植物芪类合成途径相关酶、基因和调控机制研究进展

植物芪类化合物,是一类具有抗菌植保作用的次生代谢产物,因具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性而越来越受到重视。本文对植物芪类生物合成途径中涉及到的相关酶、基因和代谢调控机制的研究现状和应用系统生物学研究芪类生物合成途径的相关酶、基因的方法进行综述,并讨论了芪类生物合成相关酶、基因研究的重要意义和应用,以期为调节芪类产量、满足药用保健需求及植物防御、作物品质改良提供帮助。     

植物花香代谢调节与基因工程研究进展

植物花香在吸引昆虫授粉、提高观赏价值和香精的商业价值方面具有重要的作用。随着分子生物学技术的发展,近年来植物花香基因被大量克隆,对花香化合物的合成与代谢的网络调控机制有了更深刻的认识,基因工程改良花香成为可能。对近年来植物花香的合成途径、花香的释放与基因调节、基因工程的研究进展进行了综述,并就存在的问题进行了分析,为花香的分子育种研究提供参考。     

果实花青素生物合成分子机制研究进展

花青素是一种天然的水溶性植物色素,与果实的品质性状密切相关,有益于人体健康。花青素的积累是编码花青素生物合成途径的结构基因协同表达的结果,而结构基因通常由MYB、bHLH和WD40这3类调节基因控制。现已从果实中分离了多种花青素合成的结构基因和调节基因。文章重点介绍了调节基因调控果实花青素生物合成的分子机制,指出在MYB、bHLH和WD40互作的调控网络方面的研究还有很多空白。最新的研究揭示了果实成熟过程中生物内在因素和外界环境通过调节基因影响果实花青素生物合成。上述研究为在分子水平上更好的探索果实花青素的生物合成具有重要意义。     

植物挥发物代谢工程在改良香气品质和植物防御中的应用

挥发物次生代谢在植物繁殖、植物防御和改良食物品质方面发挥着重要作用。近年来,随着参与挥发物生物合成的基因和酶类的鉴定以及代谢途径和调控机理等研究的不断发展和深入,挥发物代谢工程已经具备较高的可行性。应用代谢工程改良花、果实的香气品质以及提高植物防御能力的研究成效显著。主要介绍了这些方面的最新进展,同时也讨论了植物挥发物代谢工程应用存在的问题和挑战以及研究思路。     

植物花香基因工程研究进展

花香是一系列低分子量、挥发性物质的复杂混合物,由花朵释放来吸引和引导授粉的昆虫.花香在植物繁殖上具有重要作用,还能提高观赏植物和切花的审美价值.在过去的数十年里,随着生物技术的发展,有数种花香相关基因已经相继被克隆,花香物质的生物合成和代谢工程也得到了研究.本文综述了植物花香物质生物合成途径及其相关酶和基因的研究进展;探讨了基因工程调控及改良植物花香的策略;同时简要评述了花香基因工程研究的影响因素并展望了其应用前景.     

花香的生物合成、调控及基因工程研究进展

花香能提高观赏植物的审美特性,并且在植物的繁衍中起着重要作用。近年来,随着分子生物学的发展,花香分子水平的研究呈现加速发展的趋势,已成为当前的一大研究热点。该文主要论述了花香的生物合成途径及关键酶基因、分子水平的调控和共调控探索、花香基因工程策略,以期为花香性状改良提供参考。     

