人乙醛脱氢酶2的原核表达及其条件优化

为实现人乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因在原核生物中高效表达,将含有6×His标签和SUMO融合蛋白标签的人乙醛脱氢酶2基因的表达载体转化至宿主菌BL21(DE3)中。在异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导下,目的基因在大肠杆菌内高效表达。通过对表达条件的优化,37℃使用终浓度0.3mmol/L的IPTG诱导3h,重组大肠杆菌的表达量可占全菌蛋白的16%。SUMO融合蛋白标签的加入以及较低的诱导温度(16℃)有利于提高人乙醛脱氢酶2基因在大肠杆菌内的可溶性表达。     

集胞藻PCC 6803蛋白SpPhaB和SpPhaE的原核表达及结晶条件筛选

【目的】克隆蓝藻集胞藻PCC 6803 SpPhaB和SpPhaE的编码基因并构建原核表达载体,优化培养条件以提高在大肠杆菌中可溶蛋白的表达量,筛选SpPhaB结晶条件,为PHB家族蛋白的结构与功能研究提供基础。【方法】克隆集胞藻PCC 6803 PHB合成途径的phaB、phaE基因,将phaB、phaE基因构建到表达载体pET28a中,优化IPTG浓度、诱导温度和诱导时间,提高在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中SpPhaB和SpPhaE可溶蛋白的表达产量,经Ni柱亲和层析纯化分别获得His-SpPhaB和His-SpPhaE蛋白,进一步筛选SpPhaB结晶条件。【结果】构建了pET28a-SpPhaB和pET28a-SpPhaE表达载体;优化获得SpPhaB可溶蛋白的最佳表达条件为：诱导温度37 °C、转速220 r/min、IPTG浓度0.1 mmol/L、诱导时间7 h;SpPhaE的可溶性蛋白最佳表达条件为：诱导温度25 °C、转速220 r/min、IPTG浓度0.5 mmol/L、诱导时间7 h,并获得了SpPhaB的结晶条件。【结论】构建了具有高效表达可溶的集胞藻PCC 6803 SpPhaB和SpPhaE的原核表达系统,并筛选优化了SpPhaB的结晶条件,为研究SpPhaB蛋白的结构及功能奠定了基础。     

可溶性泛素样特异性蛋白酶1的表达及活性鉴定

目的:高效可溶性表达泛素样特异性蛋白酶1(ULP1)。方法:根据大肠杆菌密码子的偏好性优化合成编码ULP1的基因片段序列,将其克隆到原核表达载体p GEX-6P-1中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用0.5 mmol/L IPTG于37℃诱导表达8 h,观察重组蛋白ULP1的表达情况;优化诱导时间及IPTG浓度,并鉴定重组蛋白ULP1的生物学活性。结果:重组蛋白ULP1表达的最佳条件为37℃、0.1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导表达5 h,目的蛋白以可溶性表达为主;Western印迹结果表明,重组蛋白ULP1能够被His单克隆抗体识别,重组蛋白ULP1能够特异性酶切SUMO-GFP。结论:表达了具有生物学活性的SUMO蛋白酶ULP1。     

黄曲霉毒素解毒酶在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达、纯化及其圆二色谱分析

目的:应用原核表达系统对黄曲霉毒素解毒酶(aflatoxin-detoxifizyme,ADTZ)进行高效可溶表达和纯化,并对其进行生物学活性与二级结构分析。方法与结果:亚克隆ADTZ的成熟肽,并构建与pMAL-c2x的重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),IPTG诱导实现了MBP_ADTZ融合蛋白的高效可溶表达,其表达量约占总蛋白的50%。经Amylose亲和层析、Factor Xa酶切和疏水层析后得到高纯度的rADTZ蛋白。生物学活性分析表明rADTZ蛋白具有降解AFB₁的酶活性,酶比活为136U/mg。圆二色光谱对rADTZ蛋白二级结构的分析结果为:α-螺旋为43.3%、β-折叠为31.1%、β-转角为10.5%和无规则卷曲为15.1%。结论:用大肠杆菌成功表达并得到高纯度有活性的rADTZ蛋白,为进一步对rADTZ结构与功能研究奠定了基础。     

