡萄球菌可引起小鼠血清中 NO、NOS升高 ,NO及 NOS可能在抗微生物感染免疫中起着重要的作用     

尾加压素对新生大鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮合成的影响

应用半定量逆转录－多聚酶链反应法,观察尾加压素（urotensin Ⅱ,UⅡ）对培养的新生SD大鼠心肌细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)mRNA表达的影响,并测定UⅡ对心肌细胞内一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)释放的影响。结果显示：UⅡ抑制培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞eNOS mRNA表达、抑制NOS的活性及NO释放;0.1μmol/L浓度的UⅡ呈时间依赖性抑制心肌细胞NOS的活性及NO生成。上述实验结果提示UⅡ的心血管作用可能与NO合成系统有关。     

鞘内注射NOS反义寡核苷酸抑制吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓和脑干NMDA1A受体mRNA表达的影响

运用逆转录－多聚酶联反应（RT－PCR）、鞘内注射和反义技术,研究脊髓水平一氧化氮（NO）对大鼠吗啡戒断反应和脊髓及脑干NMDA1A受体mRNA(NMDA1AR mRNA)表达的影响。结果表明,鞘内注射NOS反义寡核苷酸能明显减轻吗啡戒断反应,且脑型NOS（nNOS）反义寡苷酸的作用强于内皮型NOS(eNOS）反义寡核苷酸,吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓和脑干NMDA1AR mRNA表达增加,纳洛酮催促戒断,使其进一步增加;鞘内注射nNOS反义寡核苷酸,能明显抑制吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓和脑干NMDA1AR mRNA表达的增加;eNOS反义寡核苷酸也可抑制吗戒断大鼠脊髓NMDA1AR mRNA表达的增加,但作用弱于nNOS反义寡核苷酸,对脑干NMDA1AR mRNA表达无明显影响,上述结果提示：脊髓水平NO参与介导吗啡戒断反庆和NMDA受体表达的调控。     

氰酸盐诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化应激损伤

该研究探讨尿素水解产物氰酸盐(cyanate)对体外培养的血管内皮细胞氧化应激和功能障碍的作用。培养人脐静脉内皮细胞系(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs),通过CCK8法检测氰酸盐对内皮细胞活力的影响;采用DCFH-DA法检测ROS水平;用比色法测定NO水平;分别用细胞免疫荧光和Western blot检测ICAM-1(intercelluar adhesion molecule-1)、e NOS(endothelial nitric oxide synthase)表达。氰酸盐呈浓度依赖性影响内皮细胞活力,与对照组相比,当氰酸盐浓度为1.00 mmol/L时,细胞活力受到明显抑制(P0.05);与正常组和阴性对照组(甘露醇组)相比,氰酸盐诱导内皮细胞内ROS水平明显升高;NO水平明显减少(P0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示,氰酸盐作用内皮细胞24 h后,ICAM-1荧光明显增强,e NOS明显减弱(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,内皮细胞内ICAM-1水平随氰酸盐浓度升高和负荷时间延长上调,而e NOS水平下调(P0.05)。氰酸盐诱导血管内皮细胞氧化应激产生和功能障碍。     

IL-1β对精氨酸升压素诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞INOS-NO系统活性的影响

目的：探讨白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）对精氨酸升压素（AVP）诱导下大鼠心肌成纤维细胞（CFs）诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）-一氧化氮（NO）系统活性的影响。方法：胰酶消化法分离培养SD仔鼠CFs,硝酸还原酶法、分光光度法和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT—PCR）分别测定不同浓度IL-1β与AVP协同作用下CFs的NO含量、NOS活性和iNOSmRNA表达。结果：AVP诱导下CFs iNOSmRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成均显著增加（P〈0.05）。一定浓度范围内IL-1β与AVP协同作用,剂量依赖性地增加AVP对CFs iNOS-NO系统活性的提高作用,其中AVP＋3ng／ml和AVP＋5ng／ml IL-1β组的iNOS mRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成均显著高于AVP组（P〈0。05）,但IL-1β浓度增加至5ng／ml时,CFs的iNOSmRNA表达、NOS活性和NO合成不再继续升高,反而有所下降。结论：在一定浓度范围内IL-1β可与AVP协同提高CFs iNOS-NO系统活性。     