L-精氨酸发酵研究进展

概述了Ｌ－精氨酸的生物合成途径、调节机制、选育方案以及国内外的研究概况。     

杜鹃花属植物花香代谢研究进展

花香是观赏植物重要的观赏性状,杜鹃花作为世界闻名的木本花卉,以花色丰富、花型多样闻名于世,其花香是评价杜鹃花品质的重要指标之一。研究表明萜烯类化合物、醇类、酯类、酮类化合物等是杜鹃花属植物花香化合物的主要成分,这些化合物的释放受到花发育状态、释放部位以及环境条件的影响。萜烯类化合物是杜鹃花属植物最主要的花香成分,萜类合成酶基因是杜鹃花花香物质代谢途径中的主要调控基因,利用基因组结合代谢组学研究发现马银花TPS家族基因远多于其他无香型杜鹃花属植物。深入研究杜鹃花不同种和品种特征花香成分及其生物合成途径,对杜鹃花的芳香育种和综合利用有重要意义。本文论述了杜鹃花属植物香气成分的测定与分析方法、不同亚属杜鹃花资源的香气成分、香气合成释放规律以及香气物质生物合成途径和关键基因,为开展杜鹃花主要花香物质合成代谢的遗传规律研究和芳香品种选育提供参考。     

真菌苯二酚内酯聚酮类化合物生物合成研究进展

真菌苯二酚内酯类聚酮化合物具有抗癌和调节免疫系统等重要的生物活性,其生物合成是近年来的研究热点。介绍了苯二酚内酯的双聚酮合酶协作合成机制和组合生物合成,并以几种真菌苯二酚内酯生物合成途径为例,综述了相关的研究进展,以期为研究者提供参考。     

乳酸高产菌的代谢调控育种思路

简述了乳酸的结构、性质、用途和生产方法;讨论了乳酸的生物合成途径、代谢途径酶系的组成以及代谢调节机制;重点阐述了采用代谢调控手段如何选育乳酸高产菌的育种战略,概述了近年来乳酸高产菌新的育种技术。     

Role of Ethylene in the Biosynthetic Pathways of Aroma Volatiles in Ripening Fruit

During the past decade, fruit aroma biosynthetic pathways were established in some climacteric fruits, such as tomato, apple, and melon. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis or its action in these fruits can reduce the production of fruit volatiles. Furthermore, ethylene partially regulates expression of a few important enzyme genes in fruit volatile biosynthetic pathways. The aim of this review is to bring together recent advances for understanding the regulatory role of ethylene in the biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in some fruits.     

可变剪切在植物成花转换中的作用

精确调控成花转换, 确保植物在适宜环境下开花, 对于植物的成功繁殖和物种繁衍至关重要。开花由多种分子机制在转录、转录后和蛋白质水平进行调控。可变剪切(AS)是一种普遍的转录后水平调控过程, 可从单个基因产生多个转录本, 从而丰富转录组和蛋白质组的多样性。大量研究表明, 可变剪切在成花转换过程中发挥重要作用。根据发育和环境条件, AS能够影响mRNA的稳定性和/或蛋白亚型的功能, 从而调控开花相关基因的功能转录本和/或功能蛋白水平。揭示成花相关pre-mRNA的AS作用将进一步增进人们对开花相关基因功能以及整个成花转换调控网络的认识。该文归纳了涉及成花转换的AS研究进展, 并针对各个调控途径进行总结, 以期为进一步研究植物AS和成花转换调控机制提供参考。     

Chemistry and geographic variation of floral scent in Yucca filamentosa (Agavaceae)

We identified volatiles from the floral headspace of Yucca filamentosa using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and analyzed floral scent composition and variation among populations pollinated by different yucca moth species. Twenty-one scent compounds were repeatedly identified and most could be categorized into two major classes: (1) homoterpenes derived from the sesquiterpene alcohol nerolidol and (2) long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. Two biosynthetic pathways are thus responsible for the majority of floral volatiles in Y. filamentosa. The homoterpene E-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, which is released systemically by higher plants upon herbivory, was the most abundant compound. Two di-oxygenated compounds not previously reported as floral compounds also were detected. No differentiation in floral scent was observed between populations pollinated by different yucca moths, nor was there any correlation between chemical distance and geographic distance among populations. The total release rate of volatiles differed significantly among populations, but not between populations with different pollinators. The combination of unique compounds and low variation in the fragrance blend may reflect highly selective attraction of obligate pollinators to flowers. The observed lack of differentiation in floral scent can putatively explain high moth-mediated gene flow among sites, but it does not explain conservation of odor composition across populations with different pollinators.     