重组酵母产人IFN-α2a与LL-37融合蛋白的工艺优化

通过单因素试验探索重组酵母P.pastoris GS115LI产人LL-37基因与IFN-α2a融合蛋白的最佳条件。结果显示,重组酵母菌产蛋白酶的最佳表达条件是利用BMMY为诱导培养基,以接种量OD600=5.5、温度26℃、p H6.0、诱导剂(甲醇)为每隔24 h添加1.0%、振荡速度为200 r/min条件下连续诱导144 h。在最佳培养条件下,发酵液中的LL-37最高抗菌活性达27.9 mm。与初始的发酵条件相比,人LL-37基因与IFN-α2a融合蛋白的产量提高了32.29%。     

片球菌素pedA基因的原核表达、纯化及生物信息学分析

旨在构建片球菌素PA-1结构基因pedA的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌体系中实现PA-1的外源表达,运用生物信息学手段分析重组蛋白的理化性质及分子结构。以戊糖片球菌C-2-1的DNA为模板,扩增pedA基因,扩增产物克隆入pET28a(+)原核表达载体,构建pET28a-ped A重组质粒,转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中;30℃,以1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达5 h;采用Ni-NTA树脂亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,检测纯化后重组蛋白的抑菌活性;利用生物信息学手段探究重组蛋白的理化性质及分子结构信息。结果显示,pET28a-ped A重组质粒构建成功,带有His标签的PA-1重组片球菌素在大肠杆菌中实现了可溶性表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析获得纯化的重组蛋白,Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明纯化后的重组蛋白分子量约为7.8 k D,与理论值相符。琼脂扩散法抑菌活性实验抑菌圈效果明显,表明纯化的重组片球菌素具有抑菌活性。生物信息学方法对比分析其蛋白结构发现,获得的重组蛋白含有信号肽,α螺旋占23.53%,疏水性提高,可能促进了重组蛋白的可溶性表达。该实验成功构建了片球菌素PA-1的原核表达载体,实现了在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,该表达可能与其含有信号肽及信号肽疏水性有关,纯化后的重组蛋白抑菌活性明显。     

重组人半乳凝集素-1的原核表达、纯化及生物活性检测

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达半乳凝集素-1(galectin-1),并进行纯化及生物活性检测。方法:将人半乳凝集素-1基因克隆至带有His融合标签的原核表达载体pQE-30上,转化大肠杆菌M15,经IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经亲和层析纯化后,进行Western印迹鉴定,并用红细胞凝集试验检测其生物学活性。结果:双酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定表明重组表达质粒pQE-30-Galectin-1构建正确;重组蛋白的表达量约占菌体总蛋白的50%,主要以可溶形式表达,纯化后蛋白纯度达95%以上,且具有良好的红细胞凝集活性。结论:在大肠杆菌中表达了重组人半乳凝集素-1,且具有良好的生物活性。     

重组人sBLyS表达纯化条件的优化、理化特征及生物功能研究

构建了原核表达质粒p ET-30a(+)/sBLyS,转化大肠杆菌BL21(λDE3),IPTG诱导表达的重组蛋白以可溶部分和包涵体两种形式存在,为了提高可溶部分重组蛋白的比例,确定16℃为诱导表达的温度,最佳表达时间为12h。在此条件下大规模诱导表达,经Ni²⁺亲和层析获得重组人sBLyS。重组蛋白的等电点约为7.1～7.3,活性状态时是非共价连接的同源三聚体。MTT法测重组人sBLyS对B淋巴细胞的增殖作用结果表明,B细胞经抗IgM原血清活化后,它的增殖程度在一定的重组人sBLyS浓度范围内随其浓度的增加而提高,sBLyS刺激时间对B细胞增长也有显著影响,sBLyS以2μg/mL刺激3d B淋巴细胞的增殖达最大。     

藻红蛋白的高效异源生物合成及其生物活性

[目的]实现藻红蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效生物合成。[方法]将藻红蛋白生物合成的多个基因构建到单一表达质粒上,质粒转化大肠杆菌后获得表达菌株,优化诱导物、诱导温度和诱导时长等发酵条件,利用亲和层析法分离纯化重组藻红蛋白,分析重组蛋白的光谱学性质与抗氧化活性。[结果]获得了高效生物合成藻红蛋白的大肠杆菌菌株,以乳糖为诱导物时最佳诱导条件为:2.0 g/L的乳糖、25℃下诱导28 h,藻红蛋白表达量达211.6 mg/L;以IPTG为诱导物时最佳诱导条件为:0.4 mmol/L的IPTG,在25℃条件下诱导28 h,藻红蛋白表达量达188.7 mg/L。藻红蛋白色基结合率达92.0%,OD555/OD280为8.0。[结论]成功实现了藻红蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效生物合成,重组藻红蛋白具有羟基自由基的清除活性。     