鞘内注射MK-801对炎性痛大鼠海马NOS表达及NO含量的影响

目的：观察鞘内给予N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体拮抗剂MK-801对足底注射甲醛诱导的自发痛反应和海马一氧化氮合酶（NOS）表达及一氧化氮（N0）含量的影响,探讨炎性痛诱导海马NO产生增多的机制。方法：通过观察舔足反射时间反映大鼠自发痛程度;采用NADPH—d组织化学法测定大鼠海马NOS表达;硝酸还原酶法测定海马组织NO含量。结果：足底注射甲醛后动物即出现舔、咬、摇动注射侧脚掌等自发痛相关表现,预先鞘内注射MK-801可使大鼠第二时相自发病程度显著降低,但对第一时相痛反应程度无明显影响。注射甲醛后12h时,海马CA1、CA2～3区及DG区NOS阳性细胞数目、阳性细胞染色深度均显著增加,海马组织NO含量显著增加;预先鞘内注射MK-801,可使甲醛炎性痛大鼠海马各区NOS阳性细胞数目明显减少,阳性细胞染色深度明显变浅,海马NO含量明显降低。结论：鞘内注射MK-801可逆转甲醛炎性痛诱导的海马NOS表达及NO产生的增加,表明甲醛炎性痛诱导的海马NO产生增加主要是由于伤害性信息传入所引起。     

牡砺糖胺聚糖对血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用研究

目的：探讨牡蛎糖胺聚糖（O—GAG）对血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用,观察它对损伤的血管内皮细胞内一氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（iDA）含量及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性的影响。方法：采用人脐静脉内皮细胞株ECV304体外培养的方法,建立过氧化氢（H2O2）诱导的内皮细胞损伤模型,噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法观察牡蛎糖胺聚糖对血管内皮细胞增殖活性的影响,硝酸还原酶法、硫代巴比妥酸法和硝基苯肼法分别检测细胞内NO的含量、细胞培养液内MDA的含量和LDH的活性。结果：模型组较正常对照组细胞增殖活性明显降低（P〈0．01）。与模型组相比,经牡蛎糖胺聚糖预处理的各保护组（除10μg／ml）细胞增殖活性明显增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,NO的含量增加,MDA的含量和LDH的活性降低（P〈0．01）。牡蛎糖胺聚糖（100、200μg／ml）对于正常的内皮细胞有促增殖作用（P〈0．05）。结论：牡蛎糖胺聚糖对氧化损伤的血管内皮细胞具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与增加细胞NO含量、减少MDA生成和LDH释放有关。牡蛎糖胺聚糖对正常血管内皮细胞在一定剂量范围内有促增殖作用．     

氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白对巨噬细胞一氧化氮合酶基因表达的影响

氧化修饰LDL(OX-LDL)可抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞NO释放, 而正常(N-LDL)和乙酰化LDL(AC-LDL)则没有抑制作用.OX-LDL对NO释放的抑制作用随LDL修饰程度的升高而增强,且具有浓度和时间效应.狭缝杂交结果显示OX-LDL处理可使LPS诱导的巨噬细胞NOS mRNA含量下降,提示OX-LDL对NO释放的抑制作用可能发生在转录水平.     

同型半胱氨酸对内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶系统的损伤机制及叶酸的拮抗效应

本实验探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的损伤机制及叶酸(FA)的拮抗效应。HUVEC原代培养,传至第3代后,将其与不同浓度Hcv(10μmol/L、30μmol/L、100μmol/L和300μmol/L)、FA(100μmol/L)或两者联合共同培养72h,用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学技术分别估测细胞eNOS mRNA水平及eNOS蛋白质量;高效液相色谱测定细胞内不对称二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)含量;并分别测定二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)、eNOS活性及一氧化氮(NO)含量。HUVEC与不同浓度Hcy培养72h后,eNOS mRNA和蛋白质表达皆受到抑制;eNOS活性降低;NO生成减少。同时,DDAH活性降低;细胞内ADMA含量呈剂量依赖性增加。加入FA后,eNOS蛋白质水平上调;eNOS活性增强;NO生成增多。同时,DDAH活性增强,ADMA蓄积减少;但eNOS mRNA表达没有改变。Hcy对内皮细胞eNOS的损伤机制涉及eNOS酶蛋白和eNOS的基因表达两个层面,其对eNOS酶蛋白的抑制机制可能通过DDAH-ADMA通路,FA可拮抗Hcy对eNOS酶蛋白的抑制作用,显示出对HHcy有一定的保护作用。但FA对HHcy所导致的eNOS基因表达的抑制无保护效应。     

Effects of endomorphins on human umbilical vein endothelial cells under high glucose

The endomorphin-1 (EM1) and endomorphin-2 (EM2) are endogenous opioid peptides, which modulate extensive bioactivities such as pain, cardiovascular responses, immunological responses and so on. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of EM1/EM2 on the primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) damaged by high glucose. PI AnnexinV-FITC detection was performed to evaluate the apoptosis rate. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were measured by the Griess reaction and the conversion of 3H-arginine to 3H-citrulline, respectively. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) was evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT viability assay. mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and ET-1 were measured by real-time PCR. Our data showed that EM1/EM2 inhibited cell apoptosis. The high glucose induced increase in expression of NO, NOS and ET-1 were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with EM1/EM2 in a dose dependent manner. In addition, EM1/EM2 suppressed the mRNA eNOS and mRNA ET-1 expression in HUVECs under high glucose conditions. Naloxone, the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, did not influence the mRNA eNOS expression when it was administrated on its own; but it could significantly antagonize the effects induced by EM1/EM2. Furthermore, in all assay systems, EM1 was more potent than EM2. The results suggest that EM1/EM2 have a beneficial effect in protecting against the endothelial dysfunction by high glucose in vitro, and these effects were mediated by the opioid receptors in HUVECs.     