萎凋处理对乌龙茶风味品质形成的转录组分析

乌龙茶是一种高香型半发酵茶,因其具有的花果香和鲜醇浓厚口感而广受消费者青睐.在鸟龙茶加工过程中,萎凋是促进乌龙茶风味品质形成的第一道工序.然而,乌龙茶萎凋过程中影响风味品质形成的分子机制尚不明确.利用转录组测序对乌龙茶鲜叶、室内萎凋叶和日光萎凋叶进行分析.结果 表明,从3个样品中共鉴定出10793个差异表达基因.KEG...     

New insights into gibberellin signaling in regulating flowering in Arabidopsis

In angiosperms,floral transition is a key developmental transition from the vegetative to reproductive growth,and requires precise regulation to maximize the reproductive success.A complex regulatory network governs this transition through integrating flowering pathways in response to multiple exogenous and endogenous cues.Phytohormones are essential for proper plant developmental regulation and have been extensively studied for their involvement in the floral transition.Among various phytohormones,gibberellin(GA)plays a major role in affecting flowering in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.The GA pathway interact with other flowering genetic pathways and phytohormone signaling pathways through either DELLA proteins or mediating GA homeostasis.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of DELLA-mediated GA pathway in flowering time control in Arabidopsis,and discuss its possible link with other phytohormone pathways during the floral transition.     

The effect of genetically enriched (E)-β-ocimene and the role of floral scent in the attraction of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to spider mite-induced volatile blends of torenia

Plants under herbivore attack emit mixtures of volatiles (herbivore-induced plant volatiles, HIPVs) that can attract predators of the herbivores. Although the composition of HIPVs should be critical for the attraction, most studies of transgenic plant-emitted volatiles have simply addressed the effect of trans-volatiles without embedding in other endogenous plant volatiles. We investigated the abilities of transgenic wishbone flower plants (Torenia hybrida and Torenia fournieri) infested with spider mites, emitting a trans-volatile ((E)-β-ocimene) in the presence or absence of endogenous volatiles (natural HIPVs and/or floral volatiles), to attract predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis). In both olfactory- and glasshouse-based assays, P. persimilis females were attracted to natural HIPVs from infested wildtype (wt) plants of T. hybrida but not to those of T. fournieri. The trans-volatile enhanced the ability to attract P. persimilis only when added to an active HIPV blend from the infested transgenic T. hybrida plants, in comparison with the attraction by infested wt plants. Intriguingly, floral volatiles abolished the enhanced attractive ability of T. hybrida transformants, although floral volatiles themselves did not elicit any attraction or avoidance behavior. Predator responses to trans-volatiles were found to depend on various background volatiles (e.g. natural HIPVs and floral volatiles) endogenously emitted by the transgenic plants.     

Metabolic engineering of aroma components in fruits

Plants have the ability to produce a diversity of volatile metabolites, which attract pollinators and seed dispersers and strengthen plant defense responses. Selection by plant breeders of traits such as rapid growth and yield leads, in many cases, to the loss of flavor and aroma quality in crops. How the aroma can be improved without affecting other fruit attributes is a major unsolved issue. Significant advances in metabolic engineering directed at improving the set of volatiles that the fruits emit has been aided by the characterization of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavor and aroma compounds in some fruits. However, before this technology can be successfully applied to modulate the production of volatiles in different crops, further basic research is needed on the mechanisms that lead to the production of these compounds in plants. Here we review the biosynthesis and function of volatile compounds in plants, and the attempts that have been made to manipulate fruit aroma biosynthesis by metabolic engineering. In addition, we discuss the possibilities that molecular breeding offers for aroma enhancement and the implications of the latest advances in biotechnological modification of fruit flavor and aroma.