鸡贫血病毒凋亡素基因的可溶性融合表达及抗肿瘤活性分析

为获得高效可溶表达的鸡贫血病毒凋亡素基因(CAV-Apoptin),根据大肠杆菌密码子偏爱性优化CAV-Apoptin基因序列,将其连接到含msyB伴侣基因的pBCX载体上,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE鉴定后应用镍柱亲和层析纯化蛋白质,采用显微镜观察、CCK-8实验与DNA ladders测定其抗肿瘤细胞的活性。结果显示,成功构建大肠杆菌表达载体pBCX-CAV-Apoptin,在37℃正常培养条件下的大肠杆菌中得到大量可溶性表达产物,融合蛋白质分子量大小约为42 kDa,50 ml菌液即可获得1.5 mg左右的纯化重组蛋白,CCK-8实验结果显示纯化后的重组蛋白作用36 h后可对套氏淋巴瘤JEKO-1、REC-1细胞生长产生超过60%的抑制率;显微镜观察与DNA ladder实验证明重组蛋白可诱导JEKO-1、REC-1细胞的凋亡,对HUVEC没有诱导凋亡的作用。免疫印迹分析表明重组凋亡素对JEKO-1细胞诱导了Caspase-3的激活,而对Caspase-8的表达没有影响。研究表明融合蛋白msyB-CAV-Apoptin可达到高效可溶表达,且表达产物具有特异抗肿瘤活性。     

Expression of bioactive recombinant GSLL-39, a variant of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, in Escherichia coli

The human cationic antimicrobial peptide hCAP-18/LL-37 is the unique cathelicidin identified in human to date. It has broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and LPS-neutralizing activity and is involved in angiogenesis. Both purified and synthetic LL-37 or its derivatives were used in the study on LL-37. However, production of LL-37 in Escherichia coli has not been established. In this study, its precursor instead of the mature peptide was adopted for expression to avoid the lethal effect of recombinant LL-37 on host cells. A thrombin recognition site was introduced between the cathelin-like domain and LL-37 domain by overlap PCR to construct fragment encoding modified precursor (mhCAP-18) to facilitate the final release of the recombinant peptide. Then mhCAP-18 was fused in-frame to thioredoxin gene under the control of inducible T7 promoter to construct expression vector pET-mhCAP-18. The soluble form fusion protein was expressed in E. coli and purified by Chelating Sepharose column chromatography. Thrombin digestion of the fusion protein yielded recombinant GSLL-39, which was then purified by cation-exchange chromatography. Recombinant GSLL-39, which has two extra residues on its N-terminus when compared with its native counterpart, showed similar antimicrobial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.     

Expression and purification of a recombinant LL-37 from Escherichia coli

Human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 is a 37-residue cationic, amphipathic alpha-helical peptide. It is an active component of mammalian innate immunity. LL-37 has several biological functions including a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and LPS-neutralizing activity. In order to determine the high-resolution three-dimensional structure of LL-37 using NMR spectroscopy, it is important to obtain the peptide with isotopic labels such as (15)N, (13)C and/or (2)H. Since it is less expensive to obtain such a peptide biologically, in this study, we report for the first time a method to express in E. coli and purify LL-37 using Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion system. LL-37 gene was inserted into vector pGEX-4T3 and expressed as a GST-LL-37 fusion protein in BL21(DE3) strain. The recombinant GST-LL-37 protein was purified with a yield of 8 mg/l by affinity chromatography and analyzed its biochemical and spectroscopic properties. Factor Xa was used to cleave a 4.5-kDa LL-37 from the GST-LL-37 fusion protein and the peptide was purified using a reverse-phase HPLC on a Vydac C(18) column with a final yield of 0.3 mg/l. The protein purified using reverse-phase HPLC was confirmed to be LL-37 by the analyses of Western blot and MALDI-TOF-Mass spectrometry. E. coli cells harboring the expression vector pGEX-4T3-LL-37 were grown in the presence of the (15)N-labeled M9 minimal medium and culture conditions were optimized to obtain uniform (15)N enrichment in the constitutively expressed LL-37 peptide. These results suggest that our production method will be useful in obtaining a large quantity of recombinant LL-37 peptide for NMR studies.     