CGRP受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37对甲醛炎性痛大鼠自发痛反应及脊髓后角NOS表达和NO含量的影响

目的:探讨CGRP受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37对甲醛炎性痛大鼠自发痛反应及脊髓后角NOS表达和NO含量的影响.方法:大鼠足底注射甲醛制造炎性痛模型;计数缩足反射次数反映自发痛程度;NADPH-d组织化学法观察脊髓后角NOS表达;硝酸还原酶法测定NO-3/NO-2含量以反映NO含量.结果:足底注射甲醛后,动物出现自发痛反应行为.足底注射甲醛后24 h,双侧脊髓后角NOS表达及NO含量明显增加.预先鞘内注射CGRP8-37可使甲醛诱导的自发性缩足反射次数明显减少,并可明显抑制甲醛炎性痛诱导的脊髓后角NOS表达及NO含量的增加.结论:甲醛炎性痛时,脊髓后角CGRP受体激活可促进NOS活性表达及NO的产生.     

Myristoylation of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase is important for extracellular release of nitric oxide

Endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is known to have a N-myristoylation consensus sequence. Such a consensus sequence is not evident in the macrophage, smooth muscle and neuronal NOS. A functional role for this N-terminal myristoylation is not clear yet. In the present study, we examined the effect of N-terminal myristoylation on the NOS activity determined by the conversion of L-[³H]arginine to L-[³H]citrulline and extracellular NO release determined by nitrite production in the conditioned medium from the COS-7 cells transfected with wild type bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) NOS cDNA or nonmyristoylated BAEC-NOS mutant cDNA. NOS activity of wild type BAEC-NOS in COS-7 cells was localized in the particulate fraction and that of mutant NOS was in the cytosolic fraction. In contrast, nitrite production from COS-7 cells transfected with wild type BAEC-NOS cDNA was greater than that of mutant cDNA in a time dependent and a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that membrane localization of NOS with myristoylation facilitates extracellular transport of NO and leads to enhanced NO signaling on the vascular smooth muscle cells and the intravascular blood cells including neutrophils, macrophages and platelets.     

Nitric oxide down-regulates caveolin-1 expression in rat brains during focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury

As a signalling molecule of the integral membrane protein family, caveolin participates in cellular signal transduction via interaction with other signalling molecules. The nature of interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and caveolin in the brain, however, remains largely unknown. In this study we investigated the role(s) of NO in regulating caveolin-1 expression in rat ischemic brains with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Exposure to 1 h ischemia induced the increases in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and NO concentration with concurrent down-regulation of caveolin-1 expression in the ischemic core of rat brains. Subsequent 24 h or more reperfusion time led to an increase in inducible NOS (iNOS) expression and NO production, as well as a decline of caveolin-1 protein at the core and penumbra of the ischemic brain. Afterwards, NOS inhibitors and an NO donor were utilized to clarify the link between NO production and caveolin-1 expression in the rats with 1 h ischemia plus 24 h reperfusion. N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor), N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (NIL, an iNOS inhibitor), and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a nNOS inhibitor) prevented the loss of caveolin-1 in the core and penumbra of the ischemic brain, whereas l-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (L-NIO, an endothelial NOS inhibitor) showed less effect than the other NOS inhibitors. S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, a NO donor) down-regulated the expression of caveolin-1 protein in normal and ischemic brains. These results, when taken together, suggest that NO modulates the expression of caveolin-1 in the brain and that the loss of caveolin-1 is associated with NO production in the ischemic brain.     

Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase attenuate nerve growth factor-mediated increases in choline acetyltransferase expression in PC12 cells

NGF can regulate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) can modulate NGF-mediated neurotrophic responses. To investigate the role of NO in NGF-activated expression of cholinergic phenotype, PC12 cells were treated with either the nonselective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester) or the inducible NOS selective inhibitor MIU (s-methylisothiourea), and the effect on NGF-stimulated ChAT mRNA levels and ChAT specific activity was determined. NGF increased steady-state levels of mRNA and protein for both inducible and constitutive isozymes of NOS in PC12 cells, and led to enhanced NOS activity and NO production. MIU and, to a lesser extent, L-NAME blocked neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated PC12 cells. Both L-NAME and MIU attenuated NGF-mediated increases in choline transferase (ChAT)-specific activity and prevented the increase in expression of ChAT mRNA normally produced by NGF treatment of PC12 cells. The present study indicates that NO may be involved in the modulation of signal transduction pathways by which NGF leads to increased ChAT gene expression in PC12 cells.