菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展

本文对菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨。     

菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展

本文对菊花(Dendranthemamorifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨.     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花（Chrysanthemum × morifofium Ramat．）是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1600年的栽培历史中,融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术,经培育形成了近3万个品种,其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹,是全人类的共同财富。近50年来,中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法,对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作,为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源,对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够,制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质,进而对其开发潜力进行评价,仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术,对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理,对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花(Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.)是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1 600年的栽培历史中, 融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术, 经培育形成了近3万个品种, 其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹, 是全人类的共同财富。近50年来, 中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法, 对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作, 为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源, 对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够, 制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质, 进而对其开发潜力进行评价, 仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术, 对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理, 对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

通过根瘤农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御素NP－1基因导入菊花品种“001”中。经梯度卡那霉素（kanamycin,Km）筛选,获得了大量Km抗性植株,其中部分Km抗性植株经Southem杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

重要花卉植物高密度遗传连锁图谱构建研究进展

遗传连锁图谱是以遗传标记间重组频率为基础的染色体或基因组内位点相对位置的线性排列图,高密度遗传图谱构建可实现物理图谱和遗传图谱的整合,对促进基因图位克隆具有重要作用。利用遗传图谱可有效地提高育种效率和改良品种。重要花卉植物高遗传图谱精密度尚无法满足精细定位研究的要求,百合、紫薇、郁金香、向日葵等重要花卉高密度遗传图谱构建研究较少,制约了花卉植物分子育种研究进程。概述了高密度遗传图谱构建流程及作图方法,综述了牡丹、梅花、月季、菊花、兰花、荷花、桂花等重要花卉植物遗传图谱构建研究进展,讨论了重要花卉植物高密度遗传图谱构建存在的主要问题,对今后重要花卉植物遗传图谱构建研究的发展方向及其在育种中的应用前景进行了展望,以期为花卉植物基因定位、辅助基因组组装、比较基因组学、基因克隆、分子标记辅助育种等提供参考。     

菊花CmDFR与CmANS基因启动子序列克隆与瞬时表达分析

DFR和ANS是花青素合成途径下游两个关键的结构基因,其不仅决定花青素苷最终结构及其呈色,还在花器官中特异性表达,研究其启动子区域对花色改良的分子育种具有重要参考价值.利用接头染色体步移法( genome walking),从菊花的叶片基因组DNA中克隆到了2个DFR基因同源序列CmDFR的启动子片段,1个ANS基因同源序列CmANS的启动子片段.生物信息学软件分析结果显示,这3个启动子片段除了含有多个TATA-box、CAAT-box等基本的启动子元件,还含有很多与MYB转录因子相结合的元件,以及G-box等参与光响应的顺式作用元件.利用双酶切方法,将克隆到的启动子片段替换栽体pB1121上的35S启动子,将新构建的植物表达栽体转入农杆菌中,采用叶盘法侵染菊花叶片和花瓣进行瞬时表达研究.结果表明,这3个启动子片段均具有驱动下游报告基因表达的功能.因此,可以开发成菊花分子育种的有效基因构件.     

通过根癌农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御ＮＰ－１基因导入菊花品种“００１”中。经梯度卡那霉素（ｋａｎａｍｙｃｉｎ,Ｋｍ）筛选,获得了大量Ｋｍ抗性植株,其中部分Ｋｍ抗性植株经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

食用菌分子育种研究进展

优良菌种的缺乏是食用菌产业发展的主要限制因素,解决这一问题的最有效途径是培育高产、优质、抗病的食用菌新品种。与作物育种相比,食用菌育种研究起步较晚,但近年来随着基因组学、生物信息学、分子生物学等学科的迅猛发展,食用菌育种技术也进入分子水平。分子育种将现代分子技术手段整合于传统育种方法中,加速了育种进程,目前已经在双孢蘑菇、草菇等食用菌中进行了成功探索。文中对近年来食用菌分子标记辅助育种、转基因育种等育种研究方法和进展进行了综述,探讨了未来食用菌分子育种研究的发展方向。     

《分子植物育种》中文网络版

<正>《分子植物育种》(中文网络版,ISSN 1923-8258)是一本基于同行评审、开放取阅以及在线即时发表的期刊。主要发表植物育种领域中关于转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种的新知识与先进技术的原始研究论文。本刊致力于为转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种服务,主要发表在植物育种领域中涉及的分子遗传育种理论、分子育种技术与方法、分子育种产品研发等方面的基础和应用研究。所有发表的研究论文都应是在植     

Genotype Screening of Recipient Resources with High Regeneration and Transformation Efficiency in Chrysanthemum

Genetic transformation is one of the key steps in the molecular breeding of chrysanthemum, which relies on an optimal regeneration and transformation system. However, the regeneration system of different chrysanthemum cultivars varies, and the regeneration time of most cultivars is long. To screen cultivars with highly efficient regeneration, leaves and shoot tip thin cell layers (tTCL) from eight chrysanthemum cultivars with different flower colors and flower types were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media (MS) supplemented with 1.0–5.0 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1–1.0 mg L⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic (NAA). The results showed that the most efficient regeneration media were MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg L⁻¹ + NAA 0.5 mg L⁻¹ for leaf explants and MS + 6-BA 5.0 mg L⁻¹ + NAA 0.1 mg L⁻¹ for tTCL explants. Subsequently, another 13 chrysanthemum cultivars were screened by using the media, and finally, three cultivars with high regeneration efficiency were obtained from 21 cultivars. Among these, C1 had the highest regeneration efficiency: the regeneration rate of leaf explants reached 80.0% after 42 days of culture, and the regeneration rate of tTCL explants reached 100% after 31 days of culture. Furthermore, we also established the transformation system for C1 as follows: preculturing for one day, infecting with Agrobacterium suspension (OD₆₀₀ = 0.6) for 10 min, and cultivating in the regeneration medium with 350 mg L⁻¹ carbenicillin and 10 mg L⁻¹ kanamycin, thus ultimately achieving a transformation rate of 4.0%. In this study, a new chrysanthemum cultivar with an efficient regeneration and transformation system was screened, which is beneficial to enrich the flower color of chrysanthemum transgenic plant recipients and to the functional research of flower color or type-related genes.     