High level expression and purification of antimicrobial human cathelicidin LL-37 in Escherichia coli

The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a cationic peptide with antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. This work describes the development of an expression system based on Escherichia coli capable of high production of the recombinant LL-37. The fusion protein Trx-LL-37 was expressed under control of T7 promoter. The expression of T7 polymerase in the E. coli strain constructed in this work was controlled by regulation mechanisms of the arabinose promoter. The expression plasmid was stabilized by the presence of parB locus which ensured higher homology of the culture during cultivation without antibiotic selection pressure. This system was capable of producing up to 1 g of fusion protein per 1 l of culture. The subsequent semipreparative HPLC allowed us to isolate 40 mg of pure LL-37. LL-37 showed high antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. Its activity against Candida albicans was practically nonexistent. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) determined for E. coli was 1.65 μM; for Staphylococcus aureus 2.31 μM, and for Enterococcus faecalis 5.54 μM. The effects of cathelicidin on E. coli included the ability to permeabilize both cell membranes, as could be observed by the increase of β-galactosidase activity in extracellular space in time. Physiological changes were studied by scanning electron microscopy; Gram-positive microorganisms did not show any visible changes in cell shapes while the changes observed on E. coli cells were evident. The results of this work show that the herein designed expression system is capable of producing adequate quantities of active human antimicrobial peptide LL-37.     

内含肽介导PHB纯化人源抗菌肽LL-37体系的构建

新颖的内含肽介导PHB纯化蛋白体系,是一种高效表达、自动切割、纯化方便、费用低廉的蛋白表达纯化体系,有利于蛋白规模化纯化。本研究选用对原核细胞具有毒害作用的小肽--人源抗菌肽LL-37作为纯化对象,通过基因工程技术,构建内含肽介导PHB纯化人源抗菌肽LL-37体系,并利用该体系纯化LL-37。研究结果表明,本研究构建的内含肽介导PHB纯化人源抗菌肽LL-37体系可高效表达LL-37融合蛋白,利用构建的纯化体系能对目的蛋白进行纯化。     

Expression and purification of a recombinant LL-37 from Escherichia coli

Human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 is a 37-residue cationic, amphipathic α-helical peptide. It is an active component of mammalian innate immunity. LL-37 has several biological functions including a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and LPS-neutralizing activity. In order to determine the high-resolution three-dimensional structure of LL-37 using NMR spectroscopy, it is important to obtain the peptide with isotopic labels such as ¹⁵N, ¹³C and/or ²H. Since it is less expensive to obtain such a peptide biologically, in this study, we report for the first time a method to express in E. coli and purify LL-37 using Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion system. LL-37 gene was inserted into vector pGEX-4T3 and expressed as a GST-LL-37 fusion protein in BL21(DE3) strain. The recombinant GST-LL-37 protein was purified with a yield of 8 mg/l by affinity chromatography and analyzed its biochemical and spectroscopic properties. Factor Xa was used to cleave a 4.5-kDa LL-37 from the GST-LL-37 fusion protein and the peptide was purified using a reverse-phase HPLC on a Vydac C₁₈ column with a final yield of 0.3 mg/l. The protein purified using reverse-phase HPLC was confirmed to be LL-37 by the analyses of Western blot and MALDI-TOF-Mass spectrometry. E. coli cells harboring the expression vector pGEX-4T3-LL-37 were grown in the presence of the ¹⁵N-labeled M9 minimal medium and culture conditions were optimized to obtain uniform ¹⁵N enrichment in the constitutively expressed LL-37 peptide. These results suggest that our production method will be useful in obtaining a large quantity of recombinant LL-37 peptide for NMR studies.     

ASCT2胞外域ECL2原核可溶性表达条件的优化及其纯化

目的构建重组人ASCT2胞外域ECL2融合蛋白的原核表达载体,优化其在大肠埃希菌中可溶性表达的条件,并获得纯化的ECL2蛋白。方法以PCR方法扩增编码ECL2的DNA片段,插入至pET-41b载体中,构建ECL2的原核表达载体,转化至大肠埃希菌,优化可溶性表达条件,GSH—Agarose亲和层析纯化并鉴定,与MCF-7细胞结合活性的测定。结果免疫印迹显示,ECL2融合蛋白既表达于包涵体中,也能以可溶性形式表达。随IPTG浓度的增高,可溶性表达水平提高;培养温度为28℃和33℃时可溶性产物高于37℃;而随诱导时间的延长至12h以上,可溶性表达量下降。可溶性表达优化条件为：温度33℃、IPTG浓度0．4mmol／L、诱导时间4h。经亲和层析获得高纯度ECL2蛋白并具有与MCF-7细胞结合活性。结论优化了ECL2融合蛋白的可溶性表达条件,通过亲和层析一步法可获得高纯度融合蛋白。     

Cathelicidin stimulates colonic mucus synthesis by up-regulating MUC1 and MUC2 expression through a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Mucus forms the physical barrier along the gastrointestinal tract. It plays an important role to prevent mucosal damage and inflammation. Our animal study showed that antibacterial peptide 'cathelicidin' increased mucus thickness and prevented inflammation in the colon. In the current study, we examined the direct effect and mechanisms by which the peptide increased mucus synthesis in a human colonic cell line (HT-29). Human cathelicidin (LL-37) dose-dependently (10-40 microg/ml) and significantly stimulated mucus synthesis by increasing the D-[6-(3)H] glucosamine incorporation in the cells. Real-time PCR data showed that addition of LL-37 induced more than 50% increase in MUC1 and MUC2 mRNA levels. Treatment with MUC1 and MUC2 siRNAs normalized the stimulatory action of LL-37 on mucus synthesis. LL-37 also activated the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in the cells. A specific inhibitor of the MAP kinase pathway, U0126, completely blocked the increase of MUC1 and MUC2 expression as well as mucus synthesis by LL-37. Taken together, LL-37 can directly stimulate mucus synthesis through activation of MUC1 and MUC2 expression and MAP kinase pathway in human colonic cells.     

Cloning, expression, isotope labeling, and purification of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in Escherichia coli for NMR studies

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 plays an important role in human body's first line of defense against infection. To better understand the mechanism of action, it is critical to elucidate the three-dimensional structure of LL-37 in complex with bacterial membranes. We present a bacterial expression system that allows the incorporation of (15)N and other isotopes into the polypeptide for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The DNA sequence encoding full-length LL-37 was chemically synthesized and cloned into the pET-32a(+) vector for protein expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3). The peptide was expressed directly as a His-tagged fusion protein without the inclusion of its precursor sequence. LL-37 was released from the fusion by formic acid cleavage at the AspPro dipeptide bond and separated from the carrier thioredoxin by affinity chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The peptide was identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and further confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity assays showed that the recombinant LL-37 purified from the bacterial source is as active as that from chemical synthesis. According to the antimicrobial peptide database (), 111 peptides contain a Met residue, but only 5 contain the AspPro pair, indicating a broader application of formic acid than cyanogen bromide in cleaving fusion proteins. The successful application to the expression of the 66-residue cytoplasmic tail of human MUC1 indicates that the system can be applied to other peptides as well.     

A novel method for purifying recombinant human host defense cathelicidin LL-37 by utilizing its inherent property of aggregation

The importance of human LL-37 in host defense and innate immunity is well appreciated as reflected by an exponential increase of relevant literature in Pub-Med. Although several articles reported the expression and purification of this cathelicidin, some protocols suffered from low efficiency in enzyme cleavage of fusion proteins due to aggregation and poor separation of recombinant LL-37 from the carrier protein on reverse-phase HPLC. We present a new method for purifying LL-37 that avoids both problems. In this method, the fusion protein (a tetramer) purified by metal affinity chromatography was readily cleaved at a thrombin site 30-residue upstream of the LL-37 sequence. The released LL-37-containing fragment formed a large soluble aggregate (approximately 95 kDa) at pH approximately 7, allowing a rapid and clean separation from the carrier thioredoxin (approximately 14 kDa) by size-exclusion chromatography. Recombinant LL-37 was released from the isolated aggregate by chemical cleavage in 50% formic acid at 50 degrees C for 32 h. Due to a dramatic difference in retention time, recombinant LL-37 was well resolved from the S-Tag-containing peptide by RP-HPLC. Compared to previous procedures, the new method involves fewer steps and is highly reproducible. It increases peptide yield by 53%. NMR data support the aggregation of LL-37 into a tetramer with increase of pH as well as the feasibility of structural studies of an isotope-labeled antimicrobial peptide in the lipid micelle of dioctanoyl phosphatidylglycerol (D8PG) for the first time.