Mapping single-locus and epistatic quantitative trait loci for plant architectural traits in chrysanthemum

Plant architecture is important for chrysanthemum cultivation and breeding. To determine the genetic basis of plant architectural traits in chrysanthemum, a population of 142 F1 plants derived from a cross between the creeping ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivar Yuhualuoying and the erect potted cultivar Aoyunhanxiao was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with plant height, plant width, inter-node length and flower neck length. The broad-sense heritability h _B ² for the four plant architectural traits ranged from 0.33 to 0.83, and transgressive segregation was observed. Single-locus QTL analysis revealed a total of five QTL, accounting for 6.0?C16.1% of the phenotypic variation. Additionally, 11 pairs of epistatic QTL were identified, explaining 3.5?C14.5% of the phenotypic variations. The majority of the interactions detected occurred between background loci. These results indicate that both additive and epistatic effects contribute to phenotypic variation in the plant architecture of chrysanthemum. It is expected that the identified markers associated with the additive QTL and epistatic QTL detected in this study will be of importance in future breeding programs to develop chrysanthemum cultivars exhibiting desirable plant architecture.     

小花型菊花新品种的选育

利用南京野生的菊花脑(2n=2x=18)和南京野菊(2n=4x=36)与六倍体栽培菊杂交,或利用中国秋菊与从国外引进的夏、秋两季开花的菊花杂交,育成一组耐夏季高温高湿,花朵繁多,花色艳丽,具有香味的小花型品种。菊花脑和南京野菊在小花型菊花育种中是具有很大潜力的亲本。     

Cross‐resistance of chrysanthemum to western flower thrips,celery leafminer,and two‐spotted spider mite

Chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. (Asteraceae)] is one of the economically most important greenhouse ornamentals worldwide. A major constraint in chrysanthemum production is adequate pest management, requiring the use of different tactics, such as improving host plant resistance, in the framework of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. In this study, we investigated cross‐resistance of chrysanthemum to its three major pests: western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)], celery leafminer [Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)], and two‐spotted spider mite [Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)]. We quantified resistance to each pest by performing greenhouse bioassays with a broad range of chrysanthemum types from commercial germplasm provided by Dutch breeding companies. Considerable variation was detected among the chrysanthemum cultivars in thrips silver damage and growth damage, leafminer damage, measured as number of mines and pupae, and spider mite numbers and damage. We observed significant positive correlations between thrips damage (both silver and growth damage) vs. leafminer numbers (both mines and pupae), and between leafminer numbers (both mines and pupae) vs. spider mite numbers. Our results indicate an overlap in resistance to all three herbivores. The important implications of this result for chrysanthemum breeding are discussed.     

Overexpression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">AP1-</Emphasis>like genes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asteraceae</Emphasis> induces early-flowering in transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum</Emphasis> plants

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important commercial cut flowers in the world. Early-flowering cultivars are required to produce quality chrysanthemum flowers with a lower cost of production. To shorten the vegetative growth phase of chrysanthemum, three AP1-like genes from Asteraceae were constitutively overexpressed in 80 independent transgenic chrysanthemum lines. All lines were characterized by PCR and RT-PCR and demonstrated that overexpression of compositae AP1-homologs in transgenic chrysanthemum under long-day conditions had no effect on plant development compared to non-transgenic controls. Conversely, under short-day conditions, transgenic plants commenced bud initiation 2 wk earlier than non-transgenic chrysanthemum plants. Subsequently, transgenic chrysanthemum flowers showed color earlier and resulted in full opening of inflorescences 3 wk prior to non-transgenic control plants. These results open new possibilities for genetic improvement and breeding of chrysanthemum cultivars.     

菊花不同花色品种中花青素苷代谢分析

应用高效液相色谱和多级质谱联用技术（HPLC-ESI-MSn）,分析菊花（Chrysanthemum×morifolium）白色、粉色、红色、紫色、红紫色和墨色6个色系共计82个品种中花青素苷合成过程的中间产物和最终产物,发现从白色、粉色、红色、紫色、红紫色到墨色花青素苷含量快速增加,分别为4.68、111.60、366.89、543.56、1220.36和2674.95μg·g-1,不同色系间花青素苷的含量差异显著（P〈0.01）,花青素苷含量越高花色越深;墨色菊花品种中总类黄酮含量显著高于其它花色品种（P〈0.01）,其它不同色系间总类黄酮含量差异不显著（P〉0.05）;随着菊花花色变深,从柚皮素分支到圣草酚的代谢流,以及从圣草酚分支到矢车菊素苷的代谢流比例增加。花青素苷成分分析发现：菊花中只含有矢车菊素苷类化合物。根据花青素苷代谢成分分析结果绘制了菊花中花青素苷代谢路径图,即在菊花类黄酮代谢途径中只存在矢车菊素苷代谢分支途径;菊花不同色系在柚皮素和圣草酚2个关键代谢分支点上向不同方向代谢流的分配比例不同,造成花青素苷产物含量不同,导致不同花色。以上研究结果为菊花花色改良的分子育种提供了理论依据。